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15-447: The HP-45 is the second scientific pocket calculator introduced by Hewlett-Packard , adding to the features of the HP-35 . It was introduced in 1973 with an MSRP of US$ 395 (equivalent to $ 2,711 in 2023). Especially noteworthy was its pioneering addition of a shift key that gave other keys alternate functions. The calculator was code-named Wizard , which is the first known use of

30-528: A code name for a calculator. It also contained an Easter egg that allowed users to access a not-especially accurate stopwatch mode. An accurate version of the stopwatch mode was officially featured in the 1975 successor of the HP-45, the HP-55 . [REDACTED] The display of the HP-45 hidden timer showing 00 hours 00 minutes 07 seconds and 58/100 second. Several individuals and companies make software emulators of

45-485: A physical scientific calculator. Standalone scientific calculators remain popular in secondary and tertiary education because computers and smartphones are often prohibited during exams to reduce the likelihood of cheating. When electronic calculators were originally marketed they normally had only four or five capabilities ( addition , subtraction , multiplication , division and square root ). Modern scientific calculators generally have many more capabilities than

60-471: A program. This made the 9100A the first scientific calculator by the modern definition, and also marked the beginning of Hewlett-Packard 's long history of using Reverse Polish notation (RPN) entry on their calculators. Due to the similarities of the machines, Hewlett-Packard was ordered to pay about $ 900,000 in royalties to Olivetti after copying some of the features adopted in the Programma 101 , like

75-497: A very large following. The HP-35 , introduced on February 1, 1972, was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first handheld scientific calculator. Like some of HP's desktop calculators it used RPN. Introduced at US$ 395, the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975. Texas Instruments (TI), after the production of several units with scientific notation , introduced a handheld scientific calculator on January 15, 1974, in

90-429: Is an early programmable calculator (or computer), first appearing in 1968. HP called it a desktop calculator because, as Bill Hewlett said, "If we had called it a computer, it would have been rejected by our customers' computer gurus because it didn't look like an IBM . We therefore decided to call it a calculator, and all such nonsense disappeared." An ad for the 9100A in 1968 Science magazine contains one of

105-550: Is written on the page using simple formatting tools. The first scientific calculator that included all of the basic ideas above was the programmable Hewlett-Packard HP-9100A , released in 1968, though the Wang LOCI-2 and the Mathatronics Mathatron had some features later identified with scientific calculator designs. The HP-9100 series was built entirely from discrete transistor logic with no integrated circuits , and

120-424: The junior high school level through college , and are generally either permitted or required on many standardized tests covering math and science subjects; as a result, many are sold into educational markets to cover this demand, and some high-end models include features making it easier to translate a problem on a textbook page into calculator input, e.g. by providing a method to enter an entire problem in as it

135-691: The HP 45 series calculators. The complete design of the calculator and its firmware is patented under US 4001569A   . Scientific pocket calculator In some areas of study and professions scientific calculators have been replaced by graphing calculators and financial calculators which have the capabilities of a scientific calculator along with the capability to graph input data and functions , as well as by numerical computing , computer algebra , statistical, and spreadsheet software packages running on personal computers . Both desktop and mobile software calculators can also emulate many functions of

150-539: The earliest documented use (as of 2000) of the phrase personal computer . The unit was descended from a prototype produced by engineer Thomas "Tom" E. Osborne , who joined the company when HP decided to adopt the project. An engineering triumph at the time, the logic circuit was produced without any expensive integrated circuits , the assembly of the CPU having been entirely executed in cheaper discrete components . With CRT readout , magnetic card storage , and printer,

165-708: The floating-point exponent. A few have multi-line displays, with some models from Hewlett-Packard , Texas Instruments (both US manufacturers), Casio , Sharp , and Canon (all three Japanese makers) using dot matrix displays similar to those found on graphing calculators . Scientific calculators are used widely in situations that require quick access to certain mathematical functions, especially those that were once looked up in mathematical tables , such as trigonometric functions or logarithms . They are also used for calculations of very large or very small numbers, as in some aspects of astronomy , physics , and chemistry . They are very often required for math classes from

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180-526: The form of the SR-50 . TI's long-running TI-30 series being one of the most widely used scientific calculators in classrooms. Casio , Canon , and Sharp , produced their graphing calculators, with Casio's FX series (beginning with the Casio FX-1 in 1972 ). Casio was the first company to produce a Graphing calculator ( Casio fx-7000G ). Hewlett-Packard 9100A The Hewlett-Packard 9100A ( HP 9100A )

195-468: The original four- or five-function calculator, and the capabilities differ between manufacturers and models. The capabilities of a modern scientific calculator include: In addition, high-end scientific calculators generally include some or all of the following: While most scientific calculators have traditionally used a single-line display similar to traditional pocket calculators , many of them have more digits (10 to 12), sometimes with extra digits for

210-404: The price was around US$ 4,900 (equivalent to $ 43,000 in 2023). Thanks to its high speed of operations which was an order of magnitude faster than competitors – addition or subtraction took just 2 ms, multiplication 22 ms and division 27 ms – the device could quickly execute not just regular trigonometric functions (330 ms) or logarithms (130 ms) but many iterative computations when following

225-578: Was one of the first uses of the CORDIC algorithm for trigonometric computation in a personal computing device, as well as the first calculator based on reverse Polish notation (RPN) entry. HP became closely identified with RPN calculators from then on, and even today some of their high-end calculators (particularly the long-lived HP-12C financial calculator and the HP-48 series of graphing calculators ) still offer RPN as their default input mode due to having garnered

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