106-573: HEC Paris ( French : École des hautes études commerciales de Paris , lit. 'Paris School of Advanced Business Studies') is a business school and grande école located in Jouy-en-Josas , a southwestern outer suburb of Paris , France . It offers Bachelor , MiM , MSc in International Finance , MBA , EMBA , executive education , professional development , professional certification , and PhD programs. HEC Paris
212-474: A 1987 film by Claude Zidi , features former students. 48°45′29″N 2°10′13″E / 48.75806°N 2.17028°E / 48.75806; 2.17028 French language French ( français [fʁɑ̃sɛ] or langue française [lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . Like all other Romance languages, it descended from
318-720: A French official to teachers in the department of Finistère , in western Brittany, included the following: "And remember, Gents: you were given your position in order to kill the Breton language". The prefect of Basses-Pyrénées in the French Basque Country wrote in 1846: "Our schools in the Basque Country are particularly meant to replace the Basque language with French..." Students were taught that their ancestral languages were inferior and they should be ashamed of them; this process
424-431: A comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages". In the article, Weber ranked French as, after English, the second-most influential language of the world, ahead of Spanish. His criteria were the numbers of native speakers, the number of secondary speakers (especially high for French among fellow world languages), the number of countries using the language and their respective populations,
530-543: A foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050. French is the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of either official or foreign languages). French is increasingly being spoken as a native language in Francophone Africa, especially in regions like Ivory Coast , Cameroon , Gabon, Madagascar , and
636-434: A high-level, broad education in sciences such as Arts et Métiers , MINES ParisTech , École des Ponts ParisTech , whereas others provide a research-focused level of expertise in selected scientific disciplines, such as AgroParisTech (agriculture and environmental sciences), Chimie ParisTech (chemistry), ESPCI Paris (physics, chemistry and biology) and Institut d'Optique Graduate School (physics and optics). ParisTech
742-479: A higher education institution (public establishment for scientific cooperation / établissement public de coopération scientifique). It was headed by a President, assisted by an executive bureau and a secretary general and administrated by a board of directors, supported by a strategic orientation council and a scientific council. The board of directors includes one representative of each college or institute as well as researchers, faculty members, and one representative of
848-2022: A lot of grantees of the European Research Council: - AgroParisTech : Kalina Haas (Starting grant), Antoine Missemer (Starting grant, with Ecole des Ponts ParisTech: CIRED) - Arts et Métiers : Nicolas Ranc (Consolidator grant) - Chimie ParisTech - PSL : Ilaria Ciofini (Advanced grant), Philippe Marcus (Advanced Grant), Gilles Gasser (Consolidator Grant & Proof of Concept), Guillaume Lefèvre (Starting Grant), Philippe Goldner (Advanced grant), Carlo Adamo (Advanced Grant) - Ecole des Ponts ParisTech : Philippe Jehiel (Advanced grant), Ioannis Stefanou (Starting Grant), Eric Cances (Synergy Grant), Mathieu Aubry (Starting grant), Vincent Lepetit (Advanced Grant) - ESPCI Paris - PSL : Costantino Creton (Advanced grant & Synergy grant), Luca de Mici (Advanced grant), Eörs Szathmary (PoC), Klaus Eyer (Starting grant), Sandrine Ithurria (Starting grant), Anke Lindner (Consolidator grant), Sylvain Gigan, Karim Benchenane (Consolidator grant), Alexandre Aubry (Consolidator grant), Mickael Tanter, Bruno Andreotti (Starting grant), Manuel Thery (Starting grant), Martin Lenz (Starting grant), Thomas Preat (Advanced grant), Philippe Nghe (Consolidator grant & Proof of Concept), Klaus Eyer (Starting grant), Clément Papadacci (Starting grant) - Institut d'Optique : Laurent Sanchez-Palencia (Starting grant), Alexei Ourjoumtsev (Advanced grant), Pierre Bon (starting grant), Philippe Grangier (advanced grant), Antoine Browaeys (Starting grant & Advanced grant), Igor Ferrier-Barbut (starting grant), Philippe Lalanne (Advanced grant) - MINES ParisTech - PSL : Fabien Muniesa (Starting grant), Jean-Philippe Vert (Starting grant), Zaki Leghtas (Starting Grant), Pierre Rouchon (Advanced Grant), Elie Hachem (Consolidator grant) Claire Chenut, Professor in soil science at AgroParisTech,
954-1066: A network in Europe called ATHENS (since 1997) with 14 European partner institutions. Thanks to this network the ParisTech schools have created a strategic partnership dedicated to PhD training and funded by Erasmus+. Moreover some of the schools are involved in European universities : Chimie ParisTech - PSL, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech and Mines Paris - PSL are members of the European University EELISA (European Engineering Learning Innovation Science Alliance) as well as AgroParisTech and Institut d'Optique are members of EUGLOH via University of Paris-Saclay. ParisTech schools contribute to 4 Sino-French Institutes in China: in Shanghai with SPEIT (Mines Paris - PSL), in Wuhan with
1060-688: A period of prosperity and prominence among European nations. Richelieu established the Académie française to protect the French language. By the early 1800s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France. Near the beginning of the 19th century, the French government began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minorities and regional languages ( patois ) spoken in France. This began in 1794 with Henri Grégoire 's "Report on
1166-494: A relic of the old nominal case system of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating between an oblique case and a nominative case. The phonology was characterized by heavy syllabic stress, which led to the emergence of various complicated diphthongs such as -eau which would later be leveled to monophthongs. The earliest evidence of what became Old French can be seen in
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#17330943218111272-650: A result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organisations including the United Nations , the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ,
1378-498: A third found their first job abroad. In 2015 the school adopted a new legal statute to allow private investors to join the board of directors. In 1988, HEC founded the CEMS network with ESADE , Bocconi University and the University of Cologne . On 1 July 2008, HEC Paris joined ParisTech and then Paris-Saclay University as a founding member. The university campus of Jouy-en-Josas, in
1484-536: A variant of Canadian French , is spoken in parts of New England . Missouri French was historically spoken in Missouri and Illinois (formerly known as Upper Louisiana ), but is nearly extinct today. French also survived in isolated pockets along the Gulf Coast of what was previously French Lower Louisiana , such as Mon Louis Island , Alabama and DeLisle, Mississippi (the latter only being discovered by linguists in
1590-418: A vast range of PhD programmes. In 1991, a number of engineering Grandes Écoles set up a coordinating voluntary association, called 'Grandes écoles d'ingénieurs de Paris', to foster closer collaboration in areas of common interest and thereby acquire international recognition as an entity of sufficient size and importance. In 1999 its name was changed to "ParisTech". In 2007, ParisTech's status changed to
1696-453: A working language along with English and German ; in some institutions, French is the sole working language (e.g. at the Court of Justice of the European Union ). French is also the 16th most natively spoken language in the world, the sixth most spoken language by total number of speakers , and is among the top five most studied languages worldwide, with about 120 million learners as of 2017. As
1802-437: Is 95%, and in the French collectivity of Wallis and Futuna , it is 84%. In French Polynesia and to a lesser extent Wallis and Futuna, where oral and written knowledge of the French language has become almost universal (95% and 84% respectively), French increasingly tends to displace the native Polynesian languages as the language most spoken at home. In French Polynesia, the percentage of the population who reported that French
1908-417: Is Christian Lerminiaux, president of Chimie ParisTech, vice presidents are Sophie Mougard (Ecole des Ponts) and Gilles Trystram (AgroParisTech). In 2022, the network of 7 graduate engineering schools has changed the legal status and became an "association loi 1901". The member institutes of ParisTech are long-established and renowned grandes écoles , many of which were founded in the 18th century. Some deliver
2014-467: Is a widespread second language among the Lebanese people , and is taught in many schools along with Arabic and English. French is used on Lebanese pound banknotes, on road signs, on Lebanese license plates , and on official buildings (alongside Arabic). Today, French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon , with about 40% of the population being Francophone and 40% Anglophone. The use of English
2120-484: Is also a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Italian), Médecins sans Frontières (used alongside English, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic), and Médecins du Monde (used alongside English). Given
2226-553: Is also one of the founders of Institut Villebon-Georges Charpak where students with strong scientific potential are taught in a very original way so that their talent can be recognized by companies. 25% of them are then admitted in well-known engineering schools like ParisTech schools. ParisTech schools hosted Field Medal awardee in the last decades, e.g. Pierre-Louis Lions, and als Nobel Prize awardees: Maurice Allais, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes and Georges Charpak, Alain Aspect. The CNRS, one of
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#17330943218112332-494: Is also participating in the new wave of distance learning , by creating its own online training courses via MOOCs available on Coursera . HEC Paris has several centres of research: The school has been offering a degree in entrepreneurship for more than 40 years, by creating HEC Entrepreneurs in 1977, which has today become the MSc X-HEC Entrepreneurs, in partnership with École Polytechnique . Between 2004 and 2013,
2438-628: Is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories ( Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon ). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in Ontario , the French Language Services Act ensures that provincial services are available in
2544-549: Is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French. Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One-third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English
2650-404: Is known as Old French. The period of Old French spanned between the 8th and 14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French made use of different possible word orders just as Latin did because it had a case system that retained the difference between nominative subjects and oblique non-subjects . The period is marked by a heavy superstrate influence from
2756-521: Is located in the “ Tornado Tower ” in the heart of the “West Bay” financial centre of the city of Doha. HEC Qatar offers four types of programs, including an Executive MBA and a Mastère spécialisé program. The HEC UK House has been inaugurated in March 2023. Close to Covent Garden , the campus is dedicated to the alumni network and conferences. It also has a library and a creative lab. The school alumni association, Association des diplômés HEC Paris ,
2862-462: Is often considered to be a useful skill by business owners in the United Kingdom; a 2014 study found that 50% of British managers considered French to be a valuable asset for their business, thus ranking French as the most sought-after foreign language there, ahead of German (49%) and Spanish (44%). MIT economist Albert Saiz calculated a 2.3% premium for those who have French as a foreign language in
2968-775: Is one of the official languages of such major international and regional courts, tribunals, and dispute-settlement bodies as the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights , the Caribbean Court of Justice , the Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States , the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , the International Court of Justice , the International Criminal Tribunal for
3074-490: Is ranked #1 worldwide for pre-experience programs (2020 FT Rankings). The MBA program, created in 1969, has two intakes: September and January. HEC's MBA consists of a 16-month-long curriculum, with 8 months of core courses and 8 months of a customized program, including several specialization options, exchange programs, and fieldwork projects. A typical class is composed of some 250 students – 90% of whom are international students – with more than 52 nationalities represented in
3180-611: Is served by the RER Parisian suburban train and the local bus service. The campus is built around a 19th-century château , which is currently used for Executive Education classes. HEC Paris in Qatar is a remote campus of HEC Paris, located in Doha , the capital of Qatar . HEC Paris in Qatar is the result of an agreement between HEC Paris and the Qatar Foundation . HEC Paris in Qatar campus
3286-618: Is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, jurisprudence , education, and diplomacy. In diplomacy, French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (and one of the UN Secretariat 's only two working languages ), one of twenty official and three procedural languages of the European Union , an official language of NATO ,
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3392-688: Is the founding member of CEMS - Global Alliance in Management Education and is triple accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business , the Association of MBAs , and the EFMD Quality Improvement System ). Founded in 1881 by Gustave Emmanuel Roy , president of the Paris Chamber of Commerce (CCIP), with 57 students in its first class, the École des hautes études commerciales de Paris (HEC) aimed to be in
3498-538: Is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value. French is an official language of the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu , where 31% of the population was estimated to speak it in 2023. In the French special collectivity of New Caledonia , 97% of the population can speak, read and write French while in French Polynesia this figure
3604-479: Is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50% of the population. Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg , where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of Monaco . At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in
3710-492: Is the second-most spoken language (after English) in the states of Maine and New Hampshire . In Louisiana , it is tied with Spanish for second-most spoken if Louisiana French and all creoles such as Haitian are included. French is the third most spoken language (after English and Spanish) in the states of Connecticut , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire . Louisiana is home to many distinct French dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French . New England French , essentially
3816-424: Is the sole official language in the province of Quebec , where some 80% of the population speak it as a native language and 95% are capable of conducting a conversation in it. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal , which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism
3922-738: The Aosta Valley region of Italy where it is the first language of approximately 50% of the population, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands . It is also spoken in Andorra and is the main language after Catalan in El Pas de la Casa . The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of Saarland , with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French. The majority of
4028-600: The Democratic Republic of Congo . There is not a single African French , but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages . Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth. It is also where the language has evolved the most in recent years. Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from other countries, but written forms of
4134-460: The Democratic Republic of the Congo . In some North African countries, though not having official status, it is also a first language among some upper classes of the population alongside indigenous languages, but only a second one among the general population. In 2015, approximately 40% of the Francophone population (including L2 and partial speakers) lived in Europe, 36% in sub-Saharan Africa and
4240-530: The European Union , French was the dominant language within all institutions until the 1990s. After several enlargements of the EU (1995, 2004), French significantly lost ground in favour of English, which is more widely spoken and taught in most EU countries. French currently remains one of the three working languages, or "procedural languages", of the EU, along with English and German. It is the second-most widely used language within EU institutions after English, but remains
4346-547: The Francien dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period (14th–17th centuries). Modern French grew out of this Francien dialect. Grammatically, during the period of Middle French, noun declensions were lost and there began to be standardized rules. Robert Estienne published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar. Politically,
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4452-820: The International Olympic Committee , the Council of Europe , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, Portuguese and English), the Eurovision Song Contest , one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency , World Trade Organization and the least used of the three official languages in the North American Free Trade Agreement countries. It
4558-705: The Latin Quarter , the district on the left bank of the Seine where intellectual life has been thriving since the Middle Ages . However, some institutes also created additional sites on the outskirts of Paris or in other parts of the country. Some years ago, the École nationale des ponts et chaussées eventually moved its educational and research facilities to more spacious facilities in greater Paris, in Marne-la-Vallée (East). SupOptique and AgroParisTech have relocated to
4664-623: The Ministry of National Education . HEC Paris is also triple accredited by the European Foundation for Management Development (EQUIS) , the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) , and the Association of MBAs (AMBA) . Higher education business degrees in France are organized into three levels thus facilitating international mobility: the Licence ( Bachelor's ), Master's , and Doctorate degrees. A Bachelor's degree requires
4770-609: The Oaths of Strasbourg and the Sequence of Saint Eulalia , while Old French literature began to be produced in the eleventh century, with major early works often focusing on the lives of saints (such as the Vie de Saint Alexis ), or wars and royal courts, notably including the Chanson de Roland , epic cycles focused on King Arthur and his court , as well as a cycle focused on William of Orange . It
4876-686: The Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the Latin spoken in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl —languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( Francien ) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by
4982-735: The World Trade Organization , the International Olympic Committee , the General Conference on Weights and Measures , and the International Committee of the Red Cross . French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin ) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France. The language's early forms include Old French and Middle French . Due to Roman rule, Latin
5088-454: The Yvelines department, is located in the northern part of the technological cluster of Paris-Saclay , which brings together a quarter of French public research. HEC Paris is part of the network of graduate schools of business (ESC) in the Paris Île-de-France area, together with ESSEC and ESCP Business School. In 2016, the school adopted a new legal status and became a public-private partnership ( École consulaire or EESC), largely financed by
5194-497: The provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick); Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ); western Switzerland (specifically the cantons forming the Romandy region); parts of Luxembourg; parts of the United States (the states of Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont); Monaco; the Aosta Valley region of Italy; and various communities elsewhere. French is estimated to have about 310 million speakers, of which about 80 million are native speakers. According to
5300-427: The ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to the French colonial empire , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is an official language in 27 countries , as well as one of the most geographically widespread languages in
5406-455: The 1990s) but these varieties are severely endangered or presumed extinct. French is one of two official languages in Haiti alongside Haitian Creole . It is the principal language of education, administration, business, and public signage and is spoken by all educated Haitians. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses. The vast majority of the population speaks Haitian Creole as their first language;
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#17330943218115512-428: The 2017 graduating class. The selection process seeks a balance between academic achievement, professional experience, international exposure, and personal motivation. Knowledge of French is not an entry requirement, but participants are highly encouraged to have a basic knowledge of French by the start of the MBA Program, while mandatory (during the first two core terms) and optional language courses are offered throughout
5618-474: The 20th century, when it was replaced by English as the United States became the dominant global power following the Second World War . Stanley Meisler of the Los Angeles Times said that the fact that the Treaty of Versailles was written in English as well as French was the "first diplomatic blow" against the language. During the Grand Siècle (17th century), France, under the rule of powerful leaders such as Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV , enjoyed
5724-510: The Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English, and is just across the river from the Quebecois city of Gatineau . According to the United States Census Bureau (2011), French is the fourth most spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French
5830-614: The Caribbean that are collectively referred to as the French West Indies , namely Guadeloupe , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , and Martinique . French is the official language of both French Guiana on the South American continent, and of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America. French was the official language of the colony of French Indochina , comprising modern-day Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia . It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent decades. In colonial Vietnam,
5936-408: The Empire, this local elite had been slowly abandoning Gaulish entirely, but the rural and lower class populations remained Gaulish speakers who could sometimes also speak Latin or Greek. The final language shift from Gaulish to Vulgar Latin among rural and lower class populations occurred later, when both they and the incoming Frankish ruler/military class adopted the Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin speech of
6042-416: The Germanic Frankish language , which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of V2 word order , a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary ) including the impersonal singular pronoun on (a calque of Germanic man ), and the name of the language itself. Up until its later stages, Old French , alongside Old Occitan , maintained
6148-489: The HEC Executive MBA is a program for top executives with a minimum of 8 years of corporate experience, which prepares them for general management positions (the average background experience of students is about 14 years). The Executive MBA is a multi-site program offered in Paris (France), Beijing (China), St Petersburg (Russia) and Doha (Qatar). The courses are split between theory, case studies, strategic projects, leadership training, EU community campus and foreign exchanges in
6254-410: The Indian Ocean, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas, and 1% in Asia and Oceania. French is the second most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language. French is the second most taught foreign language in the EU. All institutions of the EU use French as
6360-401: The MBA (bac + 5), or a PhD (bac + 8). Announced in October 2023, the school offers a Bachelor of Arts in partnership with Bocconi University in Milan. Focused on Data, Society & Organizations, it combines data sciences and social sciences . Students spend the first three semesters in Italy and the last three in France on the Jouy-en-Josas campus. The MSc in International Finance
6466-402: The OIF, approximately 321 million people worldwide are "able to speak the language" as of 2022, without specifying the criteria for this estimation or whom it encompasses. In Francophone Africa, it is spoken mainly as a second language. However it has also become a native language in a number of urban areas, especially in regions like Ivory Coast , Cameroon , Gabon, Madagascar , and
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#17330943218116572-444: The Palaiseau campus. Besides its Paris-Saclay location, AgroParisTech , the ParisTech college that specializes in life, food, and environmental sciences, also is located at eight other sites, including sites on the Parisian outskirts (including an experimental farm used for education and research, at the Château de Grignon in the West of the Paris), in other parts of mainland France, and Guyane . Similarly for Arts et Métiers , only
6678-409: The US and Asia. Program partnering universities are NYU, UCLA, Babson College in the US, Tsinghua University in China and Nihon University in Japan. HEC also offers the TRIUM Global Executive MBA programme jointly with Stern School of Business of NYU and the London School of Economics . It is divided into six modules that are held in five international business locations over 16 months. HEC Paris
6784-569: The biggest research organisation worldwide, delivered - a Gold Medal to Alain Aspect - the Silver Medal to Jacques Prost, Philippe Grangier, Jérôme Bibette, Catherine Bréchignac, Mathias Fink, Michel Callon, Daniel Lincot, Ludwik Leibler, Michel Fliess, Francisco Chinesta, Janine Cossy, Tatiana Budtova , Anke Lindner, Antoine Browaeys and Philippe Goldner, - the Bronze Medal to Valentina Krachmalnicoff, Olivier Couture, Teresa Lopez-Leon, Kevin Vinck, Guillaume Lefevre, Sylvain Patient all researchers in ParisTech schools' labs. ParisTech schools host also
6890-596: The case-based method was generalized and a one-year classe préparatoire was created to prepare for the entrance examination, which had become more difficult. As a result, only 9% of HEC students had attended university in 1959, whereas 47% had done so in 1929. In 1964, French President Charles de Gaulle inaugurated a new 250-acre (1.0 km) wooded campus in Jouy-en-Josas . In 1967, HEC launched its executive education programs. Women have been accepted at HEC since 1973. Only 27 women were accepted that year and HEC jeunes filles (HECJF), another school dedicated to women,
6996-400: The completion of 180 ECTS credits ( bac + 3); a Master's, requires an additional 120 ECTS credits ( bac + 5). HEC Paris offers a bachelor's degree since October 2023. Its highly coveted PGE (Programme Grande École or Grande École program ) ends with the awarding of Master's in Management (MiM) degree. Outside of the PGE , students at HEC can be awarded other master's degrees, such as
7102-497: The core disciplines of science and technology at postgraduate level. Its main programmes are: ParisTech has also developed since 2019 the RACINE network for pedagogical training of teachers. The network organises 10 workshops each year that are dedicated to teaching in engineering schools. ParisTech schools are strongly committed to diversify the profile of their students. Therefore they support high school pupils or students in preparatory classes ("cordées de la réussite). ParisTech
7208-585: The country near French-speaking Quebec, however, it is the foreign language more commonly taught. Vowel phonemes in French ParisTech ParisTech ( French pronunciation: [paʁitɛk] ) is a cluster that brings together 7 renowned grandes écoles based in Paris , France . It covers the whole spectrum of science, technology and management and has more than 12.000 students. The training programs in engineering bring them together. But ParisTech schools offer also Master programmes, Advanced Masters (Mastères Spécialisés), several MBA programmes and
7314-404: The demographic prospects of the French-speaking nations of Africa, researcher Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in 2014 that French "could be the language of the future". However, some African countries such as Algeria intermittently attempted to eradicate the use of French, and as of 2024 it was removed as an official language in Mali and Burkina Faso . Significant as a judicial language, French
7420-448: The economic power of the countries using the language, the number of major areas in which the language is used, and the linguistic prestige associated with the mastery of the language (Weber highlighted that French in particular enjoys considerable linguistic prestige). In a 2008 reassessment of his article, Weber concluded that his findings were still correct since "the situation among the top ten remains unchanged." Knowledge of French
7526-489: The elites primarily spoke French, while many servants who worked in French households spoke a French pidgin known as " Tây Bồi " (now extinct). After French rule ended, South Vietnam continued to use French in administration, education, and trade. However, since the Fall of Saigon and the opening of a unified Vietnam's economy, French has gradually been effectively displaced as the first foreign language of choice by English in Vietnam. Nevertheless, it continues to be taught as
7632-517: The fields of management and commerce what the École Centrale de Paris was in the field of engineering. In 1921, the school introduced the case-based method of the Harvard Business School , but most of the lectures remained theoretical. In 1938, the HEC program was lengthened to 3 years. Due to French corporations' demand for North-American-style management education, at the end of the 1950s,
7738-506: The first government authority to adopt Modern French as official was the Aosta Valley in 1536, while the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (1539) named French the language of law in the Kingdom of France . During the 17th century, French replaced Latin as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations ( lingua franca ). It retained this role until approximately the middle of
7844-858: The former Yugoslavia , International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea the International Criminal Court and the World Trade Organization Appellate Body . It is the sole internal working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union , and makes with English the European Court of Human Rights 's two working languages. In 1997, George Weber published, in Language Today ,
7950-818: The gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish. The estimated number of French words that can be attributed to Gaulish is placed at 154 by the Petit Robert , which is often viewed as representing standardized French, while if non-standard dialects are included, the number increases to 240. Known Gaulish loans are skewed toward certain semantic fields, such as plant life ( chêne , bille , etc.), animals ( mouton , cheval , etc.), nature ( boue , etc.), domestic activities (ex. berceau ), farming and rural units of measure ( arpent , lieue , borne , boisseau ), weapons, and products traded regionally rather than further afield. This semantic distribution has been attributed to peasants being
8056-508: The language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world. French is the second most commonly spoken language in Canada and one of two federal official languages alongside English. As of the 2021 Canadian census , it was the native language of 7.7 million people (21% of the population) and the second language of 2.9 million (8% of the population). French
8162-474: The language, although it has now given way to Tamil and English. A former French mandate , Lebanon designates Arabic as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used. Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The French language in Lebanon
8268-602: The language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario . Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and the Port au Port Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique Newfoundland French dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of Ottawa ,
8374-475: The last to hold onto Gaulish. The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there. A language divide began to grow across the country. The population in the north spoke langue d'oïl while the population in the south spoke langue d'oc . Langue d'oïl grew into what
8480-588: The main one of its 8 campuses is located in Paris. The other teaching and research centers are spread in the country, closer to the industrial fabric of each region. Different specializations are available in the campuses, such as Aerospace in Bordeaux and materials science in Metz . ParisTech schools offers a variety of courses, independently or in partnership with other institutions (in particular doctoral and master's degrees), in
8586-420: The necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language". When public education was made compulsory , only French was taught and the use of any other ( patois ) language was punished. The goals of the public school system were made especially clear to the French-speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as Occitania and Brittany . Instructions given by
8692-528: The other main foreign language in the Vietnamese educational system and is regarded as a cultural language. All three countries are full members of La Francophonie (OIF). French was the official language of French India , consisting of the geographically separate enclaves referred to as Puducherry . It continued to be an official language of the territory even after its cession to India in 1956 until 1965. A small number of older locals still retain knowledge of
8798-575: The percentage of entrepreneurs per class jumped from 10% to 25%. In 2007, HEC Paris created Incubateur HEC Paris, its startup incubator dedicated to supporting alumni-created startups. Currently directed by Antoine Leprêtre, the incubator has been part of the Station F campus since 2017. Since 2017, the school has also an online Master's degree dedicated to this topic. HEC is located on a 110-hectare campus in Jouy-en-Josas , 16 km. (10 miles) southwest of central Paris, close to Versailles . Jouy-en-Josas
8904-462: The preferred language of certain institutions or administrations such as the Court of Justice of the European Union , where it is the sole internal working language, or the Directorate-General for Agriculture . Since 2016, Brexit has rekindled discussions on whether or not French should again hold greater role within the institutions of the European Union. A leading world language , French
9010-592: The program. Exchange and dual degree programs are offered with about 40 international partner business schools, including the Singapore Management University , HKUST , London Business School , Columbia Business School , Wharton , and Yale . The Executive MSc Innovation & Entrepreneurship is a program created by HEC Paris and delivered partly on Coursera . 100% online, it takes 18 months. The first students were admitted in March 2017. Formerly (until 2002) Centre de perfectionnement aux affaires ,
9116-584: The public Chamber of Commerce in Paris . In 2017, HEC launched a portfolio of new dual degree programs called M2M with the Yale School of Management , the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , and Fundação Getulio Vargas . The same year in March, the school launched the Executive Master in innovation & entrepreneurship program in collaboration with Coursera . On 15 September 2020,
9222-464: The rest largely speak French as a first language. As a French Creole language , Haitian Creole draws the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages. It is closely related to Louisiana Creole and the creole from the Lesser Antilles . French is the sole official language of all the overseas territories of France in
9328-704: The school co-founded with the Polytechnic Institute of Paris the artificial intelligence research center Hi! PARIS . In October 2023 the school announced the creation of a Bachelor of Arts in data, society and organisations in collaboration with Bocconi University in Milan. Degrees (such as the Master in Management or " Grande École program") from HEC Paris are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and by
9434-518: The specific aim of developing these connections and the financing of the school by companies. Ties with businesses were strengthened in the 1990s and this led to greater specialization, with the establishment of finance and entrepreneurship courses in 1986. As a consequence of the financial Big Bang and the explosion of the City , more and more graduates went to work in England and, in general, abroad. In 2006,
9540-405: The students. In 2016, ParisTech became a foundation under the umbrella of Fondation ParisTech, which was founded in 2010. At first, ParisTech had 10 members. But since 2016, it comprises 7 members: AgroParisTech , Arts et Métiers ParisTech , Chimie ParisTech , Ecole des Ponts ParisTech , ESPCI Paris , Institut d'Optique Graduate School and Mines ParisTech . Since 2018, president of ParisTech
9646-414: The total number of French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and 650 million by 2050, largely due to rapid population growth in sub-Saharan Africa . OIF estimates 700 million French speakers by 2050, 80% of whom will be in Africa. In a study published in March 2014 by Forbes , the investment bank Natixis said that French could become the world's most spoken language by 2050. In
9752-738: The two official languages—along with Dutch —of the Brussels-Capital Region , where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language. French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and Romansh , and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called Romandy , of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some cantons have bilingual status: for example, cities such as Biel/Bienne and cantons such as Valais , Fribourg and Bern . French
9858-508: The urban intellectual elite. The Gaulish language likely survived into the sixth century in France despite considerable Romanization . Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French contributing loanwords and calques (including oui , the word for "yes"), sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence, and influences in conjugation and word order. Recent computational studies suggest that early gender shifts may have been motivated by
9964-479: The use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons , which are German-speaking ) and one of
10070-587: The workplace. In 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese . In English-speaking Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, French is the first foreign language taught and in number of pupils is far ahead of other languages. In the United States, French is the second-most commonly taught foreign language in schools and universities, although well behind Spanish. In some areas of
10176-402: The world's French-speaking population lives in Africa. According to a 2023 estimate from the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , an estimated 167 million African people spread across 35 countries and territories can speak French as either a first or a second language . This number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as
10282-497: The world, with about 50 countries and territories having it as a de jure or de facto official, administrative, or cultural language. Most of these countries are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the community of 54 member states which share the official use or teaching of French. It is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France; Canada (especially in
10388-560: Was a former member of IDEA League , an alliance between universities in science and technology in Europe, and is still a member of the ATHENS Programme . It is a member of the CESAER, the European association of universities in science and technology. The member colleges and institutes are: From the official website: Arts et Métiers , ESPCI Paris - PSL , Chimie ParisTech - PSL and Mines Paris - PSL are located close to one another in
10494-1443: Was award the "Laurier d'or de la recherche agronomique" of INRAE in 2019. Céline Guivarch, researcher at Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, obtained the Irène Joliot Curie Prize for young woman scientist in 2020. ParisTech schools have also created chairs funded by private partners: - Chaire BioMecam Handicap & Innovation since 2010 with Arts et Métiers et ESPCI Paris - PSL and support of Société générale, Fondation Cotrel, Proteor and COVEA - Chaire Mines urbaines (Urban Mining): since 2014 Arts et Métiers, Chimie ParisTech - PSL and MINES ParisTech - PSL with support of ecosystem - The Lab Research Environment VINCI ParisTech since 2008 - The Institute of sustainable mobility (Institut de la mobilité durable) funded by Renault since 2009 ParisTech schools recruit since more than 20 years international students in China, Brazil, Colombia, Russia and since 2018 in Argentina. In 2021 ParisTech open this ParisTech International Admission Program to new countries and regions in Asia ;: Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Macao, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and in 2022 to individual candidates worldwide. Meanwhile, ParisTech has also developed
10600-568: Was closed. Its alumnae are officially considered graduates of HEC, and include Édith Cresson , the first female Prime Minister of France . The doctoral course was established in 1975 but until 1985 doctoral students had to complete their thesis at the university. In 1985 the HEC obtained the right to award the title of doctor , before ESSEC (2010) and ESCP (2012). The school has developed professorships financed by companies ( Deloitte , EDF , Toshiba and others) to multiply links between HEC and companies. The HEC Foundation, founded in 1972, has
10706-791: Was during the period of the Crusades in which French became so dominant in the Mediterranean Sea that became a lingua franca ("Frankish language"), and because of increased contact with the Arabs during the Crusades who referred to them as Franj , numerous Arabic loanwords entered French, such as amiral (admiral), alcool (alcohol), coton (cotton) and sirop (syrop), as well as scientific terms such as algébre (algebra), alchimie (alchemy) and zéro (zero). Within Old French many dialects emerged but
10812-503: Was founded in 1883 and gathers alumni of the different institutions of the HEC Group: École HEC Paris, MBA HEC Paris, HEC Paris Executive MBA, Mastères HEC Paris and Doctorat HEC Paris. Each degree is associated with a letter and the year of graduation. In 2017, HEC Alumni were ranked by The Economist as the 2nd most powerful business school alumni network in the world. The institution is featured in many works. Association of Wrongdoers ,
10918-400: Was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul. As the language was learned by the common people, it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which is attested in graffiti. This local variety evolved into the Gallo-Romance tongues, which include French and its closest relatives, such as Arpitan . The evolution of Latin in Gaul
11024-633: Was known in the Occitan-speaking region as Vergonha . Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English. Under the Constitution of France , French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992, although the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates
11130-575: Was shaped by its coexistence for over half a millennium beside the native Celtic Gaulish language , which did not go extinct until the late sixth century, long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The population remained 90% indigenous in origin; the Romanizing class were the local native elite (not Roman settlers), whose children learned Latin in Roman schools. At the time of the collapse of
11236-554: Was the language they use the most at home rose from 67% at the 2007 census to 74% at the 2017 census. In Wallis and Futuna, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 10% at the 2008 census to 13% at the 2018 census. According to a demographic projection led by the Université Laval and the Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie ,
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