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58-444: Hawaii's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Hawaii . The district is entirely on the island of Oahu , encompassing the urban areas of the City and County of Honolulu , a consolidated city-county that includes Oahu's central plains and southern shores, including the towns of Aiea , Mililani , Pearl City , Waipahu , and Waimalu . The district

116-678: A center squeeze , which may sometimes prevent the election of a Condorcet winner. Whilst the Marquis de Condorcet early on showed that it did not satisfy his Condorcet winner criterion , which it may fail under certain scenarios, instant-runoff voting satisfies many other majoritarian criteria, such as the majority criterion , mutual majority criterion and the Condorcet loser criterion . Advocates have argued these properties are positive, because voting rules should encourage candidates to focus on their core support or political base, rather than building

174-501: A broad coalition. They also note that in countries like the United Kingdom without primaries or runoff elections , IRV can prevent spoiler effects by eliminating minor-party candidates in early rounds, and that unlike plurality, it is not affected by the presence of duplicate candidates (clones) . In instant-runoff voting, as with other ranked voting rules, each voter orders candidates from first to last. The counting procedure

232-581: A candidate who nevertheless remains more preferred by voters. For example, in the 2009 Burlington, Vermont, mayoral election , if the Republican candidate who lost in the final instant runoff had not run, the Democratic candidate would have defeated the winning Progressive candidate. In that sense, the Republican candidate was a spoiler—albeit for an opposing Democrat, rather than some political ally—even though leading in first choice support. This also occurred in

290-477: A class of instant runoff- Condorcet hybrids. IRV is also completely immune to the burying strategy: ranking a strong opposition candidate lower can't get one's preferred candidate elected. Tactical voting in IRV seeks to alter the order of eliminations in early rounds, to ensure that the original winner is challenged by a stronger opponent in the final round. For example, in a three-party election where voters for both

348-582: A deviation of less than 1%. Many other nations assign independent bodies to oversee and mandate the delimitation of boundaries; however, in some nations the legislature manages this process. In the United States, legislatures play a commanding role in the redistricting (as delimitation is referred to in the United States) of congressional districts. The redrawing of boundaries occurs after the decennial census ; single-member constituencies are responsible for

406-411: A majority of votes. Two other books on American parliamentary procedure, The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure and Riddick's Rules of Procedure , take a similar stance. The term instant-runoff voting is derived from the name of a class of voting methods called runoff voting. In runoff voting voters do not rank candidates in order of preference on a single ballot. Instead a similar effect

464-616: A majority. Compared to a plurality voting system that rewards only the top vote-getter, instant-runoff voting mitigates the problem of wasted votes . However, it does not ensure the election of a Condorcet winner , which is the candidate who would win a direct election against any other candidate in the race. All forms of ranked-choice voting reduce to plurality when all ballots rank only one candidate. By extension, ballots for which all candidates ranked are eliminated are equivalent to votes for any non-winner in plurality, and considered exhausted ballots . Some political scientists have found

522-415: A marginal candidate are strongly encouraged to instead vote for a more popular candidate who shares some of the same principles, since that candidate has a much greater chance of being elected and a vote for the marginal candidate will not result in the marginal candidate's election. An IRV method reduces this problem, since the voter can rank the marginal candidate first and the mainstream candidate second; in

580-743: A result of American influence, the term ranked-choice voting is often used in Canada as well. American NGO FairVote has promoted the terminology "ranked-choice voting" to refer to IRV, a choice that has caused controversy and accusations that the organization is attempting to obscure the existence of other ranked-choice methods that could compete with IRV. IRV is occasionally referred to as Hare's method (after Thomas Hare ) to differentiate it from other ranked-choice voting methods such as majority-choice voting , Borda , and Bucklin , which use weighted preferences or methods that allow voter's lower preference to be used against voter's most-preferred choice. When

638-519: A second U.S. representative. Instead of creating two congressional districts, the state continued to elect its representatives at large. Two representatives were first elected in 1962 , and Hawaii was first represented by two U.S. representatives on January 2, 1963, upon the convening of the 88th Congress . The 1st congressional district was created in 1971, when Hawaii began electing its representatives from districts instead of electing at-large representatives statewide. District established following

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696-479: A single district. There has been no official delimitation process in the Philippines since the 1987 constitution's ratification. As per Article 6 of the constitution, the requisites for creation of a legislative district are as follows: Since 1987, 43 districts have been newly added due to the creation of new cities and provinces, sundering from existing provinces, and piecemeal redistricting. As incumbents control

754-532: A state. The boundaries and numbers shown for the congressional districts are established by their respective state's constitution or court orders in the apportionment and redistricting cycle. Apportionment in the United States involves dividing the 435 voting seats every ten years. As per Article One of the United States Constitution , elections to the House of Representatives are held every two years, and

812-442: Is a single-winner , multi-round elimination rule that uses ranked voting to simulate a series of runoffs with only one vote. In each round, the candidate with the fewest votes counting towards them is eliminated, and the votes are transferred to their next available preference until one of the options reaches a majority of the remaining votes. Instant runoff falls under the plurality-with-elimination family of voting methods, and

870-540: Is achieved by using multiple rounds of voting. All multi-round runoff voting methods allow voters to change their preferences in each round, incorporating the results of the prior round to influence their decision, which is not possible in IRV. The runoff method closest to IRV is the exhaustive ballot . In this method—familiar to fans of the television show American Idol —one candidate is eliminated after each round, and many rounds of voting are used, rather than just two. Because holding many rounds of voting on separate days

928-497: Is described in Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised as an example of ranked-choice voting that can be used to elect officers. Robert's Rules note that ranked-choice systems (including IRV) are an improvement on simple plurality but recommend against runoff-based rules because they often prevent the emergence of a consensus candidate with broad support. The book instead recommends repeated balloting until some candidate manages to win

986-450: Is generally expensive, the exhaustive ballot is not used for large-scale, public elections. A more practical form of runoff voting is the two-round system , which excludes all but the top-two candidates after the first round, rather than gradually eliminating candidates over a series of rounds. Eliminations can occur with or without allowing and applying preference votes to choose the final two candidates. A second round of voting or counting

1044-413: Is integral in administering fair and sovereign judicial systems for nations with delimitation processes. Manipulation of this framework often results in gerrymandering , the practice of drawing district boundaries to achieve political advantage for legislators. There are currently 243 congressional districts in the Philippines. Voting representatives are elected from these districts to the lower house of

1102-495: Is largely used in the United States and is distinctive from legislative districts. In the United States, congressional districts were inscribed into the Constitution to ensure representation based on population. Conversely, state legislation declares that "legislative representation be (built upon) non-population related principles such as representation of counties, cities, or other geographical and political unit". Apportionment

1160-550: Is only necessary if no candidate receives an overall majority of votes. This method is used in Mali, France and the Finnish and Slovenian presidential election. The contingent vote , also known as "top-two IRV", is the same as IRV, except that if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of counting, all but the two candidates with the most votes are eliminated, and the second preferences for those ballots are counted. As in IRV, there

1218-454: Is smaller and more densely populated than the 2nd congressional district (which comprises the rest of the state). It is represented by Democrat Ed Case . When Hawaii and Alaska were admitted to the Union in 1959, both new states were granted one at-large representative to Congress, pending the next United States census . In the reapportionment following the 1960 U.S. census , Hawaii gained

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1276-408: Is the city/municipality which is equivalent to a city/town in the United States. Provinces are represented by governors and can be split into multiple congressional districts, each of which elects a congressman. Provincial governors allocate resources and control patronage in municipalities across all congressional districts in the province, thus have greater exposure and power than a representative from

1334-410: Is the process by which seats in a congressional body are allocated amongst constituencies entitled to representation such that each district receives seats in proportion to its population. Apportionment aims to fairly represent all voters through a principle of proportionality; however this is often difficult as proportions can be fractions whilst seats cannot be, and governments may be unable to quantify

1392-423: Is then as follows: It is possible for a candidate to win an instant-runoff race without any support from more than half of voters, even when there is an alternative majority-approved candidate; this occurs when some voters truncate their ballots to show they do not support any candidates in the final round. In practice, candidates who do not receive a majority of votes in the first round usually do not finish with

1450-659: Is thus closely related to rules like the exhaustive ballot and two-round runoff system . IRV has found some use in national elections in several countries , predominantly in the Anglosphere . It is used to elect members of the Australian House of Representatives and the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea as well as the President of India , the President of Ireland , and the President of Sri Lanka . The rule

1508-471: The 1972 election had the largest number of winners who would not have won under first past the post but still only 14 out of 125 seats filled were not won by the first-count leader. The effect of IRV on voter turnout is difficult to assess. In a 2021 report, researchers at New America , a think tank based in Washington, D. C., said it may increase turnout by attracting more and more diverse candidates, but

1566-400: The 2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election . If Republican Sarah Palin , who lost in the final instant runoff, had not run, the more centrist Republican candidate, Nick Begich, would have defeated the winning Democratic candidate, Mary Peltola . The system has had a mixed reception among political scientists and social choice theorists . Some have suggested that

1624-567: The 91st Congress . 1970 • 1972 • 1974 • 1976 • 1978 • 1980 • 1982 • 1984 • 1986 (Special) • 1986 • 1988 • 1990 • 1992 • 1994 • 1996 • 1998 • 2000 • 2002 • 2004 • 2006 • 2008 • 2010 (Special) • 2010 • 2012 • 2014 • 2016 (Special) • 2016 • 2018 • 2020 • 2022 21°19′22″N 157°54′21″W  /  21.32278°N 157.90583°W  / 21.32278; -157.90583 Congressional district Terminology for congressional districts vary by nations. The term "congressional district"

1682-485: The Congress of the Philippines every three years. In 1946 there were originally 98 congressional districts, this number increased to 200 after the 1987 constitution was created and new redistricting articles were mandated The Philippines constitution mandates a nationwide reapportionment of setting boundaries for legislative districts; however, the legislature has not approved a reapportionment bill since 1987. Following

1740-457: The left and right prefer the centrist candidate to stop the opposing candidate from winning, those voters who care more about defeating the opposition than electing their own candidate may cast a tactical first-preference vote for the centrist candidate. Proponents of IRV claim that IRV eliminates the spoiler effect, since IRV makes it safe to vote honestly for marginal parties. Under a plurality method, voters who sympathize most strongly with

1798-565: The single transferable vote (STV) method is applied to a single-winner election, it becomes IRV; the government of Ireland has called IRV "proportional representation" based on the fact that the same ballot form is used to elect its president by IRV and parliamentary seats by proportional representation (STV), but IRV is a non-proportional winner-take-all (single-winner) election method, while STV elects multiple winners. State law in South Carolina and Arkansas use "instant runoff" to describe

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1856-480: The "alternative vote" (AV). Australians, who use IRV for most single winner elections, call IRV "preferential voting". While this term is widely used by Australians, it is somewhat of a misnomer . Depending on how "preferential" is defined, the term would include all voting systems, apply to any system that uses ranked ballots (thus both IRV and STV), or would exclude IRV (IRV fails positive responsiveness because ballot markings are not interpreted as "preferences" in

1914-441: The 2018 primary elections, that IRV would result in "one person, five votes", as opposed to " one person, one vote ". Federal judge Lance Walker rejected these claims, and the 1st circuit court denied Poliquin's emergency appeal. Often instant-runoff voting elections are won by the candidate who leads in first-count vote tallies so they choose the same winner as first-past-the-post voting would have. In Australia federal elections,

1972-439: The 435 regions from which voting representatives are elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. After the decennial census population counts and apportionment of congressional seats, states are required to define and delineate their own congressional districts for the purpose of electing members to the House of Representatives. Each congressional district is expected to be equal in population to all other congressional districts in

2030-485: The Condorcet winner to the IRV winner have an incentive to use the compromising strategy. IRV is also sometimes vulnerable to a paradoxical strategy of ranking a candidate higher to make them lose, due to IRV failing the monotonicity criterion . Research suggests that IRV is very resistant to tactical voting. In a test of multiple methods, instant runoff was found to be the second-most-resistant to tactical voting, after

2088-637: The House size and number of congressional districts were fixed in 1941, the Huntington-Hill method became the official method of apportionment and was used in the 2020 apportionment and redistricting cycle. The current method solves many of the issues concerning previous methods, however it still violates the 'one person, one vote' rule established in Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) due to systematic bias which gives more representation and power to small states than to residents of large states. These methods have been

2146-499: The decision allowed voters to challenge redistricting plans. Since Shaw v. Reno (1993) and Abrams v. Johnson (1997), the courts have invalidated numerous congressional redistricting plans upon the basis of traditional districting principles. These decisions have been surrounded in controversy as the Supreme Court has not identified these 'traditional' criteria explicitly, resulting in the major political parties attempting to abuse

2204-413: The election of the legislators that govern this process. In 25 states the state legislature is responsible for creating the redistricting plan, but six states (Alaska, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming) do not require redistricting for the House of Representatives and instead elect a single representative for the entire state. Each state has its own constitution and laws surrounding

2262-456: The first decennial census was conducted in 1790 but was abandoned in 1840 as it favoured larger states such as Virginia, Thomas Jefferson 's home state and the most influential state at the time. Hamilton's method was used intermittently for the next half-century and was eventually replaced by Webster's as the Hamilton method resulted in population paradoxes when the House size increased. After

2320-428: The first place. Spatial model simulations indicate that instant runoff rewards strategic withdrawal by candidates. Gibbard's theorem demonstrates that no (deterministic, non-dictatorial) voting method can be entirely immune from tactical voting. This implies that IRV is susceptible to tactical voting in some circumstances. In particular, when there exists a Condorcet winner who IRV fails to elect, voters who prefer

2378-495: The form of the single transferable vote . Henry Richmond Droop then proposed applying the system to single-winner contests. (He also invented the Droop quota , which equates to a simple majority in a single-winner contest.) Nonpartisan primary system with IRV in the second round (among top four candidates) in Alaska. In the United States, the sequential elimination method used by IRV

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2436-656: The impact would be realized most significantly by getting rid of the need for primaries. The overall impact on diversity of candidates is difficult to detect. Instant-runoff voting derives its name from the way the ballot count simulates a series of runoffs, similar to an exhaustive ballot system , except that voters do not need to turn out several times to vote. It is also known as the alternative vote, transferable vote, ranked-choice voting (RCV), single-seat ranked-choice voting, or preferential voting (but use of some of those terms may lead to misunderstanding as they also apply to STV.) Britons and New Zealanders generally call IRV

2494-448: The institutions that determine the rules for redistricting, many of the congressional districts are allegedly gerrymandered to ensure the elite persistence of select families that form the Philippines' political dynasties. This is illustrated by the Marcos family which remained in power from 1987 to 2008 in almost 50 congressional districts, despite term limits. Congressional districts are

2552-793: The lack of legislation and definition to advantage their respective parties. According to the database of redistricting laws in all fifty states and previous court decisions, the de facto principles are: compactness, contiguity, equal population, and preserving county and city boundaries. Instant-runoff voting Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results Instant-runoff voting ( IRV ) ( US : ranked-choice voting or RCV , AU : preferential voting , UK : alternative vote )

2610-477: The likely event that the fringe candidate is eliminated, the vote is not wasted but is transferred to the second preference. However, when the third-party candidate is more competitive, they can still act as a spoiler under IRV, by taking away first-choice votes from the more mainstream candidate until that candidate is eliminated, and then that candidate's second-choice votes helping a more-disliked candidate to win. In these scenarios, it would have been better for

2668-530: The numbers of delegates are apportioned amongst the states according to their relative populations. The Constitution itself makes no mention of districts. The U.S. Constitution does not specify how apportionment is to be conducted and multiple methods have been developed and utilized since the Article's inception such as the Jefferson, Hamilton and Webster methods. The Jefferson method was first utilized in 1792 after

2726-476: The practice of having certain categories of absentee voters cast ranked-choice ballots before the first round of an election and counting those ballots in any subsequent runoff elections. This method was first discussed by the Marquis de Condorcet in 1788, who quickly rejected it after showing it would often eliminate a candidate preferred by a majority of voters. IRV was later independently reinvented by Thomas Hare (of England) and Carl Andrae (of Denmark) in

2784-659: The precise number of actual voters. Delimitation or redistricting is the process of drawing congressional boundaries and can also refer to the demarcation of voting areas for the purpose of assigning voters to polling places. Delimiting is a common process in nations with first-past-the-post systems , two-round systems , alternative vote , block vote , parallel and mixed-member proportional systems and single-member districts . Nations without these processes typically have proportional representation electoral systems, such as Chile, Honduras, Norway, Spain, and many others. The methodological framework that governs these processes

2842-492: The redistricting process, and most of the modern criteria applied federally have come about through rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court. Prior to 1962, there was limited federal and state government regulation on redistricting, and these were rarely enforced. However, after the Baker v. Carr (1962) decision redistricting became justiciable and courts became an active participant in the redistricting process of congressional districts as

2900-542: The same) between parties are common. Parties and candidates often encourage their supporters to participate in these preference deals using How-to-vote cards explaining how to use their lower rankings to maximize the chances of their ballot helping to elect someone in the preference deal before it may exhaust. Instant runoff may be manipulable via strategic candidate entry and exit, reducing similar candidates' chances of winning. Such manipulation does not need to be intentional, instead acting to deter candidates from running in

2958-561: The subject of debate for over 200 years as losing or gaining a seat affects representation which is the source of political power. Congressional districts are subject to the Equal Protection Clause and it is expected that they apportion congressional districts closer to mathematical equality than state legislative districts. The U.S Supreme Court in Karcher v. Daggett (1983) rejected New Jersey's congressional redistricting plans due to

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3016-458: The system contributes to higher rates of spoiled votes , partly because the ballot marking is more complex. Most jurisdictions with IRV do not require complete rankings and may use columns to indicate preference instead of numbers. In American elections with IRV, more than 99 percent of voters typically cast a valid ballot. A 2015 study of four local US elections that used IRV found that inactive ballots occurred often enough in each of them that

3074-420: The system does not do much to decrease the impact of wasted votes relative to plurality. Research has found IRV causes lower confidence in elections and does not substantially affect minority representation, voter turnout , or long-run electoral competition . Opponents have also noted a high rate of repeals for the system. Governor Paul LePage and Representative Bruce Poliquin claimed, ahead of

3132-412: The third party voters if their candidate had not run at all (spoiler effect), or if they had voted dishonestly, ranking their favourite second rather than first (favorite betrayal). This is the same bracketing effect exploited by Robinette and Tideman in their research on strategic campaigning, where a candidate alters their campaign to cause a change in voter honest choice, resulting in the elimination of

3190-492: The traditional sense. Under IRV (and STV), secondary preferences are used as back-up preferences/contingency votes). Jurisdictions in the United States such as San Francisco , Minneapolis , Maine , and Alaska have tended to use the term "ranked-choice voting" in their laws that apply to IRV contests. The San Francisco Department of Elections claimed the word "instant" in the term "instant-runoff voting" could confuse voters into expecting results to be immediately available. As

3248-435: The winner of each election did not receive a majority of votes cast in the first round. The rate of inactive ballots in each election ranged from a low of 9.6 percent to a high of 27.1 percent. Instant-runoff voting has notably high resistance to tactical voting but less to strategic nomination . In Australia, preference deals (where one party's voters agree to place another party's voters second, in return for their doing

3306-755: The ‘one person, one vote’ doctrine, political territories are expected to be symmetric and have limited variance in the size of its constituencies. However, many new districts have been created that defy the basic requisites for redistricting as the constitution fails to clearly expound the due process for apportionment and redistricting. This has resulted in unequal representation in districts such as Calacoon City, and Batanes being represented by one legislator each, despite containing populations of 1.2 million and 17 000 people respectively. Philippine's 243 congressional districts are composed of territories within provinces, cities and municipalities. From an American perspective, provinces are equivalent to states, and below that

3364-458: Was first developed and studied by the Marquis de Condorcet , who came to reject it after discovering it could eliminate the majority-preferred candidate in a race (today often called a Condorcet winner ). IRV is known to exhibit other mathematical pathologies , which include non-monotonicity and the no-show paradox . Like some other commonly-used systems, IRV also exhibits a kind of independence of irrelevant alternative violation called

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