125-804: HMS Belfast is a Town-class light cruiser that was built for the Royal Navy . She is now permanently moored as a museum ship on the River Thames in London and is operated by the Imperial War Museum . Construction of Belfast , the first ship in the Royal Navy to be named after the capital city of Northern Ireland and one of ten Town-class cruisers, began in December 1936. She was launched on St Patrick's Day 1938. Commissioned in early August 1939 shortly before
250-622: A Crown Colony-class cruiser also moored in Fareham Creek at the time. Following the visit the possibility was raised of preserving an entire ship. Gambia had already severely deteriorated, so attention turned to the possibility of saving Belfast . The Imperial War Museum, the National Maritime Museum and the Ministry of Defence established a joint committee, which reported in June 1968 that
375-428: A draught of 17 feet 3 inches (5.3 m). Her standard displacement during her sea trials was 10,420 long tons (10,590 t). She was propelled by four three-drum oil-fired Admiralty water-tube boilers , turning Parsons geared steam turbines , driving four propeller shafts. She was capable of 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph) and carried 2,400 long tons (2,400 t) of fuel oil. This gave her
500-478: A "straight-shooting ship". On 6 August she sailed for the UK for a short (but needed) refit, after which she again set sail for the far east and arrived back at Sasebo on 31 January 1951. During 1951 Belfast mounted a number of coastal patrols and bombarded a variety of targets. On 1 June she arrived at Singapore for refitting, arriving back on patrol on 31 August. In September 1951 Belfast provided anti-aircraft cover for
625-459: A British sailor of Chinese origin in his hammock and wounding four other Chinese ratings. This was the only time Belfast was hit by enemy fire during her Korean service. On 27 September 1952 Belfast was relieved by two other Town-class cruisers, HMS Birmingham and HMS Newcastle , and sailed back to the UK. She had steamed over 80,000 miles (130,000 km) in the combat zone and fired more than 8,000 rounds from her 6-inch guns during
750-475: A Certificate of Seaworthiness from the Maritime and Coastguard Agency . While in dock, her entire hull was cleaned, blasted , and repainted, her hull blanking plates inspected and an ultrasonic survey carried out. She was not expected to require further drydocking until 2020. While under tow to Portsmouth she was delayed by bad weather and arrived a day late: it had been intended that she would arrive on 6 June 1999,
875-597: A Japanese aircraft on 20 October 1944, during the invasion of Leyte . On 11 September 1943, Savannah was hit by a German Fritz X radio guided bomb which penetrated her #3 turret and blew out the bottom of the ship. Skillful damage control by her crew saved her from sinking. While under repair in the United States, Savannah and Honolulu were rebuilt with a bulged hull that increased their beam by nearly 8 feet (2.4 m) and their 5-inch/ 25 caliber guns were replaced by four twin 5-inch/38 caliber guns, although
1000-557: A Norwegian ship. Tai Yin had been listed by the Admiralty as suspicious, so a prize crew from Belfast sailed her to Kirkwall for investigation. On 9 October Belfast intercepted a German liner, the 13,615-ton Cap Norte , 50 miles (80 km) north-west of the Faroe Islands . Disguised as a neutral Swedish vessel, SS Ancona , Cap Norte was attempting to return to Germany from Brazil; her passengers included German reservists. Under
1125-664: A branch of the Imperial War Museum in 1978. Since 1973 she has been home to the City of London Sea Cadets who meet on board twice a week. A popular tourist attraction, Belfast received over 327,000 visitors in 2019. As a branch of a national museum and part of the National Historic Fleet , Belfast is supported by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport , admissions income, and the museum's commercial activities. Belfast
1250-488: A bulge was introduced into her hull amidships to improve stability and provide extra longitudinal strength. Her beam had increased to 69 ft (21 m) and her draught to 19 ft (5.8 m) forward and 20 ft 2 in (6.15 m) aft. Her displacement had risen to 11,550 tons. Belfast was recommissioned at Devonport on 3 November 1942, under the command of Captain Frederick Parham . On her return to
1375-616: A fleet operation to recover the submarine Spearfish , during which the ship was attacked by German aircraft, but suffered no damage. On 1 October 1939 Belfast left Scapa Flow for a patrol in the North Sea. On 5 October Belfast intercepted and boarded a neutral Norwegian factory ship that was sailing in company with six whaling ships. On 8 October the ship sighted the Swedish merchant ship C. P. Lilljevach but, in poor weather, did not intercept or board her. The following day she boarded Tai Yin ,
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#17330845661111500-447: A gunnery exercise. At 10:58 am she detonated a magnetic mine while leaving the Firth of Forth . The mine broke Belfast ' s keel, and wrecked one of her engine and boiler rooms. Twenty officers and men required hospital treatment for injuries caused by the explosion, and a further 26 suffered minor injuries. One man, Painter 2nd Class Henry Stanton, was hospitalised but later died of
1625-407: A head injury, having been thrown against the deckhead by the blast. The tugboat Krooman , towing gunnery targets for the exercise, released her targets and instead towed Belfast to Rosyth for initial repairs. Initial assessments of Belfast ' s damage showed that, while the mine had done little direct damage to the outer hull, causing only a small hole directly below one of the boiler rooms,
1750-508: A less extensive refit to allow her to be sent quickly if needed in the Suez crisis of 1956. Birmingham , Newcastle and Sheffield had the pom pom and 20 mm armament replaced by 40mm Bofors mounts. Belfast was fitted with MRS 8 HACDT to combine 40 mm and twin 4-inch AA fire and to permit the use of 40 mm proximity fuze ammunition as used by the British Army . In the mid-1930s,
1875-527: A maximum range of 8,664 nautical miles (16,046 km; 9,970 mi) at 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph). Belfast ' s main armament comprised twelve Mk XXIII 6-inch guns in four triple turrets directed by an Admiralty Fire Control Table . With a rate of fire of up to eight rounds per gun per minute, her main battery was capable of a total maximum rate of fire of 96 rounds per minute. Her secondary armament comprised twelve 4-inch guns in six twin mounts. Her initial close-range anti-aircraft armament
2000-721: A minor refit between January and March 1950, and in June she joined the Far East Fleet's summer cruise. On 25 June 1950, while Belfast was visiting Hakodate in Japan, North Korean forces crossed the 38th Parallel , starting the Korean War . With the outbreak of the Korean War, Belfast became part of the United Nations naval forces. Originally part of the US Navy's Task Force 77 , Belfast
2125-450: A museum. She was towed to her berth above Tower Bridge on 15 October 1971 and settled in a huge hole that had been dredged in the river bed; then she was attached to two dolphins which guide her during the rise and fall of the tide. She was opened to the public on Trafalgar Day, 21 October 1971. The date was significant, as Belfast was the first naval vessel to be saved for the nation since HMS Victory , Lord Nelson 's flagship at
2250-703: A new design, the Mark 16, which could fire a 130-pound (59-kilogram) armor-piercing shell (AP) up to 26,100 yards (23,866 m) with twice the penetrative power of the old gun. The ammunition was of the semi-fixed type . The impact of the shell changed the General Board's view on the usefulness of light cruisers in service. As designed, the anti-aircraft weaponry specified eight 5-inch (127 mm)/ 25 caliber guns and eight .50 inches (12.7 mm) caliber M2 Browning machine guns . The intention to mount 1.1-inch (28 mm)/ 75 caliber anti-aircraft guns
2375-589: A number of exercises in the Far East and in December 1961 she provided the British guard of honour at Tanganyika 's independence ceremony in Dar-es-Salaam . In 1961 plans were drawn up for the conversion of Belfast to a hybrid helicopter cruiser for amphibious operations. The two aft 6-inch turrets would be removed to accommodate a helicopter deck and two hangars capable of housing four Westland Wessex helicopters, while
2500-559: A period of leave. On 8 May Belfast returned to Scapa Flow and carried the King during his pre-invasion visit to the Home Fleet. For the invasion of Normandy Belfast was made headquarters ship of Bombardment Force E flying the flag of Rear-Admiral Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton , and was to support landings by British and Canadian forces in the Gold and Juno Beach sectors. On 2 June Belfast left
2625-575: A redesigned deck, an intermediate layer of armour above the magazines and machinery area and received thicker armour on the gun turrets. The extra weight is balanced with extra beam, increased from 64.02 ft in the Southampton to 64.10 ft in the three Gloucester ships and more propulsion power with 82,000 shp engines to maintain speed and add more electrical generation. The Edinburgh class were longer at 614 ft (187 m) compared to 592 ft (180 m), initially to allow an increase in
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#17330845661112750-561: A rooftop bar. Initially expected to be complete by summer 2012, the pavilion opened in April 2013. 51°30′24″N 0°04′53″W / 51.50667°N 0.08139°W / 51.50667; -0.08139 Town-class cruiser (1936) The Town class consisted of 10 light cruisers built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. The Towns were designed within the constraints of the London Naval Treaty of 1930. The ships were built in
2875-421: A salvage operation to recover a crashed enemy MiG-15 jet fighter. She conducted further bombardments and patrols before receiving a month's leave from operations, returning to action on 23 December. In 1952 Belfast continued her coastal patrol duties. On 29 July 1952 Belfast was hit by enemy fire while engaging an artillery battery on Wolsa-ri island. A 75 mm shell struck a forward compartment, killing
3000-453: A subcontractor cutting through the gangway's structure during refurbishment work. Belfast re-opened on 18 May 2012. The closure delayed the construction of a new two-storey bank-side pavilion to replace Belfast ' s existing retail and admissions building. The structure, for which planning permission was received in October 2011, provides a ground floor café, shop and admissions area, and
3125-474: A two-tiered, five-sided superstructure which radically altered her appearance. Her boiler rooms were also given remote control so they could still be run in the event of a nuclear, biological or chemical attack as the boiler rooms themselves were not protected. The most significant change was better accommodations for a smaller crew more fitting of post-war needs. Her tripod masts were replaced with lattice masts and timber decking replaced with steel everywhere except
3250-512: A wide area, and the class was also to be capable of its own anti-aircraft defence. Under the Director of Naval Construction the new design evolved during 1933. The lead ship of the new class, the 9,100-ton HMS Southampton , and her sister HMS Newcastle , were ordered under the 1933 estimates. Three more cruisers were built to this design, with a further three ships built to a slightly larger 9,400-ton design in 1935–36. By 1935, however,
3375-702: Is a cruiser of the third Town class . The Town class had originated in 1933 as the Admiralty 's response to the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Mogami -class cruiser, an 11,200-ton cruiser mounting fifteen 6-inch (152 mm) guns with a top speed exceeding 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The Admiralty's requirement called for a 9,000-ton cruiser, sufficiently armoured to withstand a direct hit from an 8-inch (203 mm) shell, capable of 32 knots (59 km/h) and mounting twelve 6-inch guns. Seaplanes carried aboard would enable shipping lanes to be patrolled over
3500-557: The Arethusa -class cruiser was the Royal Navy's latest light cruiser design, with the intention that it number six vessels. Following the new, heavily armed small cruisers of the United States Brooklyn and Japanese Mogami -classes , the last two planned ships, Minotaur and Polyphemus , were cancelled and re-ordered as a new, much larger cruiser type, with the new ships named as Newcastle and Southampton . Based on
3625-608: The Atlanta -class light cruiser armed with 5-inch guns, shared the same unit system of machinery arrangement as the other two lines, but on a smaller hull with two shafts instead of four. The Brooklyn class would lead to the Cleveland -class light cruiser (less a fifth triple 6-inch turret), which then led to the Fargo -class cruiser and finally the Worcester -class cruiser. The other successor
3750-568: The Juneau class and then almost by the cancelled CL-154 class . As the Baltimore class began building about a year after the Cleveland class, later Cleveland developments and improvements were incorporated into the Baltimore -class hull. Finally, both Cleveland and Baltimore hulls were converted to light aircraft carriers. The Independence class of light aircraft carriers, were converted from Cleveland -class cruisers under construction, and
3875-512: The Saipan -class light carriers used the basic form of the Baltimore -class cruiser design. Sunk, 2 May 1982, Falklands War Several Brooklyn s were seriously damaged during World War II, although all but one of the cruisers survived. Boise was severely damaged by a shell that hit her forward turret magazine during the Battle of Cape Esperance on 11 October 1942, suffering many casualties, but
HMS Belfast - Misplaced Pages Continue
4000-640: The Battle of Trafalgar . Though no longer part of the Royal Navy, HMS Belfast was granted a special dispensation to allow her to continue to fly the White Ensign . Now a museum, the ship's opening was well received: in 1972 the HMS Belfast Trust won the British Tourist Authority 's "Come to Britain" trophy. Support for the ship's restoration was received from individuals, from the Royal Navy, and from commercial businesses; in 1973, for example,
4125-462: The Brooklyn s arose from the London Naval Treaty of 1930, which limited the construction of heavy cruisers, i.e., ships carrying guns with calibers between 6.1 and 8 inches (155 and 203 mm). Great Britain needed trade control cruisers and hoped that the treaty would limit nations to smaller cruisers with a 6,000-to-8,000- long-ton (6,096 to 8,128 t ) range that she could afford. Agreement to
4250-511: The House of Commons on 8 March 1971. He described Belfast as being in "a really wonderful state of preservation" and that saving her for the nation represented a "case of grasping the last opportunity". Among the MPs who spoke in support of Morgan-Giles was Gordon Bagier , MP for Sunderland South , who served as a Royal Marine gunner aboard Belfast and was present at both the sinking of Scharnhorst and
4375-457: The Korean War and underwent an extensive modernisation between 1956 and 1959. A number of further overseas commissions followed before she entered reserve in 1963. In 1967, efforts were initiated to avert Belfast 's expected scrapping and to preserve her as a museum ship. A joint committee of the Imperial War Museum, the National Maritime Museum , and the Ministry of Defence was established and then reported in June 1968 that preservation
4500-598: The Korean War ; Glasgow , Sheffield and Newcastle had one aft turret replaced by two quad 40 mm Bofors guns during the Second World War, since there was insufficient space to fit the needed extra anti-aircraft guns and retain the turret. This was not a problem in the Edinburgh s, because they were longer and had more room. They still had substantial modifications to their weaponry, including addition of 40 mm Bofors guns. The addition of radar equipment during
4625-661: The Mk 51 director installed for the Bofors guns. Night engagements were improved when in 1945, the Mark 57 and 63 directors were installed. The vast majority of cruisers built by the United States during World War II derive from the Brooklyn design. Modifications of the Brooklyn -class hull were the predecessors to the two main lines of wartime cruisers, respectively the Cleveland -class light cruiser armed with 6-inch guns and Baltimore -class heavy cruiser armed with 8-inch guns. The third line,
4750-490: The Omaha -class cruiser. The decision was reached as the gun could achieve up to ten rounds per minute rate of fire. This gave the class the ability to send up to 150 rounds a minute at its intended target. This allowed the cruiser to smother an enemy ship with fire. The turret arrangement was five turrets, each mounting three guns on a single sleeve, which did not allow the guns in a turret to move independently. The 6-inch guns were of
4875-744: The Soviet Union during 1943 and in December 1943 played an important role in the Battle of North Cape , assisting in the destruction of the German warship Scharnhorst . In June 1944, Belfast took part in Operation Overlord supporting the Normandy landings . In June 1945, she was redeployed to the Far East to join the British Pacific Fleet , arriving shortly before the end of the Second World War. Belfast saw further combat action in 1950–52 during
5000-600: The Worshipful Company of Bakers provided dummy bread for display in the ship's NAAFI and bakery. By 1974, areas including the Admiral's bridge and forward boiler and engine rooms had been restored and fitted out. That year also saw the refurbishment of the ship's Operations Room by a team from HMS Vernon , and the return of Belfast ' s six twin Bofors mounts, along with their fire directors. By December 1975 Belfast had received 1,500,000 visitors. In 1976 Belfast
5125-508: The invasion of Poland . They served extensively in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters during World War II . Helena was sunk in the Pacific , and while some of the others were heavily damaged, the remaining ships of the class were decommissioned shortly after the end of the war. Six were transferred to South American navies in 1951, where they served for many more years. One of these, ARA General Belgrano , formerly Phoenix ,
HMS Belfast - Misplaced Pages Continue
5250-423: The quarterdeck with the pedestrianised footpath on the south bank of the River Thames . The Imperial War Museum 's guidebook to HMS Belfast divides the ship into three broad sections. The first of these, "Life on board the ship", focuses on the experience of serving at sea. Restored compartments, some populated with dressed figures, illustrate the crew's living conditions and the ship's various facilities such as
5375-406: The 4-inch guns would be replaced by davits for four LCA landing craft. Only one of the ship's two boiler rooms would be used, which together with the reductions in armament would allow the ship's crew to be reduced so freeing up space to carry troops. Two infantry companies , 30 officers and 230 other ranks, would be carried. The plan was rejected in December 1961 as the time required to carry out
5500-415: The Admiralty decided to fit triple turrets, whose improved design would permit an increase in deck armour. This modified design became the 10,000-ton Edinburgh subclass, named after Belfast ' s sister ship HMS Edinburgh . Belfast was ordered from Harland and Wolff on 21 September 1936, and her keel laid on 10 December 1936. Her expected cost was £2,141,514; of which the guns cost £75,000 and
5625-474: The Admiralty was keen to improve the firepower of these cruisers to match the firepower of the Japanese Mogami and American Brooklyn -class cruisers; both were armed with fifteen 6-inch guns. The Admiralty rejected a design featuring five triple turrets as impractical, while an alternative design fitting four quadruple turrets was rejected as an effective quadruple turret could not be developed. In May 1936
5750-454: The Admiralty's prize rules , Belfast ' s crew later received prize money. On 12 October Belfast boarded the Swedish ship Uddeholm , which was also sailed to Kirkwall by a prize crew. Returning to harbour, on the night of 13–14 October, Belfast was among the few ships anchored in Scapa Flow, following intelligence reports of an expected air raid. That night, the battleship Royal Oak
5875-619: The Arctic convoys were in attendance to receive medals from the Russian Ambassador Yuri Fedotov . During the ceremony it was announced that, as part of the restoration of the ship, two new masts had been manufactured at the Severnaya Verf shipyard near Saint Petersburg . The production of the masts, to replace corroded originals, had been supported by a number of Russian businesses at a reported cost of £500,000. The restoration of
6000-561: The Atlantic. By navigating the hazardous Pentland Firth , Belfast successfully evaded the Home Fleet. On 31 August 1939 Belfast was transferred to the 18th Cruiser Squadron . Based at Scapa Flow in the Orkney islands, 18th Cruiser Squadron was part of the British effort to impose a naval blockade on Germany. Germany invaded Poland the following day, and Britain and France declared war on 3 September. At 11:40 that morning, Belfast received
6125-473: The Glasshouse Directors with Type 275 'lock and follow' radar, with flyplane control for the twin 4-inch guns with elevation speed increased to 15–20 degrees per second to engage faster jet aircraft. Similar electronic alterations were made to Sheffield but it received less structural alteration. Liverpool was put into reserve in 1952 to preserve it for potential modernisation and Glasgow had
6250-676: The Home Fleet Belfast was made flagship of the 10th Cruiser Squadron , flying the flag of Rear-Admiral Robert Burnett , who had previously commanded the Home Fleet's destroyer flotillas. The squadron was responsible for the hazardous task of escorting Arctic convoys to the Soviet Union , operating from Scapa Flow and bases in Iceland . Her radar suite reduced Belfast 's need for aerial surveillance, and her aircraft were disembarked in June 1943. Belfast spent 1943 engaged on convoy escort and blockade patrol duties, and on 5–6 October of
6375-581: The Japanese Mogami class carrying fifteen 6-inch main guns appeared, the new US ships would match their weaponry. Various combinations of armor and power plants were tried in the efforts to stay below the Treaty 10,000 ton limit. Aviation facilities were moved to the stern of the ship from the amidships position of the New Orleans -class cruisers. From 1942, the bridge structure was lowered and radar
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#17330845661116500-456: The Korean War. She paid off in Chatham on 4 November 1952 and entered reserve at Devonport on 1 December. In reserve, Belfast ' s future was uncertain: post-war defence cuts made manpower-intensive cruisers excessively costly to operate and it was not until March 1955 that the decision was taken to modernise Belfast . Work began on 6 January 1956. Although described as only an extended refit,
6625-641: The London Treaty and the proceeding with the American light cruiser design can be focused to Admiral William V. Pratt , who overrode the vehement objections of the General Board . Under the treaty the US was allowed 180,000 long tons (182,888 t) for 18 heavy cruisers and 143,500 long tons (145,803 t), with no limit on the number of ships, for light cruisers. The United States needed large cruisers to deal with
6750-574: The Normandy landings. Speaking for the government, the Under-secretary for the Navy, Peter Kirk , said that Belfast was "one of the most historic ships which the Navy has had in the last 20 years", but that he could not prevent the stripping of the ship's removable equipment, as this was already too far advanced to be halted. He did, however, agree to postpone any decision on the scrapping of Belfast to allow
6875-478: The Reserve Division at Portsmouth. While Belfast lay at Fareham Creek the Imperial War Museum, Britain's national museum of twentieth-century conflict, became interested in preserving a 6-inch turret. The turret would represent a number of classes of cruiser (then disappearing from service) and would complement the museum's pair of British 15-inch naval guns . On 14 April 1967 museum staff visited Gambia ,
7000-587: The River Clyde for her bombardment areas. That morning Prime Minister Winston Churchill had announced his intention to go to sea with the fleet and witness the invasion from HMS Belfast . This was opposed by the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower , and the First Sea Lord , Sir Andrew Cunningham . An intervention by the King eventually prevented Churchill from going. The invasion
7125-436: The Second World War aided the ships' combat effectiveness. The first Town-class ship was launched in 1936 and commissioned in 1937, just two years before the outbreak of war. The class saw much service during the Second World War and took part in many famous actions, such as the sinking of the German battleship Scharnhorst . Four ships — Edinburgh , Gloucester , Manchester , and Southampton — were sunk during
7250-403: The Secretary of State for Education and Science, Shirley Williams , accepted the proposal stating that HMS Belfast "is a unique demonstration of an important phase of our history and technology". The ship was transferred to the museum on 1 March 1978, and became the Imperial War Museum's third branch, Duxford aerodrome having been acquired in 1976. In October 1998, the HMS Belfast Association
7375-407: The Trust to put together a formal proposal. Following the Trust's efforts, the government agreed to hand over Belfast to the Trustees in July 1971, with Vice Admiral Sir Donald Gibson as her first director. At a press conference in August the Trust announced "Operation Seahorse", the plan to bring Belfast to London. She was towed from Portsmouth to London via Tilbury, where she was fitted out as
7500-410: The USSR. And indeed, on 25 December 1943, Christmas Day, Scharnhorst left port in northern Norway to attack Convoy JW 55B. The next day Force One, which had left Murmansk on the 23rd, encountered Scharnhorst , prevented her from attacking the convoy, and forced her to retreat after being damaged by the British cruisers. As Scharnhorst attacked again at noon she was intercepted by Force Two and sunk by
7625-482: The United Kingdom, arriving at Scapa to replenish her fuel, ammunition and stores on New Year's Day 1944. Belfast sailed to Rosyth on 10 January, where her crew received a period of leave. February 1944 saw Belfast resume her Arctic convoy duties, and on 30 March 1944 Belfast sailed with the covering force of Operation Tungsten , a large carrier-launched Fleet Air Arm airstrike against the German battleship Tirpitz . Moored in Altafjord in northern Norway, Tirpitz
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#17330845661117750-454: The aircraft (two Supermarine Walruses ) £66,500. She was launched on Saint Patrick's Day , 17 March 1938, by Anne Chamberlain , the wife of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . The launch was filmed by Pathé News . From March to August 1939, Belfast was fitted out and underwent sea trials. When completed, Belfast had an overall length of 613 feet 6 inches (187.0 m), a beam of 63 feet 4 inches (19.3 m) and
7875-469: The combined formations. Belfast played an important role in the battle; as flagship of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, she was among the first to encounter Scharnhorst , and coordinated the squadron's defence of the convoy. After Scharnhorst turned away from the convoy, Admiral Burnett in Belfast shadowed her by radar from outside visual range, enabling her interception by Duke of York . After North Cape, Belfast refuelled at Kola Inlet before sailing for
8000-603: The command of Lt Cdr H W Parkinson. During her repairs, work was carried out to straighten, reconstruct and strengthen her hull. Her armour belt was also extended and thickened. Her armament was updated with newer 2-pounder pom-pom mountings, and her anti-aircraft armament improved with eighteen 20 mm Oerlikon guns in five twin and eight single mountings, replacing two quadruple 0.5-inch Vickers guns. Belfast also received new fire control radars for her main, secondary and anti-aircraft guns. Her November 1942 radar fit included one Type 284 set and four Type 283 sets to direct
8125-501: The confidence and image of the new RNR" which had undergone an acrimonious amalgamation with the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in 1958. Belfast returned to Devonport on 24 August 1963 and underwent a short refit to prepare her for paying off into reserve, which occurred in December 1963. In January 1966 parts of the ship and power systems were reactivated and from May 1966 to 1970 she served as an accommodation ship (taking over those duties from Sheffield ), moored in Fareham Creek, for
8250-401: The conversions was too great. The ship left Singapore on 26 March 1962 for the UK, sailing east via Hong Kong, Guam and Pearl Harbor , San Francisco, Seattle, British Columbia, Panama and Trinidad. She arrived at Portsmouth on 19 June 1962. Recommissioned in July, she made a final visit to Belfast from 23 to 29 November before paying off into reserve on 25 February 1963. In July 1963 Belfast
8375-444: The cost of £5.5 million was substantial for this large middle-aged cruiser. Changes included: individual MRS8 directors for the new twin Mk 5 40 mm and the twin 4-inch mount; the 4-inch guns training and elevation speed was increased to 20 degrees per second; and protecting key parts of the ship against nuclear, biological or chemical attack. This last consideration meant significantly enlarging and enclosing her bridge , creating
8500-418: The crew requirements and increased the speed of the ammunition hoists. Four extra 4 in (102 mm) "High Angle Low Angle" guns and eight extra 2-pounder (40 mm) guns and further armour protection were added instead. Additional ships using the design of Belfast were considered by the Admiralty in 1940 but were eventually rejected. All were heavily modified during the Second World War and after
8625-447: The cruisers Norfolk (with 8-inch guns), Sheffield and Belfast (the 10th Cruiser Squadron) with three destroyers, and the second, Force Two, comprised the battleship Duke of York and the cruiser Jamaica with four destroyers. Bruce Fraser, C-in-C Home Fleet, expected and hoped that the German battleship Scharnhorst would sortie from its Norwegian base and attempt to attack Convoy JW 55B sailing from Scotland to Murmansk in
8750-417: The early 1950s, and served for many more years: Brooklyn and Nashville to Chile, St. Louis and Philadelphia to Brazil, and Boise and Phoenix to Argentina. Savannah and Honolulu remained in reserve until struck in 1959. ARA General Belgrano (ex- Phoenix ) was torpedoed and sunk by HMS Conqueror during the Falklands War, while O'Higgins (ex- Brooklyn ) remained in service with
8875-522: The extreme ranges that operations in the Pacific Ocean required. Cruisers with 6-inch (150 mm) guns and 10,000 long tons (10,160 t) were therefore desired. The US Navy's experience with the Omaha class was not all that could be hoped for. The light hull design caused a stressed hull and was very overweight. Design started in 1930, with the first four of the class ordered in 1933, and an additional three ships in 1934. Basic criteria had been that speed and range should match heavy cruisers, and when
9000-482: The fifty-fifth anniversary of the Normandy landings. During the maintenance work, Belfast 's hull and topsides were repainted in her specific camouflage scheme officially known as Admiralty Disruptive Camouflage Type 25 , which she had worn from November 1942 to July 1944. This was objected to by some, due to the anachronistic conflict between her camouflage, which reflects the majority of her active Second World War service, and her present configuration, which
9125-869: The fighting in France having moved inland beyond the range of her guns. During her five weeks off Normandy, Belfast had fired 1,996 rounds from her six-inch guns. On 29 July 1944, Captain Parham handed over command of HMS Belfast to Captain R M Dick, and until April 1945 Belfast underwent a refit to prepare for service against Japan in the Far East which improved her accommodation for tropical conditions, and updated her anti-aircraft armament and fire control in order to counter expected kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. By May 1945, Belfast mounted thirty-six 2-pounder guns in two eight-gun mounts, four quadruple mounts, and four single mounts. She also mounted fourteen 20 mm Oerlikons. Her two aftmost 4-inch mountings were removed, and
9250-424: The first US cruisers to be armed with twin 5-inch (127 mm)/ 38-caliber guns . They could be distinguished visually from the other Brooklyn s by the placement of the after deckhouse, immediately abaft the second funnel, and by the twin 5-inch mounts. The Brooklyn class was equipped with 15 6-inch/ 47 caliber Mark 16 naval guns, developed from the 6-inch/ 53 caliber Mark 8 used on
9375-478: The gunners more room to work in. The turret roofs had cutouts at the front to allow extreme elevation, originally intended to give the guns an anti-aircraft capability . In practice the guns could not be trained or manually loaded quickly enough for continuous anti-aircraft fire, so the Royal Navy designed the Auto Barrage Unit (ABU) which allowed the guns to be loaded with time-fuzed shells and then fired when
9500-519: The initial design chosen in November 1933, the estimated cost of the new ships was £2.1m each compared to an estimated cost of £1.6m each for a Leander -class cruiser. Initially the class was designated the "M" or "Minotaur" class but was renamed the Town class in November 1934. Uniquely, the final Southampton class cruiser, HMS Birmingham , was built with a fully flared bow and is easily distinguished by
9625-533: The lack of the prominent knuckle found on her sister-ships. This was due to some elements in the Admiralty being doubtful of the benefits offered by the knuckle design. This modification was introduced during construction in March 1935 but was not continued in the follow-on Gloucester class. The subsequent Gloucester s added a second director control tower for two channels of fire at long range against ship or shore targets and better protection against plunging fire with
9750-430: The limitations on heavy cruiser numbers by building light cruisers that were equal in size and effective power to heavy cruisers . These ships made up for their smaller calibre guns by carrying more of them. All ships of the class carried BL 6-inch Mk XXIII guns in triple turrets, with the centre gun mounted 30 in (76 cm) behind the two outer guns to prevent interference between the shells in flight and to give
9875-428: The magazine (being partially flooded as a result of shell hits in her hull) did not explode. Nashville was hit by a kamikaze attack on 13 December 1944, off Mindoro , which killed or wounded 310 crewmen. Honolulu was torpedoed at the Battle of Kolombangara on 12–13 July 1943, as was her near-sister St. Louis . After being repaired in the United States, Honolulu returned to service only to be torpedoed by
10000-437: The main armament from twelve 6 in (152 mm) guns in four triple turrets as in the two previous sub-classes, to sixteen 6 in guns in four quadruple turrets. The idea was soon shelved however due to the difficulties in actually manufacturing an effective quadruple 6 in turret and so the class reverted to the original main armament design, although improved through a "long trunk" Mk XXIII turret design, which reduced
10125-407: The main armament, three Type 285 sets for the secondary guns, and two Type 282 sets for the 2-pounder anti-aircraft guns. She also received a Type 273 general surface warning radar, Type 251 and 252 sets for identification friend or foe (IFF) purposes, and a Type 281 and Type 242 for air warning. Her 1942 electronics suite also included a Type 270 echosounder . Due to her increased topweight,
10250-461: The masts involved removing the fittings from both masts, allowing them to be individually restored. The old masts were then cut down in sections, the new masts erected, and the original fittings replaced. On 19 October 2010, the new masts were dedicated at a ceremony attended by HMS Belfast veterans, by Prince Philip and officials from the Russian embassy and government. In 2017, it was announced that
10375-493: The message ‘Commence hostilities at once against Germany’. On 8 September Belfast put to sea from Scapa Flow with the battlecruisers Hood , Renown , her sister ship Edinburgh and four destroyers , on a patrol intended to intercept German ships returning from Norway. In particular, they were to search for the Norddeutscher Lloyd liner Europa . No enemy vessels were found. On 25 September, Belfast took part in
10500-507: The most common. The Brooklyn class was deployed with the Mark 34 director and later the Mark 3 radar. This would be upgraded to the Mark 8 and again to the Mark 13 radar. The secondary battery was controlled by the Mark 28 and upgraded to the Mark 33 fire control systems . The associated radars were the Mark 4 fire control radar and upgraded again to the Mark 12. Two anti-aircraft fire directors were fitted to each ship. A late World War II refit saw
10625-453: The naming ceremony of the lighthouse tender THV Galatea with the Queen and Prince Philip in attendance. On 29 November 2011, two workmen suffered minor injuries after a section of gangway, connected to the ship, collapsed during renovation works. The ship was closed to visitors following the accident. An investigation later established that the collapse of the gangway had been caused by
10750-470: The night of 6 July Belfast was threatened at anchor by German motor torpedo boats (" E-boats "). She evaded them by weighing anchor and moving to the concealment of a smoke screen . Belfast fired her last round in anger in European waters on 8 July, in company with the monitor HMS Roberts and the battleship HMS Rodney , as part of Operation Charnwood . On 10 July she sailed for Scapa,
10875-485: The outbreak of the Second World War , Belfast was initially part of the British naval blockade against Germany. In November 1939, Belfast triggered a German mine and, in spite of fears that she would be scrapped, spent more than two years undergoing extensive repairs. Belfast returned to action in November 1942 with improved firepower, radar equipment, and armour. Belfast saw action escorting Arctic convoys to
11000-768: The political situation in China was precarious, with the Chinese Civil War moving towards its conclusion. As flagship of the 5th Cruiser Squadron, Belfast was the Far Eastern Station's headquarters ship during the April 1949 Amethyst Incident , in which a British sloop , HMS Amethyst , was trapped in the Yangtze River by the communist People's Liberation Army . Belfast remained in Hong Kong during 1949, sailing for Singapore on 18 January 1950. There she underwent
11125-414: The quarterdeck. The overall effect was to create a cruiser significantly more habitable but different internally and to a degree in external appearance from wartime cruisers but still essentially a surface warfare, 'anti Sverdlov ' cruiser, with anti-aircraft defence updated for point defence only out to 4 km (2.5 mi). Belfast recommissioned at Devonport on 12 May 1959. Her close-range armament
11250-552: The range of the ship's armament, the forward six-inch guns of A and B Turrets are trained on the London Gateway service area on the M1 motorway , approximately 12 miles (19 km) away on the outskirts of London. A 4-inch gun mount and a shell hoist are kept in working order and used during blank-firing demonstrations by the Wavy Navy re-enactment group . In addition to the various areas of
11375-418: The remainder fitted with Remote Power Control . Her empty hangars were converted to crew accommodation, and her aircraft catapult was removed. Her radar fit now included a Type 277 radar set to replace her Type 273 for surface warning. Her Type 281 air warning set was replaced by a single-antenna Type 281B set, while a Type 293Q was fitted for close-range height-finding and surface warning. A Type 274 set
11500-455: The repairs to Savannah were completed too late for her to see frontline action again. Helena was sunk in 1943 during the Battle of Kula Gulf . The remains of the ship were discovered below the surface of New Georgia Sound by Paul Allen 's research ship Petrel in April 2018. St. Louis was seriously damaged twice, but survived the war. All ships of the class went into reserve in 1946-47. Six were sold to South American countries in
11625-461: The same year, formed part of the covering force during Operation Leader , an airstrike against German shipping in the waters of northern Norway near Bodø by the aircraft carrier USS Ranger . On 26 December 1943, Belfast participated in the Battle of North Cape . This battle, which occurred during the Arctic night , involved two strong Royal Navy formations; the first, Force One, comprised
11750-565: The scheme was practical and economic. However, in early 1971 the Paymaster General decided against preservation. On 4 May 1971 Belfast was "reduced to disposal" to await scrapping. Following the government's refusal, a private trust was formed to campaign for the ship's preservation. The Belfast Trust was established; its chairman was Rear-Admiral Sir Morgan Morgan-Giles, captain of Belfast from January 1961 to July 1962. As Member of Parliament (MP) for Winchester, Morgan-Giles addressed
11875-587: The ship open to visitors, some compartments have been fitted out as dedicated exhibition space. Permanent exhibitions include "HMS Belfast in War and Peace" and "Life at Sea". The cost of admission to HMS Belfast includes a multilingual audio guide . HMS Belfast also serves as the headquarters of the City of London Sea Cadet Corps, and her prestigious location in central London as a result means she frequently has other vessels berthed alongside. In October 2007, Belfast hosted
12000-421: The shock of the explosion had caused severe warping, breaking machinery, deforming the decks and causing the keel to hog (bend upwards) by three inches. On 4 January 1940 Belfast was decommissioned to Care and Maintenance status, becoming the responsibility of Rosyth Dockyard , and her crew dispersed to other vessels. By 28 June she had been repaired sufficiently to sail to Devonport , arriving on 30 June under
12125-437: The sick bay, galley, laundry, chapel, mess decks and NAAFI . Since 2002, school and youth groups have been able to stay onboard Belfast overnight, sleeping in bunks on a restored 1950s mess deck. The second section, "The inner workings", below the waterline and protected by the ship's armoured belt, contains core mechanical, electrical and communication systems. As well as the engine and boiler rooms, other compartments include
12250-457: The sub-classes, Southampton , Gloucester and Edinburgh , each sub-class adding more weaponry. Like their US and Japanese counterparts of that era, the Town-class cruisers were "light cruisers" in the strict terms of the London Treaty, which defined a "light cruiser" as one having a main armament no greater than 6.1 in (155 mm) calibre. All three major naval powers sought to circumvent
12375-859: The target aircraft reached a set range. These ships were equipped with the HACS AA fire control system for the secondary armament and the Admiralty Fire Control Table for surface fire control of the main armament. The secondary armament consisted of four twin Mk XIX 4-inch turrets, and two 2-pdr quad pom-poms . Additional light anti-aircraft weapons were added during the war and the 4-inch mounts were converted to Remote Power Control (RPC). Postwar HMS Birmingham and Newcastle were partially reconstructed in 1949–51 with enclosed bridges, new lattice masts , improved surface fire control and long range radar and an improved but still unreliable version of
12500-462: The third of the Royal Navy's Type 26 frigates would be named Belfast . At the same time, the IWM stated that the museum would be renamed as "HMS Belfast (1938)" as a means of avoiding confusion. When Belfast was first opened to the public, visitors were limited to the upper decks and forward superstructure. As of 2011, nine decks are open to the public. Access to the ship is via a walkway which connects
12625-523: The transmitting station (housing the ship's Admiralty Fire Control Table , a mechanical computer), the forward steering position and one of Belfast ' s six-inch shell rooms and magazines . The third section, "Action stations", includes the upper deck and forward superstructure with the ship's armament, fire control, and command facilities. Areas open to the public include the operations room, Admiral's bridge and gun direction platform. During 2011, two of these areas were reinterpreted . The operations room
12750-429: The war. The surviving ships continued in active service to the end of the 1950s, some seeing action during the Korean War. The last Town-class ship to be scrapped was Sheffield in 1967. One ship of the Town class — Belfast — remains, moored on the River Thames in London as a museum-ship of the Imperial War Museum , a role she has performed since 1971. Brooklyn-class cruiser The Brooklyn -class cruiser
12875-412: Was USS Wichita , built on a modified Brooklyn -class hull, with a heavy cruiser armament featuring three rather than five triple turrets, but each turret containing larger 8-inch guns, and increased armor. Wichita was succeeded by the Baltimore class and the later Oregon City -class cruiser class, and finally the upgraded Des Moines -class cruiser. The Atlanta class would be succeeded by
13000-527: Was a class of nine light cruisers built for the United States Navy between 1935 and 1938. Armed with five triple 6-inch (152 mm) gun turrets (three forward, two aft), they mounted more main battery guns than any other standard US cruiser. The Brooklyn -class ships were all commissioned between 1937 and 1939, in the time between the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War and before
13125-452: Was commissioned on 5 August 1939, less than a month before the outbreak of the Second World War . Her first captain was Captain G A Scott with a crew of 761, and her first assignment was to the Home Fleet 's 2nd Cruiser Squadron . On 14 August, Belfast took part in her first exercise, Operation Hipper , in which she played the role of a German commerce raider attempting to escape into
13250-417: Was detached in order to operate independently on 5 July 1950. During July and early August 1950, Belfast undertook coastal patrols and was based at Sasebo in Japan's Nagasaki Prefecture . From 19 July Belfast supported troops fighting around Yongdok, accompanied by USS Juneau . That day Belfast fired an accurate 350-round bombardment from her 6-inch guns, and was praised by an American admiral as
13375-756: Was fitted for main armament fire direction. On 17 June 1945, with the war in Europe at an end, Belfast sailed for the Far East via Gibraltar, Malta, Alexandria, Port Said, Aden, Colombo and Sydney. By the time she arrived in Sydney on 7 August Belfast had been made flagship of the 2nd Cruiser Squadron of the British Pacific Fleet . While in Sydney Belfast underwent another short refit, supplementing her close-range armament with five 40 mm Bofors guns. Belfast had been expected to join in Operation Downfall , but this
13500-403: Was fitted. The last two ships of the class, St. Louis and Helena , were slightly modified versions of the design with new higher pressure boilers and a unit system of machinery that alternated boiler and engine rooms to prevent a ship from being immobilized by a single unlucky hit; this system would be used in all subsequent US cruisers. Additionally, AA armament was improved. They were
13625-500: Was forestalled by the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945. With the end of the war, Belfast remained in the Far East, conducting a number of cruises to ports in Japan, China and Malaya and sailing for Portsmouth on 20 August 1947. There she paid off into reserve, and underwent a refit during which her turbines were opened for maintenance. She also received two more single Bofors guns, in place of two of her single 2-pounder mountings. She
13750-447: Was formed to reunite former members of the ship's company. The Imperial War Museum's Sound Archive also seeks to record oral history interviews with former crewmen. Since being brought to London Belfast has twice been drydocked as part of the ship's long-term preservation. In 1982 she was docked at Tilbury , and in June 1999 Belfast was towed to Portsmouth. This was the first time she had been to sea in 28 years and thus required
13875-485: Was frustrated and the requirement was not fully met until 1943. The weapon as deployed was less than satisfactory with frequent jamming and weight being serious issues. Some of the class had 5-in/38 caliber guns installed versus the 5-in/25 guns. There were varied mixes of 20-millimeter (0.79 in) Oerlikon cannons and 40-millimeter (1.6 in) Bofors gun mountings actually installed during World War II, 28 40 mm (4 × 4, 6 × 2) and twenty 20 mm (10 × 2) being
14000-629: Was practical. In 1971, however, the government decided against preservation, prompting the formation of the private HMS Belfast Trust to campaign for her preservation. The efforts of the Trust were successful, and the government transferred the ship to the Trust in July 1971. Brought to London, she was moored on the River Thames near Tower Bridge in the Pool of London . Opened to the public in October 1971, Belfast became
14125-526: Was provided by two catapult-launched Supermarine Walrus amphibious biplanes. These could be launched from a D1H catapult mounted aft of the forward superstructure, and recovered from the water by two cranes mounted on either side of the forward funnel. The aircraft, operated by the Fleet Air Arm 's HMS Belfast Flight of 700 Naval Air Squadron , were stowed in two hangars in the forward superstructure. Belfast departed for Portsmouth on 3 August 1939, and
14250-604: Was reaffiliated with the successors to the British Army's Royal Ulster Rifles , the Royal Irish Rangers , and in the same year the Royal Naval Amateur Radio Society restored the ship's Bridge Wireless Office to working order. By 1977, the financial position of the HMS Belfast Trust had become marginal, and the Imperial War Museum sought permission to merge the Trust into the museum. On 19 January 1978
14375-615: Was recommissioned for the last time, with a crew of the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) and a number of Sea Cadets flying the flag of the Admiral Commanding Reserves, Rear Admiral Hugh Martell. Belfast sailed for Gibraltar in company with sixteen RNR minesweepers for a two-week exercise in the Mediterranean on 10 August. Martell's obituarist considered this commission a well-judged contrivance which "did much to restore
14500-458: Was recommissioned on 22 September 1948 and, before returning to the Far East, visited her home city of Belfast, arriving on 20 October. The following day, 21 October 1948, the ship's company marked Trafalgar Day with a march through the city. The next day Belfast took charge of a silver ship's bell, a gift of the people of Belfast. She sailed for Hong Kong on 23 October to join the Royal Navy's Far East Fleet , arriving in late December. By 1949,
14625-653: Was removed. Modern passive sonar Type 174 and 176 was installed and noise-reducing rubber insulation fitted to the propeller shaft. Belfast arrived in Singapore on 16 December 1959 and spent most of 1960 at sea on exercise, calling at ports in Hong Kong, Borneo, India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka ), Australia, the Philippines and Japan. On 31 January 1961, Belfast recommissioned under the command of Captain Morgan Morgan-Giles . On her final foreign commission Belfast joined
14750-485: Was restored to its appearance during Exercise Pony Express, a large British-Australian-American joint exercise held off North Borneo in 1961. The reinterpretation included an interactive audio-visual plotting table . In July 2011, the interior of Y Turret, the aftmost 6-inch turret, was redisplayed using audio-visual and atmospheric effects, seeking to evoke the experience of a gunner at the Battle of North Cape. To emphasise
14875-534: Was sixteen 2-pounder "pom-pom" guns in two eight-barrel mountings, and two quadruple Vickers .50 machine guns . She also mounted six Mk IV 21-inch torpedo tubes in two triple mounts, and fifteen Mk VII depth charges . Belfast was protected by a 4.5-inch (114 mm) main armour belt , with deck armour of 3 inches (76 mm) over her magazines, and 2 inches (51 mm) over her machinery spaces. Her six-inch turrets were protected by up to 4 inches (102 mm) of armour. Belfast ' s aviation capability
15000-475: Was standardised to six twin 40 mm Bofors guns, and her close-range fire direction similarly standardised to eight close-range blindfire directors fitted with Type 262 radar. Her 1959 radar fit included two Type 274 lock and follow radar directors for main armament direction against sea and land targets, Type 277Q and 293Q for height-finding and surface warning, Type 960M for air warning, and 974 for surface warning. In order to save weight, her torpedo armament
15125-573: Was sunk during the Falklands War in 1982. The Brooklyn -class ships had a strong influence on US cruiser design. Nearly all subsequent US cruisers, heavy and light, were directly or indirectly based on them. Notable among these are the Cleveland -class light cruiser and Baltimore -class heavy cruiser of World War II. The Brooklyn -class design was a further refinement of the New Orleans -class heavy cruiser that preceded it. The desire for
15250-419: Was the German navy's last surviving capital ship . Forty-two Fairey Barracuda dive-bombers from HMS Victorious and HMS Furious made up the strike force; escorted by eighty fighters. Launched on 3 April, the bombers scored fourteen hits, immobilising Tirpitz for two months, with one Barracuda shot down. Belfast underwent minor repairs at Rosyth from 23 April to 8 May, while her crew received
15375-410: Was the result of the ship's extended refit from January 1956 to May 1959. With the establishment of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport 's (DCMS) Advisory Committee on National Historic Ships in 2006, Belfast was listed as part of the National Historic Fleet . On 9 May 2010, a ceremony was held aboard Belfast to mark the 65th anniversary of end of the Second World War in Europe. Veterans of
15500-461: Was to begin on 5 June but bad weather forced a 24-hour delay. At 5:30 am on 6 June, Belfast opened fire on a German artillery battery at Ver-sur-Mer, suppressing the guns until the site was overrun by British infantry of 7th Battalion, Green Howards . On 12 June Belfast supported Canadian troops moving inland from Juno Beach and returned to Portsmouth on 16 June to replenish her ammunition. She returned two days later for further bombardments. On
15625-401: Was torpedoed by German submarine U-47 , which had infiltrated the anchorage. On the morning following the sinking, Belfast left for Loch Ewe . On 10 November Belfast was taken off the northern patrol and reassigned to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron. This squadron was to form an independent striking force based at Rosyth . On 21 November, Belfast was to take part in the force's first sortie,
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