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52-532: The HAT acronym stands for Hungarian-made Automated Telescope , because it was developed by a small group of Hungarians who met through the Hungarian Astronomical Association. The project started in 1999 and has been fully operational since May 2001. The prototype instrument, HAT-1 was built from a 180 mm focal length and 65 mm aperture Nikon telephoto lens and a Kodak KAF-0401E chip of 512 × 768, 9 μm pixels . The test period

104-573: A Coolpix line which grew as consumer digital photography became increasingly prevalent through the early 2000s. Nikon also never made any phones. Through the mid-2000s, Nikon's line of professional and enthusiast DSLRs and lenses including their back compatible AF-S lens line remained in second place behind Canon in SLR camera sales, and Canon had several years' lead in producing professional DSLRs with light sensors as large as traditional 35 mm film frames. All Nikon DSLRs from 1999 to 2007, by contrast, used

156-429: A 46 megapixel Full Frame (FX) format stacked CMOS sensor which is stabilized and has a very fast readout speed, making the mechanical shutter not only unneeded, but also absent from the camera. Along with the sensor, the 3.7 million dot, 760 nit EVF , the 30 fps continuous burst at full resolution with a buffer of 1000+ compressed raw photos, 4K 120 fps ProRes internal recording, the 8K 30 fps internal recording and

208-555: A Memorandum of understanding to form a global strategic alliance in corrective lenses by forming a 50/50 joint venture in Japan to be called Nikon-Essilor Co. Ltd. The main purpose of the joint venture is to further strengthen the corrective lens business of both companies. This will be achieved through the integrated strengths of Nikon's strong brand backed up by advanced optical technology and strong sales network in Japanese market, coupled with

260-582: A high speed 10X macro zoom lens. Contrary to other brands, Nikon never attempted to offer projectors or their accessories. Nikon has shifted much of its manufacturing facilities to Thailand , with some production (especially of Coolpix cameras and some low-end lenses) in Indonesia . The company constructed a factory in Ayuthaya north of Bangkok in Thailand in 1991. By 2000, it had 2,000 employees. Steady growth over

312-540: A peak of ¥ 75.4 billion (fiscal 2007) to ¥ 18.2 billion for fiscal 2015. Nikon plans to reassign over 1,500 employees resulting in job cuts of 1,000, mainly in semiconductor lithography and camera business, by 2017 as the company shifts focus to medical and industrial devices business for growth. In March 2024, it was announced Nikon had acquired the American camera manufacturer specializing in digital cinematography, Red Digital Cinema . In January 2006, Nikon announced

364-678: A single factory. In 1948, the first Nikon-branded camera was released, the Nikon I . Nikon lenses were popularised by the American photojournalist David Douglas Duncan . Duncan was working in Tokyo when the Korean War began. Duncan had met a young Japanese photographer, Jun Miki , who introduced Duncan to Nikon lenses. From July 1950 to January 1951, Duncan covered the Korean War. Fitting Nikon optics (especially

416-467: A vast spectrum of time and space. Its highly integrated research requires direct observation as well as modeling, and the department fosters interdisciplinary ventures that open new avenues of exploration. Department of Mathematics (Course 18) The Department of Physics (Course 8) Now merged into the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research . The Center for Global Change Science (CGCS) at MIT

468-570: Is a Japanese optics and photographic equipment manufacturer. Nikon's products include cameras , camera lenses , binoculars , microscopes , ophthalmic lenses , measurement instruments , rifle scopes , spotting scopes , and equipment related to semiconductor fabrication , such as steppers used in the photolithography steps of such manufacturing. Nikon is the world's second largest manufacturer of such equipment. Since July 2024, Nikon has been headquartered in Nishi-Ōi, Shinagawa, Tokyo where

520-720: Is one of the five schools of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , located in Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States. The School, which consolidated under the leadership of Karl Taylor Compton in 1932, is composed of 6 academic departments who grant SB , SM , and PhD or ScD degrees; as well as a number of affiliated laboratories and centers. As of 2020 , the Dean of Science is Professor Nergis Mavalvala . With approximately 275 faculty members, 1100 graduate students, 700 undergraduate majors, 500 postdocs, and 400 research staff,

572-574: The D600 , a prosumer FX camera, are produced in Thailand, while their professional and semi-professional Nikon FX format (full frame) cameras ( D700 , D3 , D3S , D3X , D4 , D800 and the retro-styled Df ) are built in Japan, in the city of Sendai . The Thai facility also produces most of Nikon's digital "DX" zoom lenses, as well as numerous other lenses in the Nikkor line. In 1999, Nikon and Essilor have signed

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624-544: The D780 , or the D6 in 2020. In reaction to the growing market for Mirrorless cameras, Nikon released their first Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Cameras and also a new lens mount in 2011. The lens mount was called Nikon 1 , and the first bodies in it were the Nikon 1 J1 and the V1 . The system was built around a 1 inch (or CX) format image sensor , with a 2.7x crop factor . This format

676-836: The Hasselblad , used in the Mercury , Gemini and Apollo programs, 12 of which are still on the Moon) and later once in 1973 on the Skylab and later again on it in 1981. Nikon popularized many features in professional SLR photography, such as the modular camera system with interchangeable lenses, viewfinders, motor drives, and data backs; integrated light metering and lens indexing; electronic strobe flashguns instead of expendable flashbulbs; electronic shutter control; evaluative multi-zone "matrix" metering; and built-in motorized film advance. However, as auto focus SLRs became available from Minolta and others in

728-511: The Nikon D1 SLR under its own name in 1999. Although it used an APS-C -size light sensor only 2/3 the size of a 35 mm film frame (later called a " DX sensor"), the D1 was among the first digital cameras to have sufficient image quality and a low enough price for some professionals (particularly photojournalists and sports photographers) to use it as a replacement for a film SLR. The company also has

780-718: The Nikon F -series of 35 mm film SLR cameras, the Nikon D-series of digital SLR cameras, the Nikon Z-series of digital mirrorless cameras, the Coolpix series of compact digital cameras, and the Nikonos series of underwater film cameras. Nikon's main competitors in camera and lens manufacturing include Canon , Sony , Fujifilm , Panasonic , Pentax , and Olympus . Founded on July 25, 1917 as Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha ( 日本光学工業株式会社 " Japan Optical Industries Co., Ltd. "),

832-675: The Wise Observatory . HAT is controlled by a single Linux PC without human supervision. Data are stored in a MySQL database. From 2009, three other locations joined the HATNet with telescopes of completely new design. The telescopes are deployed to Australia , Namibia and Chile . Each system has eight (2*4) joint-mounted, quasi-parallel Takahashi Epsilon (180 mm diameter, f/2.8) astrographs with Apogee 4k*4k CCDs with overlapping fields of view. The processing computers are Xenomai -based industrial PCs with 10 TB of storage. HAT-1

884-449: The Z fc and the Z 9 . The Nikon Z fc is the second Z-series APS-C (DX) mirrorless camera in the line up, designed to evoke the company's famous FM2 SLR from the '80s. It offers manual controls, including dedicated dials for shutter speed, exposure compensation and ISO. The Z 9 became Nikon's new flagship product succeeding the D6, marking the start of a new era of Nikon cameras. It includes

936-554: The "n" to the "Nikko" brand name. The similarity to the Carl Zeiss AG brand "ikon", would cause some early problems in Germany as Zeiss complained that Nikon violated its trademarked camera. From 1963 to 1968 the Nikon F in particular was therefore labeled ' Nikkor '. The Nikkor brand was introduced in 1932, a westernised rendering of an earlier version Nikkō ( 日光 ), an abbreviation of

988-663: The 120 hz subject recognition AF system make it one of the most advanced cameras on the market with its main rivals being the Canon EOS R3 and the Sony α1 . (As of February 2022) Before the introduction of the Z-series, on February 23, 2016 Nikon announced its DL range of fixed-lens compact cameras. The series comprised three 20 megapixel 1"-type CMOS sensor cameras with Expeed 6A image processing engines: DL18-50 f/1.8-2.8, DL24-85 f/1.8-2.8 black and silver and DL24-500 f/2.8-5.6. Nikon described

1040-556: The CUA consists of four collaborative experimental projects whose goals are to provide new sources of ultracold atoms and quantum gases, and new types of atom-wave devices. These projects will enable new research on topics such as quantum fluids, atom/photon optics, coherence, spectroscopy, ultracold collisions, and quantum devices. In addition, the CUA has a theoretical program centered on themes of quantum optics, many-body physics, wave physics, and atomic structure and interactions. The Director of

1092-584: The CUA is Wolfgang Ketterle (a 2001 Nobel laureate in physics) from MIT. Formerly considered the world's premier high-field magnet research center, the Laboratory was merged into the Plasma Science and Fusion Center , after the National Science Board decided in 1990 to locate the new National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State University . MIT appealed this decision unsuccessfully; at

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1144-526: The Canon system through the 1990s. Once Nikon introduced affordable consumer-level DSLRs such as the Nikon D70 in the mid-2000s, sales of its consumer and professional film cameras fell rapidly, following the general trend in the industry. In January 2006, Nikon announced it would stop making most of its film camera models and all of its large format lenses, and focus on digital models. Nevertheless, Nikon remained

1196-590: The Earth's climate, and to apply improved knowledge to problems of predicting climate changes. The Center utilizes theory, observations, and numerical models to investigate climate phenomena, the linkages among them, and their potential feedbacks in a changing climate. The director of the CGCS is Professor Ron Prinn from MIT. The MIT–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms ( CUA ) is a collaborative research laboratory between MIT and Harvard University . The core research program in

1248-567: The HAT surveys, including a handful of planets that were independently discovered by other groups as well (particularly the WASP survey). Sixty-three of these were found by the northern HATNet project, and seventy-one by the southern HATSouth project. All have been discovered using the transit method . In addition, a few additional planetary companions to the transiting planets were discovered through radial velocity follow-up observations, including HAT-P-13c, which

1300-542: The NIKKOR-P.C 1:2 f=8,5 cm) to his Leica rangefinder cameras allowed him to produce high contrast negatives with very sharp resolution at the centre field. Founded in 1917 as Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha ( 日本光学工業株式会社 "Japan Optical Industries Corporation"), the company was renamed Nikon Corporation , after its cameras, in 1988. The name Nikon , which dates from 1946, was originally intended only for its small-camera line, spelled as "Nikkon", with an addition of

1352-568: The Nikon DSLR cameras, which is friendly for those who are switching from them. This shows that Nikon is putting their focus more on their MILC line. In 2020 Nikon updated both the Z 6 and the Z 7. The updated models are called the Z 6 II and the Z 7 II . The improvements over the original models include the new EXPEED 6 processor, an added card slot, improved video and AF features, higher burst rates, battery grip support and USB-C power delivery . In 2021, Nikon released 2 mirrorless cameras,

1404-636: The School is the second largest at MIT. As of 2019 , 12 faculty members and 14 alumni of the School have won Nobel Prizes . The Department of Biology (Course 7) began as a department of natural history in 1871. The Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences (Course 9) began as the Department of Psychology in 1964. The Department of Chemistry (Course 5) was one of the original departments when MIT opened in 1865. The Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (Course 12, or EAPS) traces its origins to

1456-528: The cameras were double branded with a series-name on the one and a sales name on the other hand. Sales names were for example Zoom-Touch for cameras with a wide zoom range, Lite-Touch for ultra compact models, Fun-Touch for easy to use cameras and Sport-Touch for splash water resistance. After the late 1990s, Nikon dropped the series names and continued only with the sales name. Nikon's APS-cameras were all named Nuvis . Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science The MIT School of Science

1508-422: The company quickly ceased developing its rangefinder line to focus its efforts on the Nikon F single-lens reflex line of cameras, which was successful upon its introduction in 1959. For nearly 30 years, Nikon's F-series SLRs were the most widely used small-format cameras among professional photographers, as well as by some U.S. space program, the first in 1971 on Apollo 15 (as lighter and smaller alternative to

1560-478: The company was renamed to Nikon Corporation, after its cameras, in 1988. Nikon is a member of the Mitsubishi group of companies ( keiretsu ). On March 7, 2024, Nikon announced its acquisition of Red Digital Cinema . The Nikon Corporation was established on 25 July 1917 when three leading optical manufacturers merged to form a comprehensive, fully integrated optical company known as Nippon Kōgaku Tōkyō K.K. Over

1612-471: The company's original full name ( Nikkō also means "sunlight" and is the name of a famous Japanese onsen town .). Nikkor is the Nikon brand name for its lenses. Another early brand used on microscopes was Joico , an abbreviation of "Japan Optical Industries Co". Expeed is the brand Nikon uses for its image processors since 2007. The Nikon SP and other 1950s and 1960s rangefinder cameras competed directly with models from Leica and Zeiss. However,

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1664-659: The discontinuation of all but two models of its film cameras, focusing its efforts on the digital camera market. It continues to sell the fully manual FM10 , and still offers the high-end fully automatic F6 . Nikon has also committed to service all the film cameras for a period of ten years after production ceases. High-end (Professional – Intended for professional use, heavy duty and weather resistance) Midrange Midrange with electronic features Entry-level (Consumer) High-end (Professional – Intended for professional use, heavy duty and weather resistance) High-end (Prosumer – Intended for pro-consumers who want

1716-401: The establishment of MIT by the geologist and education reformer William Barton Rogers in 1861. Before distinguishing himself as MIT's founder and first president, Rogers was a professor of natural philosophy and chemistry . He also served as State Geologist of Virginia , which explains why geology courses have been taught at MIT for more than a century. In 1983, EAPS was formed through

1768-570: The high productivity and worldwide marketing and sales network of Essilor, the world leader in this industry. Nikon-Essilor Co. Ltd. started its business in January 2000, responsible for research, development, production and sales mainly for ophthalmic optics. Revenue from Nikon's camera business has dropped 30% in three years prior to fiscal 2015. In 2013, it forecast the first drop in sales from interchangeable lens cameras since Nikon's first digital SLR in 1999. The company's net profit has fallen from

1820-462: The integrated circuit for image processing) and profitability as main issues causing the cancellation. Although few models were introduced, Nikon made movie cameras as well. The R10 and R8 SUPER ZOOM Super 8 models (introduced in 1973) were the top of the line and last attempt for the amateur movie field. The cameras had a special gate and claw system to improve image steadiness and overcome a major drawback of Super 8 cartridge design. The R10 model has

1872-698: The main mechanic/electronic features of the professional line but don't need the same heavy duty/weather resistance) Mid-range (Consumer) Entry-level (Consumer) Between 1983 and the early 2000s a broad range of compact cameras were made by Nikon. Nikon first started by naming the cameras with a series name (like the L35/L135-series, the RF/RD-series, the W35-series, the EF or the AW-series). In later production cycles,

1924-425: The merger of two MIT departments: the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, which grew out of the first geology courses, and the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, which had its roots in the meteorology courses that first emerged at MIT in 1941. Today, EAPS seeks to understand the fundamental workings of natural systems by examining physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring across

1976-610: The mid-1980s, Nikon's line of manual-focus cameras began to seem out of date. Despite introducing one of the first autofocus models, the slow and bulky F3AF, the company's determination to maintain lens compatibility with its F-mount prevented rapid advances in autofocus technology. Canon introduced a new type of lens-camera interface with its entirely electronic Canon EOS cameras and Canon EF lens mount in 1987. The much faster lens performance permitted by Canon's electronic focusing and aperture control prompted many professional photographers (especially in sports and news) to switch to

2028-640: The next few years and an increase of floor space from the original 19,400 square meters (209,000 square feet) to 46,200 square meters (497,000 square feet) enabled the factory to produce a wider range of Nikon products. By 2004, it had more than 8,000 workers. The range of the products produced at Nikon Thailand include plastic molding, optical parts, painting , printing , metal processing, plating , spherical lens process, aspherical lens process, prism process, electrical and electronic mounting process, silent wave motor and autofocus unit production. As of 2009, all of Nikon's Nikon DX format DSLR cameras and

2080-467: The next sixty years, this growing company became a manufacturer of optical lenses (including those for the first Canon cameras) and equipment used in cameras, binoculars, microscopes and inspection equipment. During World War II the company operated thirty factories with 2,000 employees, manufacturing binoculars, lenses, bomb sights, and periscopes for the Japanese military. After the war Nippon Kōgaku reverted to producing its civilian product range in

2132-495: The only major camera manufacturer still making film SLR cameras for a long time. The high-end Nikon F6 and the entry-level FM10 remained in production all the way up until October 2020. Nikon created some of the first digital SLRs (DSLRs, Nikon NASA F4 ) for NASA , used in the Space Shuttle since 1991. After a 1990s partnership with Kodak to produce digital SLR cameras based on existing Nikon film bodies, Nikon released

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2184-440: The plant has been located since 1918. The company is the eighth-largest chip equipment maker as reported in 2017. Also, it has diversified into new areas like 3D printing and regenerative medicine to compensate for the shrinking digital camera market. Among Nikon's many notable product lines are Nikkor imaging lenses (for F-mount cameras, large format photography, photographic enlargers , and other applications),

2236-2051: The project as of Feb 2020. Gáspár Bakos, István Papp, József Lázár, Pál Sári, have contributed to all of the planet discoveries by HAT. Other participants who have contributed to at least 10 discovery papers include: Joel Hartman (62 papers, Princeton), Robert Noyes (55, CfA ), David Latham (44, CfA), Zoltán Csubry (43, Princeton), Kaloyan Penev (43, UT Dallas ), Géza Kovács (42, Konkoly Observatory), Guillermo Torres (40, CfA), Geoffrey Marcy (38, UC Berkeley ), Gilbert Esquerdo (37, CfA), Waqas Bhatti (34, Princeton), Miguel de Val-Borro (34, Goddard Space Flight Center ), Lars Buchhave (33, Niels Bohr Institute ), Daniel Bayliss (32, University of Warwick ), Dimitar Sasselov (32, CfA), Bence Béky (31, CfA), Andrew Howard (31, Caltech ), Debra Fischer (30, Yale University ), George Zhou (30, CfA), Néstor Espinoza (29, STSCI ), Andrés Jordán (29, Adolfo Ibáñez University ), Robert Stefanik (29, CfA), Rafael Brahm (28, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile ), Thomas Henning (28, MPIA ), Luigi Mancini (28, University of Rome Tor Vergata ), Markus Rabus (28, Las Cumbres Observatory ), Vincent Suc (28, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), John Johnson (27, CfA), R. Paul Butler (20, Carnegie Institution for Science ), Simona Ciceri (19, MPIA), Brian Schmidt (19, ANU ), Joao Bento (17, ANU), Thiam-Guan Tan (17, Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope), Mark Everett (16, NOAO ), Sam Quinn (16, CfA), Avi Shporer (16, MIT ), Allyson Bieryla (14, CfA), Bun'ei Sato (14, Tokyo Institute of Technology ), B.J. Fulton (12, Caltech), Howard Isaacson (12, UC Berkeley ), András Pál (12, CfA), Brigitta Sipőcz (12, University of Hertfordshire ), Támás Szkelenár (12), Chris Tinney (12, University of New South Wales ), Duncan Wright (11, Australian Astronomical Observatory ), Jeffrey Crane (10, Carnegie Institution for Science), Emilio Falco (10, CfA), Paula Sarkis (10, MPIA), and Stephen Shectman (10, Carnegie Institution for Science). One-hundred-thirty-four extrasolar planets have been discovered so far by

2288-400: The range as a premium line of compact cameras, which combines the high performance of Nikkor lenses with always-on smart device connectivity. All three cameras were showcased at CP+ 2016. One year after the initial announcement, on February 13, 2017, Nikon officially cancelled the release and sale of DL-series, which was originally planned for a June 2016 release. They cited design issues (with

2340-401: The series were the Z 6 and the Z 7 , both with a Full Frame (FX) sensor format, In-Body Image Stabilization and a built-in electronic viewfinder . The Z-mount is not only for FX cameras though, as in 2019 Nikon introduced the Z 50 with a DX format sensor, without IBIS but with the compatibility to every Z-mount lens. The handling, the ergonomics and the button layout are similar to

2392-524: The smaller DX size sensor. Then, 2005 management changes at Nikon led to new camera designs such as the full-frame Nikon D3 in late 2007, the Nikon D700 a few months later, and mid-range SLRs. Nikon regained much of its reputation among professional and amateur enthusiast photographers as a leading innovator in the field, especially because of the speed, ergonomics, and low-light performance of its latest models. The mid-range Nikon D90 , introduced in 2008,

2444-621: Was also the first SLR camera to record video. Since then video mode has been introduced to many more of the Nikon and non-Nikon DSLR cameras including the Nikon D3S , Nikon D3100 , Nikon D3200 , Nikon D5100 , and Nikon D7000 . More recently, Nikon has released a photograph and video editing suite called ViewNX to browse, edit, merge and share images and videos. Despite the market growth of Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Cameras , Nikon did not neglect their F-mount Single Lens Reflex cameras and have released some professional DSLRs like

2496-447: Was developed during the undergraduate (and also the first year graduate) studies of Gáspár Bakos ( Eötvös Loránd University , now at Princeton University ) and at Konkoly Observatory (Budapest), under the supervision of Dr. Géza Kovács. In the development József Lázár, István Papp and Pál Sári also played an important role. More than 100 people have contributed altogether to the seventy planet discovery papers published or submitted by

2548-419: Was founded in January 1990 to address fundamental questions about climate processes with a multidisciplinary approach. In July 2006, the CGCS became an independent Center in the School of Science. The center's goal is to improve the ability to accurately predict changes in the global environment. The CGCS seeks to better understand the natural mechanisms in ocean, atmosphere and land systems that together control

2600-626: Was from 2000 to 2001 at the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest . HAT-1 was transported from Budapest to the Steward Observatory , Kitt Peak , Arizona , USA, in January 2001. The transportation caused serious damage to the equipment. Later built telescopes use Canon 11 cm diameter f/1.8L lenses for a wide-field of 8°×8°. It is a fully automated instrument with 2K x 2K Charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors. One HAT instrument operates at

2652-439: Was pretty small compared to their competitors. This resulted in a loss of image quality, dynamic range and fewer possibilities for restricting depth of field depth of field range . In 2018, Nikon officially discontinued the 1 series, after three years without a new camera body. (The last one was the Nikon 1 J5 ). Also in 2018, Nikon introduced a new mirrorless system in their lineup: the Nikon Z system . The first cameras in

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2704-584: Was the first outer planetary or brown-dwarf companion confirmed with a well-characterised orbit for a system with a transiting planet Light green rows indicate that the planet orbits one of the stars in a binary star system. A subset of HATNet light curves are available at the NASA Exoplanet Archive . Nikon Nikon Corporation ( 株式会社ニコン , Kabushiki-gaisha Nikon ) ( UK : / ˈ n ɪ k ɒ n / , US : / ˈ n aɪ k ɒ n / ; Japanese: [ɲiꜜkoɴ] )

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