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47-482: HP began making inkjet printers with the HP ThinkJet (an abbreviation of Thermal Ink Jet ) in 1984. It represented the commercial birth of inkjet printing technology. The resolution was about 192 × 96 dpi , printing 150 characters per second (cps).The printer's key benefit was its quiet operation. The HP Integral PC incorporated an ThinkJet. The ThinkJet was the smallest printer produced by HP until 1992 and

94-490: A 12-point font was represented with 12 pixels on a Macintosh, and 16 pixels (or a physical display height of maybe 19 ⁄ 72 inch) on a Windows platform at the same zoom, and so on. The negative consequence of this standard is that with 96 PPI displays, there is no longer a one-to-one relationship between the font size in pixels and the printout size in points. This difference is accentuated on more recent displays that feature higher pixel densities . This has been less of

141-532: A DPI aware flag (manifest) as "true" inside the EXE. Windows 8.1 retains a per-application option to disable DPI virtualization of an app. Windows 8.1 also adds the ability for different displays to use independent DPI scaling factors, although it calculates this automatically for each display and turns on DPI virtualization for all monitors at any scaling level. Windows 10 adds manual control over DPI scaling for individual monitors. There are some ongoing efforts to abandon

188-417: A PPI ( pixels per inch ) value, which is to be used when printing the image. This number lets the printer or software know the intended size of the image, or in the case of scanned images , the size of the original scanned object. For example, a bitmap image may measure 1,000 × 1,000 pixels, a resolution of 1 megapixel . If it is labelled as 250 PPI, that is an instruction to the printer to print it at

235-447: A controlled electrostatic charge, and may be in the range of 600 to 2,400 DPI. The DPI measurement of a printer often needs to be considerably higher than the pixels per inch (PPI) measurement of a video display in order to produce similar-quality output. This is due to the limited range of colours for each dot typically available on a printer. At each dot position, the simplest type of color printer can either print no dot, or print

282-528: A default of 96 PPI. These default specifications arose out of the problems rendering standard fonts in the early display systems of the 1980s, including the IBM -based CGA , EGA , VGA and 8514 displays as well as the Macintosh displays featured in the 128K computer and its successors. The choice of 72 PPI by Macintosh for their displays arose from existing convention: the official 72 points per inch mirrored

329-399: A digital print and the printing resolution of a hard copy print dot gain, which is the increase in the size of the halftone dots during printing. This is caused by the spreading of ink on the surface of the media. Up to a point, printers with higher DPI produce clearer and more detailed output. A printer does not necessarily have a single DPI measurement; it is dependent on print mode, which

376-411: A dot consisting of a fixed volume of ink in each of four color channels (typically CMYK with cyan , magenta , yellow and black ink) or 2 = 16 colours on laser, wax and most inkjet printers, of which only 14 or 15 (or as few as 8 or 9) may be actually discernible depending on the strength of the black component, the strategy used for overlaying and combining it with the other colours, and whether it

423-685: A manifest file or using an API. For programs that do not declare themselves as DPI-aware, Windows Vista supports a compatibility feature called DPI virtualization so system metrics and UI elements are presented to applications as if they are running at 96 DPI and the Desktop Window Manager then scales the resulting application window to match the DPI setting. Windows Vista retains the Windows XP style scaling option which when enabled turns off DPI virtualization for all applications globally. DPI virtualization

470-464: A new PPI for the file. For vector images , since the file is resolution independent, there is no need to resample the image before resizing it as it prints equally well at all sizes. However, there is still a target printing size. Some image formats, such as Photoshop format, can contain both bitmap and vector data in the same file. Adjusting the PPI in a Photoshop file will change the intended printing size of

517-474: A page, then flips it and scans the other side. A duplexing automatic document feeder or DADF scans both sides in one pass. The advantage of the DADF is faster speed for two-sided originals. RADFs and DADFs are rated in images per minute (IPM), the number of sides they can scan each minute; this may depend upon the resolution being used (rather than the maximum resolution supported). This computer hardware article

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564-437: A problem with the advent of vector graphics and fonts being used in place of bitmap graphics and fonts. Moreover, many Windows software programs have been written since the 1980s which assume that the screen provides 96 PPI. Accordingly, these programs do not display properly at common alternative resolutions such as 72 PPI or 120 PPI. The solution has been to introduce two concepts: Software programs render images to

611-631: A real black instead of mixed black ink in color prints, using both the 500C's cartridges at once. The DeskJet 560C followed in March 1994, which introduced HP ColorSmart to intelligently analyze documents for the best color output. Meanwhile, HP introduced the DeskJet Portable (3 ppm) in 1992. It was designed to be easily portable. It was targeted at mobile professionals. It was replaced by the HP DeskJet 310 (4 ppm B&W, 4 minutes per page color) in 1993,

658-427: A size of 4 × 4 inches. Changing the PPI to 100 in an image editing program would tell the printer to print it at a size of 10 × 10 inches. However, changing the PPI value would not change the size of the image in pixels which would still be 1,000 × 1,000. An image may also be resampled to change the number of pixels and therefore the size or resolution of the image, but this is quite different from simply setting

705-501: A successor, the HP DeskJet 1600CN (1996), the 1600C with built-in networking. In May 1995, HP unveiled the HP DeskJet and Deskwriter 660C which contained both black and tricolor inket cartridges that provided 600 by 600 dpi B&W at 4 ppm and 600 by 300 dpi color printing, up to 1.5 ppm. The HP DeskJet 850C and 855C were released in September of that year and featured HP's Color Resolution Enhancement technology (C-Ret) capable of

752-498: Is a compatibility option as application developers are all expected to update their apps to support high DPI without relying on DPI virtualization. Windows Vista also introduces Windows Presentation Foundation . WPF .NET applications are vector-based, not pixel-based and are designed to be resolution-independent. Developers using the old GDI API and Windows Forms on .NET Framework runtime need to update their apps to be DPI aware and flag their applications as DPI-aware. Windows 7 adds

799-445: Is a feature which takes several pages and feeds the paper one page at a time into a scanner or copier, allowing the user to scan , and thereby copy , print , or fax , multiple-page documents without having to manually replace each page. Most copiers allow scanning on the flatbed or platen (the "glass") or through a document feeder. The vast majority of fax machines have an ADF, allowing the unattended sending of multi-page faxes. ADF

846-419: Is a measure of spatial printing , video or image scanner dot density, in particular the number of individual dots that can be placed in a line within the span of 1 inch (2.54 cm). Similarly, dots per centimetre ( d/cm or dpcm ) refers to the number of individual dots that can be placed within a line of 1 centimetre (0.394 in). DPI is used to describe the resolution number of dots per inch in

893-468: Is in "color" mode. Higher-end inkjet printers can offer 5, 6 or 7 ink colours giving 32, 64 or 128 possible tones per dot location (and again, it can be that not all combinations will produce a unique result). Contrast this to a standard sRGB monitor where each pixel produces 256 intensities of light in each of three channels ( RGB ). While some color printers can produce variable drop volumes at each dot position, and may use additional ink-color channels,

940-409: Is so ubiquitous in fax machines that some fax machine owners use the machine as a scanner, faxing multi-page documents to themselves. Document feeders are described by speed, in pages per minute or ppm, and capacity, usually in a range from 10 sheets to 200. There are two kinds of document feeders capable of two-sided (duplex) scanning: a reversing automatic document feeder or RADF scans one side of

987-464: Is usually influenced by driver settings. The range of DPI supported by a printer is most dependent on the print head technology it uses. A dot matrix printer , for example, applies ink via tiny rods striking an ink ribbon, and has a relatively low resolution, typically in the range of 60 to 90 DPI (420 to 280 μm). An inkjet printer sprays ink through tiny nozzles, and is typically capable of 300–720 DPI. A laser printer applies toner through

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1034-411: The 72 pixels per inch that appeared on their display screens. ( Points are a physical unit of measure in typography , dating from the days of printing presses , where 1 point by the modern definition is 1 ⁄ 72 of the international inch (25.4 mm), which therefore makes 1 point approximately 0.0139 in or 352.8 μm). Thus, the 72 pixels per inch seen on the display had exactly

1081-597: The DPI Image resolution unit in favour of a metric unit , giving the inter-dot spacing in dots per centimetre (px/cm or dpcm), as used in CSS3 media queries or micrometres (μm) between dots. A resolution of 72 DPI, for example, equals a resolution of about 28 dpcm or an inter-dot spacing of about 353 μm. Automatic Document Feeder In multifunction or all-in-one printers , fax machines , photocopiers and scanners , an automatic document feeder or ADF

1128-625: The DeskJet moniker. The current line of HP DeskJets include the HP DeskJet 1000/2000/3000/4000. HP DeskJet 1000s usually are print only, whereas the DeskJet 2000/3000/4000 typically offers scanners built in. The 4000 series typically have both ADF ( Automatic Document Feeder ) scanning and flatbed scanning. Also in HP's offerings of family/home office printers include the ENVY , OfficeJet(Pro), Smart Tank and some LaserJets. Dpi Dots per inch ( DPI , or dpi )

1175-498: The HP DeskJet 320 in 1994, the HP DeskJet 340 (2 minutes per page color) in 1995, and the HP DeskJet 350 and 350CBi (5 ppm B&W, 2 ppm color) in 2000. HP continued to make black-and-white-only inkjet printers with the HP DeskJet 510 (1992) and 520 (1994). The HP DeskJet 520 introduced resolution enhancement technology, or REt, to HP inkjet printers. It was also HP's last black-and-white-only inkjet printer. The HP DeskJet 500, 510, 520, 500C, 550C, and 560C were all replaced by

1222-409: The HP DeskJet 540 (3 ppm B&W, 1.5 minutes per page color). A one-pen inkjet printer, color was optional. Also it introduced a different industrial design. HP's high-end printer line started with the HP DeskJet 1200C, introduced in 1993, offering 6 ppm B&W, and 1 ppm color. This was replaced by the HP DeskJet 1600C (1995), offering 9 ppm B&W, and 4 ppm color, which offered

1269-514: The PaintJet, was introduced. It was so successful that HP introduced a version of the DeskJet capable of color printing, the DeskJet 500C, in October 1991, which is also HP's first 300 dpi color printer, offering 4 minutes per page in color, using a swappable either black or CMY print head ink cartridge . It was replaced by the DeskJet 550C in October 1992, HP's first dual-cartridge color DeskJet, offering

1316-528: The Windows XP era. High DPI displays became mainstream around the time Windows 8 was released. Display scaling by entering a custom DPI irrespective of the display resolution has been a feature of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95. Windows XP introduced the GDI+ library which allows resolution-independent text scaling. Windows Vista introduced support for programs to declare themselves to the OS that they are high-DPI aware via

1363-461: The ability to change the DPI by doing only a log off, not a full reboot and makes it a per-user setting. Additionally, Windows 7 reads the monitor DPI from the EDID and automatically sets the system DPI value to match the monitor's physical pixel density, unless the effective resolution is less than 1024 × 768. In Windows 8 , only the DPI scaling percentage is shown in the DPI changing dialog and

1410-441: The bitmap portion of the data and also change the intended printing size of the vector data to match. This way the vector and bitmap data maintain a consistent size relationship when the target printing size is changed. Text stored as outline fonts in bitmap image formats is handled in the same way. Other formats, such as PDF, are primarily vector formats that can contain images, potentially at a mixture of resolutions. In these formats

1457-486: The display of the raw DPI value has been removed. In Windows 8.1 , the global setting to disable DPI virtualization (only use XP-style scaling) is removed and a per-app setting added for the user to disable DPI virtualization from the Compatibility tab. When the DPI scaling setting is set to be higher than 120 PPI (125%), DPI virtualization is enabled for all applications unless the application opts out of it by specifying

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1504-403: The display screen, particularly the lowercase characters. Furthermore, there was the consideration that computer screens are typically viewed (at a desk) at a distance 30% greater than printed materials, causing a mismatch between the perceived sizes seen on the computer screen and those on the printouts. Microsoft tried to solve both problems with a hack that has had long-term consequences for

1551-545: The first DeskJet. It included a built-in cut sheet feeder, 2  pages per minute (ppm), and 300 dpi. This was followed by the DeskJet Plus in 1989. It offered a landscape printing ability. The DeskJet 500 was introduced in 1990, offering a faster printing speed of 3 ppm. Meanwhile, HP introduced the DeskWriter for the Macintosh in 1989, based on the DeskJet 500. By 1987, the world's first full-color inkjet printer,

1598-556: The first HP printer to carry the "Jet" name, adopted by other printers such as QuietJet, DeskJet, LaserJet or OfficeJet. There were five models of the ThinkJet: In 1986, the ThinkJet was followed by the QuietJet (HP 2227A), which were little faster than the ThinkJet and offered slightly better print quality and by the wide-carriage version QuietJet Plus (HP 2228A). In 1988, HP introduced

1645-705: The image. As such, 600 dpi (sometimes 720) is now the typical output resolution of entry-level laser printers and some utility inkjet printers, with 1,200–1,440 and 2,400–2,880 being common "high" resolutions. This contrasts with the 300–360 (or 240) dpi of early models, and the approximate 200 dpi of dot-matrix printers and fax machines, which gave faxed and computer-printed documents—especially those that made heavy use of graphics or coloured block text—a characteristic "digitized" appearance, because of their coarse, obvious dither patterns, inaccurate colours, loss of clarity in photographs, and jagged ("aliased") edges on some text and line art. In printing, DPI (dots per inch) refers to

1692-407: The norm. This dithered printing process could require a region of four to six dots (measured across each side) to accurately reproduce the color in a single pixel. An image that is 100 pixels wide may need to be 400 to 600 dots in width in the printed output; if a 100 × 100-pixel image is to be printed in a one-inch square, the printer must be capable of 400 to 600 dots per inch to reproduce

1739-436: The number of colours is still typically less than on a monitor. Most printers must therefore produce additional colours through a halftone or dithering process, and rely on their base resolution being high enough to "fool" the human observer's eye into perceiving a patch of a single smooth colour. The exception to this rule is dye-sublimation printers , which can apply a much more variable amount of dye—close to or exceeding

1786-421: The number of the 256 levels per channel available on a typical monitor—to each "pixel" on the page without dithering, but with other limitations: These disadvantages mean that, despite their marked superiority in producing good photographic and non-linear diagrammatic output, dye-sublimation printers remain niche products, and thus other devices using higher resolution, lower color depth, and dither patterns remain

1833-427: The output resolution of a printer or imagesetter, and PPI (pixels per inch) refers to the input resolution of a photograph or image. DPI refers to the physical dot density of an image when it is reproduced as a real physical entity, for example printed onto paper. A digitally stored image has no inherent physical dimensions, measured in inches or centimetres. Some digital file formats record a DPI value, or more commonly

1880-437: The rest of the world, it is 210 mm × 297 mm – called A4 . B5 is 176 mm × 250 mm). A consequence of Apple's decision was that the widely used 10-point fonts from the typewriter era had to be allotted 10 display pixels in em height, and 5 display pixels in x-height . This is technically described as 10 pixels per em ( PPEm ). This made 10-point fonts be rendered crudely and made them difficult to read on

1927-598: The same physical dimensions as the 72 points per inch later seen on a printout, with 1 pt in printed text equal to 1 px on the display screen. As it is, the Macintosh 128K featured a screen measuring 512 pixels in width by 342 pixels in height, and this corresponded to the width of standard office paper (512 px ÷ 72 px/in ≈ 7.1 in, with a 0.7 in margin down each side when assuming 8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in × 11 in North American paper size ; in

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1974-516: The same resolutions of the 660C but with print speeds of 6 ppm B&W and up to 2 ppm color. HP replaced the PaintJet XL300 and the DeskJet 1600C/1600CN with the HP DeskJet 1000C/1100C/1120C in 1998, HP's first A3 inkjet printers under the DeskJet brand. These printers were replaced by the HP DeskJet 1220C in 2000, offering 12 ppm in B&;W, and 10 ppm in color. HP-branded "Vivera" ink

2021-489: The target PPI of the bitmaps is adjusted to match when the target print size of the file is changed. This is the converse of how it works in a primarily bitmap format like Photoshop , but has exactly the same result of maintaining the relationship between the vector and bitmap portions of the data. Since the 1980s, Macs have set the default display "DPI" to 72 PPI, while the Microsoft Windows operating system has used

2068-425: The understanding of what DPI and PPI mean. Microsoft began writing its software to treat the screen as though it provided a PPI characteristic that is 4 ⁄ 3 of what the screen actually displayed. Because most screens at the time provided around 72 PPI, Microsoft essentially wrote its software to assume that every screen provides 96 PPI (because 72 × 4 ⁄ 3 = 96). The short-term gain of this trickery

2115-496: The virtual screen and then the operating system renders the virtual screen onto the physical screen. With a logical PPI of 96 PPI, older programs can still run properly regardless of the actual physical PPI of the display screen, although they may exhibit some visual distortion thanks to the effective 133.3% pixel zoom level (requiring either that every third pixel be doubled in width/height, or heavy-handed smoothing be employed). Displays with high pixel densities were not common up to

2162-543: Was introduced with the HP DeskJet 6540 starting in 2004, which also offered improved printing speeds of up to 30 ppm in B&W, and 20 ppm in color. All-in-one inkjet printers from HP under the DeskJet brand have also been produced, starting with the HP DeskJet F380 printer/scanner/copier, introduced in 2006, using HP Vivera ink, which offered print speeds of up to 20 ppm in black-and-white, and 14 ppm in color. HP continues to sell various printers under

2209-503: Was twofold: Thus, for example, a 10-point font on a Macintosh (at 72 PPI) was represented with 10 pixels (i.e., 10 PPEm), whereas a 10-point font on a Windows platform (at 96 PPI) at the same zoom level is represented with 13 pixels (i.e., Microsoft rounded 13 + 1 ⁄ 3 to 13 pixels, or 13 PPEm) – and, on a typical consumer grade monitor, would have physically appeared around 15 ⁄ 72 to 16 ⁄ 72 inch high instead of 10 ⁄ 72 . Likewise,

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