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42-751: The helicopters have been built under licence by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in India, known as the Cheetah ; HAL later developed an upgraded variant, powered by the Turbomeca TM 333 -2M2 engine, which is known as the Cheetal . An armed version , marketed as the Lancer , was also produced by HAL. It was also built under licence by Helibras in Brazil as the Gavião . The SA 315B Lama

84-508: A cockpit voice recorder , flight monitoring system , artificial horizon , and modernised electronics. In 2006, an initial 10 Cheetals were ordered by the Indian Air Force. In February 2013, it was announced that the Indian and Nepalese Armies had signed a 300 crore (~US$ 55 million) contract for the urgent procurement of a further 20 Cheetals. The Lama was developed specifically to provide

126-564: A French license were not to be exported to other foreign nations without its express approval. Yet another form of common licensing restriction related solely to the licensing activity, regulating whether the specified product was fully produced or partly assembled, and whether entire products or their individual components were manufactured. The governments of Germany and Switzerland imposed similar restrictions on military vehicles manufactured in Argentina and Chile under license. In some cases,

168-413: A licensee who is authorized to use such rights under certain conditions. The licensee is manufacturing a product for which it has been granted production rights under specific conditions, while the licensor retains ownership of the intellectual property thereof. In some cases the licensor will supply the necessary technical data, prototypes, and/or machine tools to the licensee. While licensed production

210-461: A much higher rate of production, and was considerably cheaper than national sourcing and off-the-shelf acquisition. European automobile manufacturers were the first to adopt this practice, producing a number of specialized American components for their passenger cars under license. The United States not only supplied European factories with the necessary blueprints and licenses, but also sourced American-made tooling equipment accordingly, which allowed

252-438: A poor quality licensed product may damage the reputation of the original licensor. However, this is not considered a form of consumer fraud unless the product is unlicensed or counterfeit . Unlicensed production is the utilization of foreign manufacturing technology without a license, achieved through industrial espionage or reverse engineering . Products in high demand on the international market can be reproduced, based on

294-663: A quantity of an armed variant, marketed as the HAL Lancer ; one batch was reportedly delivered to Nepal between June 2003 and September 2004. The sale of Lancers to Nepal encountered international controversy due to allegations that these rotorcraft have participated in combat operations against members of the Communist Party of Nepal during the Nepalese Civil War . In addition to India, other countries have participated in licence production activities. In 1978, an export agreement

336-468: A rotorcraft with exceptional high-altitude performance. In practice, the type found considerable use within regions that possessed extensive mountain ranges, such as South America and India, being capable of lifting loads and deploying personnel in areas that had been previously impossible to have otherwise achieved. During 1969, a series of early demonstration flights involving the SA   315B were performed in

378-510: Is defined as an overseas production arrangement, usually as a direct result of inter-state trade agreements, that permits a foreign government or entity to acquire the technical information to manufacture all or part of an equipment or component patented in the exporting country. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), it must constitute a partnership between an intellectual property owner and

420-410: Is often dependent on the appropriate technology transfers , it does not necessarily entail ownership and management of the overseas production by the technology supplier. However, the licensor does retain the right to continue to use the licensed property, and to attribute further licenses to third parties. Occasionally, licensees may themselves sub-license a third party with or without the agreement of

462-501: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has noted that while licensing companies often provide quality control measures, and there is some incentive for licensees to comply or risk legal action and the ensuing damage to their own profit, manufacturers who engage in unlicensed production are under no such obligations. Another method of circumventing the need for a license involves a manufacturer making slight modifications in

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504-772: The Alouette series, the type can be fitted for various roles, such as light passenger transport, agricultural tasks, oil-and-gas exploration, aerial firefighting, and other specialised duties. The military variants of the Lama include liaison, observation, photography, air/sea rescue, transport and ambulance duties. The SA315B is particularly suited to mountainous areas due to its performance and can carry underslung loads of up to 1000 kg (2,205 lb). By December 1976, 191 Lamas had been ordered by 68 operators. A large proportion of all SA 315B Lamas to be manufactured were produced under licence in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), under

546-702: The Cheetah, which was given the name Lancer . In 2006, HAL proposed a modernised variant to the Indian Army, designated as Cheetal , the principal change of which was the adoption of a modern, more powerful Turbomeca TM 333-2M2 powerplant in the place of the Artouste; HAL promoting the Cheetal's capabilities for operating in high altitude environments, such as the Siachen Glacier . Other improvements include new warning indicates,

588-481: The Himalayas; during one such flight, a single rotorcraft carrying a crew of two and 120   kg of fuel landed and then took off at what was then the highest altitude to be recorded, 7,500   m (24,605   ft). On 21 June 1972, a Lama with a single pilot ( Jean Boulet ) aboard established a helicopter absolute altitude record of 12,442   m (40,814   ft), a record which still stands as of June 2022. During

630-471: The Indian Air Force and the Indian Army's Aviation Corps , the Cheetah have proved capable, operating in difficult and remote areas such the mountainous Siachen region, and during times of conflict with neighbouring Pakistan . Cheetahs have also been operated for civil purposes, such as aerial agriculture . HAL-built Lamas have also been procured by neighbouring Nepal for military use. Sales have included

672-554: The automobile companies to optimize their production lines. By the 1960s it was not uncommon for an entire specialized industry—such as the manufacture of rotary aircraft in the United Kingdom —to be dependent wholly on foreign-licensed components. A number of countries began making improvements to foreign products manufactured under license, and were even able to re-export them successfully. This trend resulted in some technology suppliers imposing additional conditions on

714-897: The design or function of an existing product, before reproducing it. The manufacturer could then argue that the resulting product is not an unlicensed copy, but a new product not subject to license. Also need to be noted that once the terms of the patent for the particular technology or invention has expired, any manufacturer could legally reverse-engineer and reproduce said technology without needing to negotiate license agreements with former patent holder. However, even after patent terms have lapsed some manufacturers do opt for licensed production, since such agreements also confer transfer of full manufacturing plans and expertise which may prove to be cheaper than acquiring those via reverse engineering. Industrial products which have been built under license include: Jean Boulet Jean Boulet (16 November 1920, Brunoy – 13 February 2011, Aix-en-Provence )

756-608: The desired performance, Aerospatiale elected to combine elements of two existing popular helicopters in their inventory, the Aérospatiale Alouette II and the Aérospatiale Alouette III to produce a new rotorcraft specialised for high altitude performance. Specifically, the new helicopter, named Lama , was equipped with the Alouette III's Turbomeca Artouste turboshaft powerplant and its dynamic systems, and

798-403: The economic life of the product. Developing nations began accounting for a significant percentage of licensed production during the late twentieth century. Governments of developing nations often sought to encourage rapid industrialization, reduce dependence on foreign imports, and combat high levels of unemployment by creating and retaining local jobs. However, in many of these nations there

840-402: The explicit licensing of technological information. Knock-down kits are regarded as a prerequisite to licensed production; they consist of products assembled locally from imported, pre-manufactured parts. Some licensors find it difficult to regulate the quality of their products manufactured under license. It is not always made clear to consumers where exactly a particular good originated, and

882-655: The helicopter division of Aérospatiale . Having been trained in the United States earlier in his life to become a military pilot with the French Air Force , he was one of the first foreign pilots to fly a helicopter in the United States Air Force . Over the years he would fast become one of the greatest pioneers in the history of rotorcraft flight testing. Boulet set several rotorcraft records for distance, altitude and speed. On 21 June 1972, Boulet set

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924-443: The intellectual property owner. Licensing agreements determine the form and scope of compensation to the intellectual property owner, which usually takes the form of a flat licensing fee or a running royalty payment derived from a share of the licensee's revenue. The licenses can be terminated by the licensor, or may expire after a set date; however, the technology and knowledge, once transferred, cannot be rescinded, so even if

966-485: The licensee. The United States began inserting pro forma statements into licensing agreements known as "side letters" , which required the free sharing of any improvements made to American technology. Other attempts were also made to control the destination of licensed products, particularly with regards to the arms industry . For instance, France stipulated that military vehicles manufactured in South Africa under

1008-449: The licensing agreement expires they remain in the licensee's possession. Two related commercial practices are foreign subcontractor production and the proliferation of knock-down kits . Foreign subcontracting occurs when a product's original manufacturer contracts the production of its individual parts and components to a second party overseas. Such arrangements are not considered examples of licensed production because they do not involve

1050-436: The licensor of a specific product with legal production rights, technical information, process technology, and any other proprietary components that cannot be sourced by the licensor. This is an especially prominent commercial practice in developing nations , which often approach licensed production as a starting point for indigenous industrial development. While licensed production in developing nations provides stimulus to

1092-472: The name Cheetah . More than three decades after production in India began, HAL was still receiving export orders for the original Cheetah. Along with the Alouette III, the Cheetah was a key product for HAL; experience from manufacturing the type aided in the later development of more advanced indigenous helicopters such as the HAL Dhruv . During the 1990s, HAL developed an armed light attack helicopter based upon

1134-408: The newly introduced HAL Dhruv helicopter, the Indian Army increased operational usage of their older Cheetah/Cheetal rotorcraft to meet the temporary shortfall. In September 2012, it was reported that an ever-decreasing amount of spare parts compatible with the Cheetah has led to the type's operators being required to cannibalise helicopters in order to provide components for others. In August 2016, it

1176-479: The original technology supplier did not need to manufacture the product itself—it merely patented a specific design, then sold the actual production rights to multiple clients. This resulted in different companies separately manufacturing identical products licensed from the same licensee. For many licensee companies, licensed production by other firms provides a continuous outlet for their proprietary technology, increasing their return on investment and prolonging

1218-427: The production and technical capabilities of local industry, in many cases it remains at least partly dependent on foreign support. The four most common applications of licensed production have historically been automotive engines and parts, weaponry, aircraft, and pharmaceuticals. During World War I , it was more common for licensing agreements to take place between companies in the same country; for example, Opel

1260-614: The risks inherent in the development of new products by taking advantage of the proven reputation of products which had already achieved success in foreign markets. The economic life of many products, namely in the automotive and defense sectors, have been prolonged by overseas licensed production long after they were considered obsolete in their countries of origin. Developing nations such as Pakistan and Singapore which built important segments of their industry on licensed production have now themselves become licensors of technology and products to less developed states. Licensed production

1302-399: The same flight, the Lama's engine flamed out at the peak altitude of the flight, which led to an inadvertent record being set for the longest ever autorotation after which the rotorcraft was brought to a safe unpowered landing. Days before, the same pilot and aircraft had set a similar record at a higher weight. Following in the aftermath of the records set by the helicopter, a major order

Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-448: The same or similar design, and branded in ways to make them indistinguishable from the original. When copied and reproduced without a license, certain items are sometimes recopied in a similar manner by a third party. The manufacturers responsible may also grant legitimately registered sub-licenses for their unlicensed products, profiting at the expense of the real intellectual property owner. The quality of unlicensed goods varies greatly;

1386-437: The world record (still valid as of 2020 ) for the highest altitude reached by a helicopter , when he piloted an Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama to an altitude of 12,442 metres (40,820 ft). When he reduced power and began to descend, because of the extreme cold, the engine flamed out , and Boulet performed the highest ever full touch down autorotation , landing with absolutely no power. This high altitude autorotation also set

1428-703: Was a French aviator. In 1957, Boulet was awarded the Aeronautical Medal ; in 1983, he became one of the founding members of the French National Air and Space Academy . He died at the age of 90. He was born on 16 November 1920 in Brunoy, near Paris, Jean Boulet was a graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique he entered in 1940 and was first hired in 1947 by the SNCASE , which would become Sud Aviation and then later

1470-492: Was capable of higher speeds but incapable of equalling the Lama's high altitude performance. The type remained in commercial service into the 21st century, being only slowly retired as it typically continued to be adequate for its given tasks. According to Vertical Magazine, popular qualities of the Lama included its capable engine, favourable stability while hovering, and its ability to effectively convey payloads at altitude even during peak temperatures. In 2009, due to issues with

1512-584: Was furnished with a reinforced version of the Alouette II's airframe. On 17 March 1969, the first SA   315B, powered by an Artouste IIB engine, undertook its maiden flight . On 30 September 1970, the type received its airworthiness certificate , and it was introduced to operational service in July 1971. Due to its favourable high altitude performance, the Lama quickly became popular with operators worldwide, often being deployed within mountainous environments. As with

1554-522: Was granted a license to produce BMW -designed aircraft engines for the German war effort. During the 1920s, European economists began advocating licensed production of foreign goods as the cure for "industrial particularism" —it allowed countries to bypass the costly research and development stage of acquiring products with which their own industries were unfamiliar, and refocus on the domestic manufacture of preexisting overseas designs. This allowed for

1596-492: Was not a strong tradition of technology-based industrial development, and local firms were seldom active participants in creating indigenous technology through research and development. Since their research capacity was typically too limited to meet their goals, adopting licensing agreements for foreign technology was an especially attractive option. Manufacturing licensed products generated employment and empowered local industry while reducing dependence on imports. It also avoided

1638-531: Was originally designed to meet a Nepalese Army Air Service and Indian Air Force requirement for a rotorcraft capable of undertaking operations at hot and high conditions. Both countries possessed extreme mountain ranges in the form of the Himalayas in which even relatively powerful medium-sized helicopters could not be effectively operated within, thus there was an expressed desire for an aerial vehicle capable of operating in this challenging environment. To achieve

1680-576: Was placed by the Indian government in 1971. The Indian order included an arrangement for the indefinite licence production of the SA   315B to be conducted by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) at their facility in Bangalore, India. The first Indian-assembled SA   315B flew on 6 October 1972, with deliveries starting in December 1973; Indian-produced helicopters were given the name Cheetah . Operated by both

1722-431: Was reached with Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Helibras , under which it would perform domestic assembly of the Lama. Such Helibras-produced SA 315Bs were marketed under the designation Gavião ; (Hawk) several examples of which were successfully exported to neighboring Bolivia. In later life, the Lama's commercial appeal waned in favour of the newer Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil , which had lower maintenance requirements and

Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-485: Was reported that No. 114 Helicopter Unit were keen to introduce the upgraded Cheetal as a replacement for its existing Cheetah rotorcraft for continuous deployment on the Siachen Glacier . Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83 General characteristics Performance Related development Related lists Licensed production Licensed production is the production under license of technology developed elsewhere. The licensee provides

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