80-483: The Hewlett-Packard Voyager series of calculators were introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1981. All members of this series are programmable , use Reverse Polish Notation , and feature continuous memory . Nearly identical in appearance, each model provided different capabilities and was aimed at different user markets. The HP calculators Voyager series consisted of five models, some of which were manufactured in several variants (with years of production): The HP-10C
160-457: A DM10L was planned for 2019. Calculator An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations , ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics . The first solid-state electronic calculator was created in the early 1960s. Pocket-sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the Intel 4004 , the first microprocessor ,
240-557: A HP 15c Limited Edition remake of the calculator in 2011 and a HP 15C Collector's Edition in 2023. The HP-16C is a computer programmer 's calculator, designed to assist in debugging . It can display numbers in hexadecimal , decimal, octal and binary , and convert numbers from one base to another. A number of specialized functions are provided to assist the programmer, including left- and right-shifting, masking, and bitwise logical operations. HP has (as of 2015) never made another programmer's calculator, but has incorporated
320-450: A public domain open-source HP-16C simulator, is one of the oldest yet active software project of the such type. In 2011, the continued popularity of the Voyager series among users prompted SwissMicros (originally called RPN-Calc) to produce a series of credit-card-sized calculators looking like miniature versions of their HP equivalents and running the original HP firmware in an emulator on
400-407: A button can perform multi-function working with key combinations . Calculators usually have liquid-crystal displays (LCD) as output in place of historical light-emitting diode (LED) displays and vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD); details are provided in the section Technical improvements . Large-sized figures are often used to improve readability; while using decimal separator (usually
480-399: A calculator could be made using just a few chips of low power consumption, allowing portable models powered from rechargeable batteries. The first handheld calculator was a 1967 prototype called Cal Tech , whose development was led by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in a research project to produce a portable calculator. It could add, multiply, subtract, and divide, and its output device
560-669: A development from the "Cal-Tech" project. It had no traditional display; numerical output was on thermal paper tape. Sharp put in great efforts in size and power reduction and introduced in January 1971 the Sharp EL-8 , also marketed as the Facit 1111, which was close to being a pocket calculator. It weighed 1.59 pounds (721 grams), had a vacuum fluorescent display , rechargeable NiCad batteries, and initially sold for US$ 395. However, integrated circuit development efforts culminated in early 1971 with
640-588: A full single chip calculator IC for the Monroe Royal Digital III calculator. Pico was a spinout by five GI design engineers whose vision was to create single chip calculator ICs. Pico and GI went on to have significant success in the burgeoning handheld calculator market. The first truly pocket-sized electronic calculator was the Busicom LE-120A "HANDY", which was marketed early in 1971. Made in Japan, this
720-506: A limited edition of the 12c Platinum to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the original 12C's introduction. The HP 12c Platinum 25th Anniversary Edition also has the parentheses feature and features the GPLB31A processor as well. The latest hardware revision of the 12c Platinum was introduced in 2007 (F2231AA). As in the later revisions of the 12C, it features two parallel rather than only one CR2032 cells, but it continues to be based on
800-607: A modern calculator hardware. The series consisted of the DM10 , DM11 , DM12 , DM15 and DM16 . All calculators used the same hardware, but differ in keyboard and firmware (which can be changed with an upgrade port). After the introduction of the larger DM15L , DM41L and DM16L in 2015, the DM11L was added in January 2016 with the DM12L following in February. A limited production run for
880-485: A pocket calculator. Launched in early 1972, it was unlike the other basic four-function pocket calculators then available in that it was the first pocket calculator with scientific functions that could replace a slide rule . The $ 395 HP-35 , along with nearly all later HP engineering calculators, uses reverse Polish notation (RPN), also called postfix notation. A calculation like "8 plus 5" is, using RPN, performed by pressing 8 , Enter↑ , 5 , and + ; instead of
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#1733094335402960-428: A point rather than a comma ) instead of or in addition to vulgar fractions . Various symbols for function commands may also be shown on the display. Fractions such as 1 ⁄ 3 are displayed as decimal approximations , for example rounded to 0.33333333 . Also, some fractions (such as 1 ⁄ 7 , which is 0.14285714285714 ; to 14 significant figures ) can be difficult to recognize in decimal form; as
1040-437: A result, many scientific calculators are able to work in vulgar fractions or mixed numbers . Calculators also have the ability to save numbers into computer memory . Basic calculators usually store only one number at a time; more specific types are able to store many numbers represented in variables . Usually these variables are named ans or ans(0). The variables can also be used for constructing formulas . Some models have
1120-420: A series of separate identical seven-segment displays to build a metering circuit, for example. If the numeric quantity were stored and manipulated as pure binary, interfacing to such a display would require complex circuitry. Therefore, in cases where the calculations are relatively simple, working throughout with BCD can lead to a simpler overall system than converting to and from binary. (For example, CDs keep
1200-458: A software emulator of the previous Nut processor, written by Cyrille de Brébisson , in order to execute an image of the former Nut-based firmware in it. This has brought advanced possibilities such as flashing new firmware, not previously possible. HP also released a software development kit (SDK), making it possible to make new and custom operating systems . The calculator ran 60–90 times faster on most benchmark operations. This version (F2230A)
1280-419: Is common in electronic systems where a numeric value is to be displayed, especially in systems consisting solely of digital logic, and not containing a microprocessor. By employing BCD, the manipulation of numerical data for display can be greatly simplified by treating each digit as a separate single sub-circuit. This matches much more closely the physical reality of display hardware—a designer might choose to use
1360-544: Is considered the de facto standard among financial professionals. There have been multiple revisions over the years, with newer revisions moving to an ARM processor running a software emulator of the original Nut processor. Critics claim that its 1980s technology is antiquated, but proponents point out that it is still the de facto and de jure standard in finance. The HP-12C is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continual production since its introduction in 1981. Due to its simple operation for key financial calculations,
1440-467: Is needed to fit all the desired functions in the limited memory space available in the calculator chip , with acceptable calculation time. The first known tools used to aid arithmetic calculations were: bones (used to tally items), pebbles, and counting boards , and the abacus , known to have been used by Sumerians and Egyptians before 2000 BC. Except for the Antikythera mechanism (an "out of
1520-405: Is notably different from the layout of telephone Touch-Tone keypads which have the 1 - 2 - 3 keys on top and 7 - 8 - 9 keys on the third row. In general, a basic electronic calculator consists of the following components: Clock rate of a processor chip refers to the frequency at which the central processing unit (CPU) is running. It is used as an indicator of
1600-457: Is still available from Hewlett-Packard. The long-discontinued HP-15C was re-released in a "Limited Edition" in 2011 that has again been discontinued. A Collector's Edition was released in 2023. Official emulators for the 12C and 15C are commercially available from Hewlett-Packard for Android and iOS devices. There are many calculators simulating software , imitating various HP calculators, including Voyager series devices. The WRPN Calculator ,
1680-598: Is the first calculator in the world which includes the square root function. Later that same year were released the ELKA 22 (with a luminescent display) and the ELKA 25, with an built-in printer. Several other models were developed until the first pocket model, the ELKA 101 , was released in 1974. The writing on it was in Roman script , and it was exported to western countries. The first desktop programmable calculators were produced in
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#17330943354021760-474: Is the last and lowest-featured calculator in this line, even though its number would suggest an earlier origin. The 10C was a basic scientific programmable calculator. While a useful general purpose RPN calculator, the HP-11C offered twice as much for only a slight increase in price. Designed to be an introductory calculator, it was still costly compared to the competition, and many looking at an HP would just step up to
1840-515: Is visibly distinguished by its silver-colored upper half as opposed to the gold-colored plate on the original 12c. There are six variants of the HP ;12c Platinum (including two special issues). The first release of the 12c Platinum used a faster processor than the revision of the original HP-12C which was available at that time. (However, the subsequent revisions of the original 12C which switched to ARM-based processors have reversed that speed gap.) It
1920-584: The HP ;12c Prestige . Over the course of years, several anniversary editions of the calculator were produced as well. The HP-12C is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continual production since its introduction in 1981. The HP-15C is a high-end scientific programmable with a root-solver and numerical integration, produced between 1982 and 1989. It is also able to handle complex numbers and matrix operations. Although long being discontinued its continued popularity among users triggered Hewlett-Packard to offer
2000-535: The 16C's functions in later calculator models. Hewlett-Packard retained the numerical analyst William Kahan of UC Berkeley , the architect of the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic, to design the numerical algorithms implemented by the calculators. He also wrote parts of the manuals. The HP Voyager series calculator are keystroke programmable , meaning that it can remember and later execute sequences of keystrokes to solve particular problems of interest to
2080-507: The ANITA was superseded in June 1963 by the U.S. manufactured Friden EC-130, which had an all-transistor design, a stack of four 13-digit numbers displayed on a 5-inch (13 cm) cathode-ray tube (CRT), and introduced Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) to the calculator market for a price of $ 2200, which was about three times the cost of an electromechanical calculator of the time. Like Bell Punch, Friden
2160-590: The Autumn of 1971, with four functions and an eight-digit red LED display, for US$ 240 , while in August 1972 the four-function Sinclair Executive became the first slimline pocket calculator measuring 5.4 by 2.2 by 0.35 inches (137.2 mm × 55.9 mm × 8.9 mm) and weighing 2.5 ounces (71 g). It retailed for around £79 ( US$ 194 at the time). By the end of the decade, similar calculators were priced less than £5 ($ 6.85). Following protracted development over
2240-431: The GPLB31A processor. In 2008, the HP 12c Prestige (F2233A) was released. It features a gold-colored plate like the original 12C, but is otherwise like the fourth HP 12c Platinum model (F2231AA). In 2022, alongside the latest revision of the original 12C, Moravia and Royal also released a mostly cosmetic update of the 12c Platinum, with the words "Hewlett-Packard" removed from the frontplate, subtle adjustments to
2320-548: The HP 12C without "Hewlett-Packard" on the frontplate and with a screw added to the battery compartment cover. The HP-12C is one of only four calculators permissible in the Chartered Financial Analyst exams, the others being its sister, the HP 12c Platinum , and the Texas Instruments BA II Plus and BA II Plus Professional . Often referred to as a tool for "Old-ie Time-ies," critics of
2400-606: The HP 12c Platinum have parentheses on the blue-shifted functions of the STO and RCL keys. They also support undo and backspace and provide memory for up to 80 CFj registers. The firmware changes increased the ROM size beyond the capabilities of the original processor, so it was replaced by the Generalplus GPLB31A (still with 6502 core), which is also faster. It was manufactured by Kinpo Electronics . In 2006, Hewlett-Packard released
2480-502: The HP 12c Platinum, but with added margin calculation functions (COST, SELL, MGN). It is also available as Procalc FN 1200C in Brazil. The Truly SC123 in 2015 closely resembles the HP 12c Platinum as well, but in a vertical case layout. In 2012, SwissMicros (aka RPN-Calc) introduced a miniature clone named DM-12CC approximating the size of an ID-1 credit card (88 mm × 59 mm × 7 mm). It closely emulates
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2560-450: The HP-12C changed again in 2015, when the design switched to use an Atmel ATSAM4LC2CA-AU processor with ARM Cortex-M4 core. The calculator's part number and physical appearance didn't change except for a "Rev 2" plate on the bottom side. It continues to use two parallel CR2032 cells. The firmware reports a 2015 build date. Serial numbers starting with "PHA", "9CJ", "7CD", or "3CD" rule out
2640-415: The HP-12C claim its early 1980s technology and style are antiquated. Proponents, however, are quick to note that the HP-12C continues to be both the de jure and de facto standard of high finance. The HP 12c Platinum is similar in appearance and functionality to the 12C, and is designed to mimic the 12C whilst extending its capabilities in various aspects. The calculator was introduced in 2003,
2720-687: The Mk VII for continental Europe and the Mk VIII for Britain and the rest of the world, both for delivery from early 1962. The Mk VII was a slightly earlier design with a more complicated mode of multiplication, and was soon dropped in favour of the simpler Mark VIII. The ANITA had a full keyboard, similar to mechanical comptometers of the time, a feature that was unique to it and the later Sharp CS-10A among electronic calculators. The ANITA weighed roughly 33 pounds (15 kg) due to its large tube system. Bell Punch had been producing key-driven mechanical calculators of
2800-493: The ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers; the extended memory address is termed an array index. Power sources of calculators are batteries , solar cells or mains electricity (for old models), turning on with a switch or button. Some models even have no turn-off button but they provide some way to put off (for example, leaving no operation for a moment, covering solar cell exposure, or closing their lid ). Crank -powered calculators were also common in
2880-413: The adding machine as a means of completing this operation. There is a debate about whether Pascal or Shickard should be credited as the known inventor of a calculating machine due to the differences (like the different aims) of both inventions. Schickard and Pascal were followed by Gottfried Leibniz who spent forty years designing a four-operation mechanical calculator, the stepped reckoner , inventing in
2960-552: The algebraic infix notation : 8 , + , 5 , = . It had 35 buttons and was based on Mostek Mk6020 chip. The first Soviet scientific pocket-sized calculator the "B3-18" was completed by the end of 1975. In 1973, Texas Instruments (TI) introduced the SR-10 , ( SR signifying slide rule ) an algebraic entry pocket calculator using scientific notation for $ 150. Shortly after the SR-11 featured an added key for entering pi (π). It
3040-419: The better HP-11C. Poor sales led to a very short market life, making it one of the most difficult of the series to find today. The HP-11C is a mid-range scientific programmable calculator. The HP-12C is a popular financial calculator. It was such a successful model that Hewlett-Packard redesigned it from scratch, added several new functions, and introduced it as the HP 12c Platinum in 2003 as well as
3120-484: The calculator long ago became the de facto standard among financial professionals. Its popularity has endured despite the fact that a relatively simple but iterative process such as amortizing the interest over the life of a loan, a calculation that modern spreadsheets can complete almost instantly, can take over a minute with the HP-12C. The 1977 October edition of the HP Journal contains an article by Roy Martin,
3200-446: The circuitry into a single chip (first the 1LQ9, then 1RR2) and to refresh the manufacturing process (as the foundry could no longer manufacture the necessary chips, having moved on to making higher-density chips). However, HP's market research found in the late 1980s that users did not trust results obtained too quickly and so the CPU speed was never improved from the original 884 kHz, but
3280-415: The comptometer type under the names "Plus" and "Sumlock", and had realised in the mid-1950s that the future of calculators lay in electronics. They employed the young graduate Norbert Kitz, who had worked on the early British Pilot ACE computer project, to lead the development. The ANITA sold well since it was the only electronic desktop calculator available, and was silent and quick. The tube technology of
Hewlett-Packard Voyager series - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-524: The course of two years including a botched partnership with Texas Instruments, Eldorado Electrodata released five pocket calculators in 1972. One called the Touch Magic was "no bigger than a pack of cigarettes" according to Administrative Management . The first Soviet Union made pocket-sized calculator, the Elektronika B3-04 was developed by the end of 1973 and sold at the start of 1974. One of
3440-428: The early computer era. The following keys are common to most pocket calculators. While the arrangement of the digits is standard, the positions of other keys vary from model to model; the illustration is an example. The arrangement of digits on calculator and other numeric keypads with the 7 - 8 - 9 keys two rows above the 1 - 2 - 3 keys is derived from calculators and cash registers . It
3520-493: The eve of the industrial revolution made large scale production of more compact and modern units possible. The Arithmometer , invented in 1820 as a four-operation mechanical calculator, was released to production in 1851 as an adding machine and became the first commercially successful unit; forty years later, by 1890, about 2,500 arithmometers had been sold plus a few hundreds more from two arithmometer clone makers (Burkhardt, Germany, 1878 and Layton, UK, 1883) and Felt and Tarrant,
3600-463: The first Japanese one) was the Casio (AL-1000) produced in 1967. It featured a nixie tubes display and had transistor electronics and ferrite core memory. The Monroe Epic programmable calculator came on the market in 1967. A large, printing, desk-top unit, with an attached floor-standing logic tower, it could be programmed to perform many computer-like functions. However, the only branch instruction
3680-483: The first direct multiplication machine in 1834: this was also the second key-driven machine in the world, following that of James White (1822). It was not until the 19th century and the Industrial Revolution that real developments began to occur. Although machines capable of performing all four arithmetic functions existed prior to the 19th century, the refinement of manufacturing and fabrication processes during
3760-552: The first low-cost calculators was the Sinclair Cambridge , launched in August 1973. It retailed for £29.95 ($ 41.03), or £5 ($ 6.85) less in kit form, and later models included some scientific functions. The Sinclair calculators were successful because they were far cheaper than the competition; however, their design led to slow and less accurate computations of transcendental functions (maximum three decimal places of accuracy). Meanwhile, Hewlett-Packard (HP) had been developing
3840-481: The functionality of the original HP-12C by running the original ROM image in an emulator on an ARM Cortex-M0 -based NXP LPC1114 processor. Newer DM12 models since 2013 feature a better keyboard and more RAM ( LPC1115 ). A DM12 Silver Edition in a titanium case is available as well. In February 2016, SwissMicros introduced the DM12L, a version of the calculator about the same size as the original HP-12C. Deviating from
3920-603: The introduction of the first "calculator on a chip", the MK6010 by Mostek , followed by Texas Instruments later in the year. Although these early hand-held calculators were very costly, these advances in electronics, together with developments in display technology (such as the vacuum fluorescent display , LED , and LCD ), led within a few years to the cheap pocket calculator available to all. In 1971, Pico Electronics and General Instrument also introduced their first collaboration in ICs,
4000-506: The inventor of the simple method of operation used in HP financial calculators, which describes, in detail, the mathematics and functionality built by William Kahan and Roy Martin that is still used today. There were at least nine hardware revisions of the HP-12C since 1981 (including one special issue). Over its lifespan, the proprietary bulk CMOS HP Nut (originally the 1LF5, then 1LM2) processor's technology has been redesigned to integrate all
4080-510: The layout and contact information on the rearplate, and a screw added to the battery compartment. By design, the HP-12C rounds up the number of payments to the next integer, which produces meaningless results when calculating fractional periods. Consequently, solving for n returns a value that is mathematically incorrect when compared to the standard annuity formula and different from the value returned by other financial calculators, Excel, etc. The Aurora FN1000 calculator in clamshell design
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#17330943354024160-547: The logic circuits, appeared in the 1940s and 1950s. Electronic circuits developed for computers also had application to electronic calculators. The Casio Computer Company, in Japan , released the Model 14-A calculator in 1957, which was the world's first all-electric (relatively) compact calculator. It did not use electronic logic but was based on relay technology, and was built into a desk. The IBM 608 plugboard programmable calculator
4240-619: The mid-1960s. They included the Mathatronics Mathatron (1964) and the Olivetti Programma 101 (late 1965) which were solid-state, desktop, printing, floating point, algebraic entry, programmable, stored-program electronic calculators. Both could be programmed by the end user and print out their results. The Programma 101 saw much wider distribution and had the added feature of offline storage of programs via magnetic cards. Another early programmable desktop calculator (and maybe
4320-509: The older model variant. The 2×3-pin flash port now uses the USB protocol instead of a TTL serial protocol; in addition to this, the calculator's circuit board features an unpopulated mount for a Micro-USB connector. In 2022, the HP Development Company, L.P. 's licensees Moravia Consulting spol. s r.o. and Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc. released a minor revision of
4400-695: The only other competitor in true commercial production, had sold 100 comptometers . It wasn't until 1902 that the familiar push-button user interface was developed, with the introduction of the Dalton Adding Machine, developed by James L. Dalton in the United States . In 1921, Edith Clarke invented the "Clarke calculator", a simple graph-based calculator for solving line equations involving hyperbolic functions. This allowed electrical engineers to simplify calculations for inductance and capacitance in power transmission lines . The Curta calculator
4480-422: The power grid, was released at the start of the 1970s. The electronic calculators of the mid-1960s were large and heavy desktop machines due to their use of hundreds of transistors on several circuit boards with a large power consumption that required an AC power supply. There were great efforts to put the logic required for a calculator into fewer and fewer integrated circuits (chips) and calculator electronics
4560-421: The process his leibniz wheel , but who couldn't design a fully operational machine. There were also five unsuccessful attempts to design a calculating clock in the 17th century. The 18th century saw the arrival of some notable improvements, first by Poleni with the first fully functional calculating clock and four-operation machine, but these machines were almost always one of a kind . Luigi Torchi invented
4640-631: The processor's speed, and is measured in clock cycles per second or hertz (Hz) . For basic calculators, the speed can vary from a few hundred hertz to the kilohertz range. A basic explanation as to how calculations are performed in a simple four-function calculator: To perform the calculation 25 + 9 , one presses keys in the following sequence on most calculators: 2 5 + 9 = . Other functions are usually performed using repeated additions or subtractions. Most pocket calculators do all their calculations in binary-coded decimal (BCD) rather than binary. BCD
4720-603: The same time). The Victor 3900 was the first to use integrated circuits in place of individual transistors , but production problems delayed sales until 1966. There followed a series of electronic calculator models from these and other manufacturers, including Canon , Mathatronics , Olivetti , SCM (Smith-Corona-Marchant), Sony , Toshiba , and Wang . The early calculators used hundreds of germanium transistors , which were cheaper than silicon transistors , on multiple circuit boards. Display types used were CRT, cold-cathode Nixie tubes , and filament lamps . Memory technology
4800-422: The speed could be increased by a user modification. In 2001 (from serial number CN11500001 ), the CPU was changed to a 3 V process ( Agilent 2AF1-0001, later a Marvell 2AF1-0002 ) and the battery was therefore changed to a single CR2032 cell replacing the three LR44 cells previously used (F1637A). In 2008, HP modified the design to use an Atmel AT91SAM7L128 processor with ARM7TDMI core running
4880-403: The time" astronomical device), development of computing tools arrived near the start of the 17th century: the geometric-military compass (by Galileo ), logarithms and Napier bones (by Napier ), and the slide rule (by Edmund Gunter ). The Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator by Wilhelm Schickard in 1623, and later by Blaise Pascal in 1642. A device that
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#17330943354024960-735: The track number in BCD, limiting them to 99 tracks.) The same argument applies when hardware of this type uses an embedded microcontroller or other small processor. Often, smaller code results when representing numbers internally in BCD format, since a conversion from or to binary representation can be expensive on such limited processors. For these applications, some small processors feature BCD arithmetic modes, which assist when writing routines that manipulate BCD quantities. Where calculators have added functions (such as square root, or trigonometric functions ), software algorithms are required to produce high precision results. Sometimes significant design effort
5040-447: The user. These keystroke programs, in addition to performing any operation normally available on the keyboard, can also make use of conditional and unconditional branching and looping instructions, allowing programs to perform repetitive operations and make decisions. The available programming features differentiate between the various HP Voyager series calculator systems. The HP-12C and its derivatives remains in widespread use today and
5120-643: The very wide availability of smartphones and the like, dedicated hardware calculators, while still widely used, are less common than they once were. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this had diminished to less than 0.05%. Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain "00" and "000" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter. Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation on each button; however, in more specific calculators,
5200-616: Was IBM's first all-transistor product, released in 1957; this was a console type system, with input and output on punched cards, and replaced the earlier, larger, vacuum-tube IBM 603 . In October 1961, the world's first all-electronic desktop calculator, the British Bell Punch /Sumlock Comptometer ANITA ( A N ew I nspiration T o A rithmetic/ A ccounting) was announced. This machine used vacuum tubes , cold-cathode tubes and Dekatrons in its circuits, with 12 cold-cathode "Nixie" tubes for its display. Two models were displayed,
5280-571: Was a manufacturer of mechanical calculators that had decided that the future lay in electronics. In 1964 more all-transistor electronic calculators were introduced: Sharp introduced the CS-10A , which weighed 25 kilograms (55 lb) and cost 500,000 yen ($ 4555.81), and Industria Macchine Elettroniche of Italy introduced the IME 84, to which several extra keyboard and display units could be connected so that several people could make use of it (but apparently not at
5360-568: Was a paper tape. As a result of the "Cal-Tech" project, Texas Instruments was granted master patents on portable calculators. The first commercially produced portable calculators appeared in Japan in 1970, and were soon marketed around the world. These included the Sanyo ICC-0081 "Mini Calculator", the Canon Pocketronic, and the Sharp QT-8B "micro Compet". The Canon Pocketronic was
5440-900: Was affordable to most and they became common in schools. In addition to general purpose calculators, there are those designed for specific markets. For example, there are scientific calculators , which include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra . Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher-dimensional Euclidean space . As of 2016 , basic calculators cost little, but scientific and graphing models tend to cost more. Computer operating systems as far back as early Unix have included interactive calculator programs such as dc and hoc , and interactive BASIC could be used to do calculations on most 1970s and 1980s home computers. Calculator functions are included in most smartphones , tablets , and personal digital assistant (PDA) type devices. With
5520-541: Was also the first calculator to use an LED display, the first hand-held calculator to use a single integrated circuit (then proclaimed as a "calculator on a chip"), the Mostek MK6010, and the first electronic calculator to run off replaceable batteries. Using four AA-size cells the LE-120A measures 4.9 by 2.8 by 0.9 inches (124 mm × 71 mm × 23 mm). The first European-made pocket-sized calculator, DB 800
5600-419: Was an implied unconditional branch (GOTO) at the end of the operation stack, returning the program to its starting instruction. Thus, it was not possible to include any conditional branch (IF-THEN-ELSE) logic. During this era, the absence of the conditional branch was sometimes used to distinguish a programmable calculator from a computer. The first Soviet programmable desktop calculator ISKRA 123 , powered by
5680-436: Was at times somewhat over-promoted as being able to perform all four arithmetic operations with minimal human intervention. Pascal's calculator could add and subtract two numbers directly and thus, if the tedium could be borne, multiply and divide by repetition. Schickard's machine, constructed several decades earlier, used a clever set of mechanised multiplication tables to ease the process of multiplication and division with
5760-462: Was closely inspired by the HP-12C in 2003. Capitalizing on the limited availability of the HP 12c Platinum 25th Anniversary Edition, Victor Technology released the Victor V12 in 2007 which was a budget priced clone of the HP 12c Platinum edition. It is also available as BrtC FC-12 in Brazil. The 2010 Compucessory CCS28956 aka Compucessory 28956 , a clamshell design, is another clone of
5840-411: Was colloquially known as the " HP-12C+ ", although HP did not market it as a different product. In contrast to the preceding revision, it supported two parallel CR2032 cells, of which only one was necessary to run the calculator. Based on the same processor, a limited HP 12c 30th Anniversary Edition (NW258AA) was introduced in 2011. Only 40,000 of this model were made. The internal hardware of
5920-452: Was developed by Intel for the Japanese calculator company Busicom . Modern electronic calculators vary from cheap, give-away, credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers. They became popular in the mid-1970s as the incorporation of integrated circuits reduced their size and cost. By the end of that decade, prices had dropped to the point where a basic calculator
6000-470: Was developed in 1948 and, although costly, became popular for its portability. This purely mechanical hand-held device could do addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. By the early 1970s electronic pocket calculators ended manufacture of mechanical calculators, although the Curta remains a popular collectable item. The first mainframe computers, initially using vacuum tubes and later transistors in
6080-650: Was equipped with a Sunplus SPLB20D2 with a 6502 core, larger memory (for up to 30 CFj registers and 400 program steps) and more built-in functions. It allows input to be entered in algebraic mode as well as in 4-level classical RPN . The calculator's particular implementation of RPN exhibits an unusual behaviour of the CHS key different from that of the 12C and other classical RPN calculators. The first HP 12c Platinum version (F2231A) did not have parentheses, which often led to awkward key sequences to solve problems in algebraic mode. Since 2005, newer versions (F2232A) of
6160-552: Was followed the next year by the SR-50 which added log and trig functions to compete with the HP-35, and in 1977 the mass-marketed TI-30 line which is still produced. SwissMicros DM12 The HP-12C is a financial calculator made by Hewlett-Packard (HP) and its successor HP Inc. as part of the HP Voyager series , introduced in 1981. It is HP's longest and best-selling product and
6240-581: Was made in May 1971 by Digitron in Buje , Croatia (former Yugoslavia ) with four functions and an eight-digit display and special characters for a negative number and a warning that the calculation has too many digits to display. The first American-made pocket-sized calculator, the Bowmar 901B (popularly termed The Bowmar Brain ), measuring 5.2 by 3.0 by 1.5 inches (132 mm × 76 mm × 38 mm), came out in
6320-608: Was one of the leading edges of semiconductor development. U.S. semiconductor manufacturers led the world in large scale integration (LSI) semiconductor development, squeezing more and more functions into individual integrated circuits. This led to alliances between Japanese calculator manufacturers and U.S. semiconductor companies: Canon Inc. with Texas Instruments , Hayakawa Electric (later renamed Sharp Corporation ) with North-American Rockwell Microelectronics (later renamed Rockwell International ), Busicom with Mostek and Intel , and General Instrument with Sanyo . By 1970,
6400-744: Was usually based on the delay-line memory or the magnetic-core memory , though the Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 appears to have used an early form of dynamic RAM built from discrete components. Already there was a desire for smaller and less power-hungry machines. Bulgaria's ELKA 6521 , introduced in 1965, was developed by the Central Institute for Calculation Technologies and built at the Elektronika factory in Sofia . The name derives from EL ektronen KA lkulator , and it weighed around 8 kg (18 lb). It
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