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24-514: HKR may refer to: Hakor , Egyptian pharaoh of the 29th Dynasty Hawkesbury River railway station , in New South Wales, Australia Hrvatski katolički radio , a Croatian radio network Hull Kingston Rovers , a British rugby league club HKR International , a Hong Kong land developer Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

48-718: A " nome " being a subdivision of ancient Egypt ), generally as the district which separates the Thebaïd from the Delta . Middle Egypt today can be identified as the part of the Nile Valley that, while geographically part of Upper Egypt, is culturally closer to Lower Egypt. For instance, in terms of language, the Egyptian Arabic of people in Beni Suef and northwards shares features with Cairene and particularly rural Delta Arabic rather than with

72-452: A dynastic struggle did seem to have occurred, and the throne was claimed by two or maybe three pretenders: Hakor, Psammuthes , and possibly a phantom figure called Muthis who was only mentioned in Eusebius ' epitome of Manetho 's Aegyptiaca . As a result, Hakor was alternately considered Nepherites' legitimate successor or an unrelated usurper . In 1986, John D. Ray suggested that Hakor

96-616: A short-lived alliance with Sparta and with Glos, son of the Egyptian admiral, Tamos , who was a supporter of the pretender Cyrus the Younger against Artaxerxes II. Hakor managed to get the Athenian general Chabrias into his service, but the Persian general Pharnabazus II lobbied Athens seeking for them to repatriate him. Hakor died in 379/8 BCE, leaving his throne to his son Nepherites II . However,

120-563: Is unknown. Ray's hypothesis is accepted by other Egyptologists such as Alan B. Lloyd and Toby Wilkinson . Shortly after his death, Hakor was called an usurper by the founder of the subsequent dynasty, Nectanebo I . However, it has been suggested that Hakor and Nectanebo might have been relatives in some way, possibly both related to Nepherites I but rivals to each other. Once re-established, Hakor made considerable exertions to affirm his legitimacy, putting emphasis on his – real or fictional – descent from Nepherites. His building activity

144-588: The Achaemenids . Theopompus also reported an alliance between Hakor and the Pisidians . The peace of Antalcidas between the Persians and Greeks (387 BCE) was a turning point: after that, Egypt and Cyprus remained the only opponents of Artaxerxes II as reported by Theopompus and Orosius . The following years are quite obscure, but it seems that the Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BCE and, after three years of war,

168-497: The Sa'idi Arabic spoken further south, and are often not considered Sa'idis . In the 19th century, "Heptanomis" was described generally as the district which separates the Thebaïd from the Delta . In as much, however, as the appellation of the Seven Nomes is political rather than territorial, it is not easy to define the actual boundaries of this region. The northern portion belonged to

192-628: The Speos Artemidos of the Greeks is found. Nine miles lower down are the grottoes of Kom el-Ahmar , and in the Arabian Desert , on the east, quarries of the beautiful veined and white alabaster, which the Egyptians employed in their sarcophagi, and in the more delicate portions of their architecture. From the quarries of Tourah and Massarah, in the hills of Gebel-el-Mokattam, east of Memphis, they obtained

216-583: The Temple of Hibis of Kharga Oasis , as well as other locations in Middle Egypt . Hakor apparently reprised Nepherites' foreign policy. In Aristophanes ' comedy Plutus , which was performed in 388 BCE, an alliance between the Athenians and the Egyptians is mentioned, though it was more likely intended to refer to the Athenian support for the rebellion of Evagoras I of Cyprus – himself allied with Hakor – against

240-584: The Arabian mountains. Thus, near Hermopolis at the southern extremity of this region, the eastern hills approach very near the river, while those on the western or left bank recede to a considerable distance from it. Again, in latitude 29° north , the Libyan hills retire from the vicinity of the Nile, bend toward northwest, and sharply return to it by a curve to east, embracing the province of Arsinoë (formerly Crocodilopolis , now

264-730: The Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders; The Athenian rhetorician Isocrates mentioned this war vaguely and disparagingly. In 381 BCE, Hakor sent aid, money and 50 triremes (apparently without crew, though) to Evagoras in order to contribute to his resistance against the Great King who, after the unsuccessful campaign in Egypt, was now focusing on Cyprus. However, when, in 380 BCE, Evagoras travelled to Egypt to beg for further aid, Hakor saw no need to continue supporting him and sent him back to Cyprus with merely some more money. Evagoras surrendered to Artaxerxes soon after, but Hakor promptly joined

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288-675: The Nomes, whose names are sufficiently indicated by the respective appellations of the divisions themselves, e.g. Hermopolis of the Nomos Hermopolites, etc. , were also the chief towns of the Middle Land. This district comprised the three greatest works of Egyptian art and enterprise, e. g., the Pyramids , the Labyrinth, and the artificial district formed by the canal Bahr Yusif (Canal of Joseph),

312-627: The Nomos Arsinoites or the Fayyum (Fyoum). The Heptanomis extended from latitude 27°4′ North to 30° north ; its boundary to south was the castle of Hermopolis ( Ἐρμοπολιτάνη φυλακή ), to the north the apex of the Delta and the town of Cercasorum , on the west the irregular line of the Libyan Desert , and on the east, the hills which confine the Nile, or the sinuous outline, the recesses and projections of

336-522: The Seven Nomes were the following: (1) Memphites ; (2) Heracleopolites ; (3) Crocodilopolites, renamed Arsinoites ; (4) Aphroditopolites ; (5) Oxyrhynchites ; (6) Cynopolites ; and (7) Hermopolites . The Greater and Lesser Oases were always reckoned portions of the Heptanomis, and hence it must apparently have sent nine, and not seven, nomarchs to the general assembly in the Labyrinth . The capitals of

360-474: The city of Al Fayyum ). Between the hills on which the Pyramids stand and the corresponding elevation of Gebel-el-Mokattam on the eastern bank of the river, the Heptanomis expands, until near Cercasorum it acquires almost the breadth of the subjacent Delta. The Heptanomis is remarkable for its quarries of stone and its rock-grottoes. Besides the Alabastrites, to the north of Antinoë the grottoes of Beni Hasan ,

384-424: The kingdom of Lower Egypt, of which it contained the capital, Memphis ; the southern appertained to the elder kingdom of Thebes , so long at least as there continued to be two monarchies in the Nile valley. It is not possible to determine at what period, if indeed at any, the Heptanomis was regarded as an integral third of Egypt. About the number of its nomes there can be no question; but which, at any given era, were

408-484: The later Caesars in the 3rd century, the five northern Nomes, Memphites, Heracleopolites, Arsinoites, Aphroditopolites, and Oxyrhyncites, together with the Nomos Leptopolites , constituted the province of Arcadia Ægypti , which subsequently became a metropolitan episcopal see . The natural productions of the Heptanomis resemble those of Upper Egypt generally, and present a more tropical fauna and flora than those of

432-453: The latter was able to keep it for just four months before being overthrown and replaced by an army general from Sebennytos , Nectanebo I . Middle Egypt Middle Egypt ( Arabic : مِصْر ٱلْوِسْطَى , romanized :  Miṣr al-Wisṭā ) is the section of land between Lower Egypt (the Nile Delta ) and Upper Egypt , stretching upstream from Asyut in the south to Memphis in

456-557: The limestone used in casing the pyramids. The roads from these quarries may still be traced across the intervening plain. Under the Ptolemies , the Heptanomis was governed by an ἐπιστράτηγος (viceroy / prefect), and by an officer of corresponding designation, procurator , under the Roman Caesars . The procurator described in inscriptions (Orelli, Inscr. Lat. n. 516) was described as procurator Augusti epistrategiae Septem Nomorum . Under

480-795: The north. At the time, Ancient Egypt was divided into Lower and Upper Egypt, though Middle Egypt was technically a subdivision of Upper Egypt. It was not until the 19th century that archaeologists felt the need to divide Upper Egypt in two. As a result, they coined the term "Middle Egypt" for the stretch of river between Cairo and the Qena Bend. It was also associated with a region termed " Heptanomis " ( / h ɛ p ˈ t æ n ə m ɪ s / ; Greek : ἡ Επτανομίς , in Ptol. iv. 5. § 55; more properly Ἑπτὰ Νομοί or Ἑπταπολίς , in Dionysius Periegetes 251; and sometimes ἡ μεταζύ[γή] ; meaning "Seven Nomes",

504-438: The seven principal nomes, it is less easy to decide. They probably varied with the vicissitudes of local prosperity, war, commerce, or migration, from time to time, causing a superior nome to decline, and, on the contrary, raising an inferior nome to eminence. According to Ptolemy and Agatharchides ( De Rubr. Mar. ap. Photius Biblioth. p. 1339. R.), both of whom wrote long after the original divisions had been modified,

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528-545: The title HKR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HKR&oldid=1005022325 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hakor Hakor's accession and relationships with his predecessor Nepherites I were long debated. After Nepherites' death

552-423: Was Nepherites' heir, who ruled undisturbed until his Year 2 when he was deposed by Psammuthes. After another year, Hakor managed to retake his legitimate throne by overthrowing the usurper, and continued to date his reign since his first coronation date, simply pretending that this gap never occurred. The third pretender, Muthis, could be inserted within this struggle, but his role – assuming that he really did exist –

576-571: Was remarkable and he also extensively restored many monuments of his royal predecessors. In Karnak , Hakor finished the chapel for the sacred barque of Amun-Ra near the first pylon which was started by Psammuthes or possibly by Nepherites I; he also possibly began a temple complex in northern Saqqara which was later further developed under Nectanebo II . His building activity is well attested in various places in Upper Egypt ( Luxor , Medinet Habu , El-Kab , El-Tod , Medamud , Elephantine ), in

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