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32-565: The municipality lies in the part of the Mittelgebirge Spessart known as Vorspessart , 5 km from Aschaffenburg , roughly 70 km from Würzburg and roughly 50 km from Frankfurt am Main . The Hösbach , from which the community's name is derived, flows into the Aschaff in the municipal territory. The central village of Hösbach is located in the valley of the Aschaff, next to

64-518: A Hermann de Hostebach and his son Conrad were named in a document from Archbishop Konrad of Mainz as witnesses. In 1218 the Schmerlenbach convent (in today's constituent community of Winzenhohl) was endowed by the family von Kugelberg and it was granted the right of patronage over the Hösbach church. In the 13th century, the noble family of Hostebach died out, but the name Hösbach remained. Beginning in

96-414: A logarithmic scale , a reduction of nine decibels is equivalent to elimination of approximately 86 percent of the unwanted sound power. Several different materials may be used for sound barriers, including masonry, earthwork (such as earth berm ), steel, concrete, wood, plastics, insulating wool, or composites. Walls that are made of absorptive material mitigate sound differently than hard surfaces. It

128-423: A churchtower argent, argent a spur vert palewise above which an oak leaf of the third on whose stem bendwise an acorn Or. Hösbach's landmark, with its characteristic tower, is Saint Michael's parish church. The tower was included as a charge in the arms on the community's wishes, although in heraldically simplified form. The tinctures argent and gules (silver and red) refer to the community's former allegiance to

160-418: Is also possible to make noise barriers with active materials such as solar photovoltaic panels to generate electricity while also reducing traffic noise. A wall with porous surface material and sound-dampening content material can be absorptive where little or no noise is reflected back towards the source or elsewhere. Hard surfaces such as masonry or concrete are considered to be reflective where most of

192-414: Is an exterior structure designed to protect inhabitants of sensitive land use areas from noise pollution . Noise barriers are the most effective method of mitigating roadway , railway, and industrial noise sources – other than cessation of the source activity or use of source controls. In the case of surface transportation noise, other methods of reducing the source noise intensity include encouraging

224-461: Is the phenomenon of refraction , the bending of sound rays in the presence of an inhomogeneous atmosphere . Wind shear and thermocline produce such inhomogeneities. The sound sources modeled must include engine noise, tire noise, and aerodynamic noise, all of which vary by vehicle type and speed. The noise barrier may be constructed on private land, on a public right-of-way , or on other public land. Because sound levels are measured using

256-514: The Archbishopric of Mainz . The Archiepiscopal forest officials, who oversaw things in the Spessart region on horseback, had their seat in Hösbach. The existence of this seat in Hösbach can be confirmed from the 14th century onwards. The charges on the escutcheon's sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side are attributes of this service, with the oak leaf and acorn representing the forest, and

288-656: The Bundesautobahn 3 . However, the outlying centres are located in side valleys and, in the case of Feldkahl and Rottenberg, actually in another watershed, that of the Kahl . Hösbach has ten Ortsteile located on five Gemarkungen (traditional cadastral areas). These are as follows (population numbers for 2011): Hösbach borders on (from the north, clockwise): Mömbris , Blankenbach , Sailauf , Bessenbach , Haibach , Aschaffenburg , Goldbach and Johannesberg . In 1189, Hösbach had its first documentary mention as Hostebach :

320-859: The Central Uplands of Germany which is a belt of low mountain ranges or hills between the Northern Lowland and the Bavarian Alpine Foreland . The ranges stretch from the North German Plain up to the Alps in the south. The northern limitation is marked by the Mittelgebirge threshold ( Mittelgebirgsschwelle ), running from the Belgian Ardennes in the west along the Rhenish Massif ,

352-959: The Danube Bend , it separates the Little and Great Hungarian Plain . In France, the Massif Central , located between the western Alps and the Pyrenees , rises to 1,886 metres (6,188 ft) but does not reach the tree line due to its Mediterranean climate . In Italy, most parts of the Apennine Mountains running from the Maritime Alps down to the Strait of Messina are shaped by its Mittelgebirge character, though in Abruzzo peaks are up to 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) high. In Britain well-known examples include

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384-574: The Main–Spessart railway with a station at Hösbach-Bahnhof. Hösbach is seat of the school centre of the Aschaffenburg district, which comprises the following, nearby schools: The primary schools in Rottenberg and Winzenhohl are also connected to this one. Near the school centre are found many sport facilities and halls as well as an indoor swimming pool, which is also used for sport instruction. In

416-507: The Noise Control Act of 1972 , demand for noise barrier design soared from a host of noise regulation spinoff. By the late 1970s, more than a dozen research groups in the U.S. were applying similar computer modeling technology and addressing at least 200 different locations for noise barriers each year. As of 2006 , this technology is considered a standard in the evaluation of noise pollution from highways. The nature and accuracy of

448-1016: The Odenwald range and the Black Forest , as well as the Swabian Jura and its eastern continuation, the Franconian Jura . Left of the Upper Rhine , the North French Scarplands reach from the Palatinate and the Vosges Mountains down to the Paris Basin . Along the Swiss-French border run the Jura Mountains , a fold mountain range reaching up to 1,718 metres (5,636 ft), separated from

480-1059: The Rhön and Harz Mountains, the Thuringian Forest and the Fichtel Mountains to the Bohemian Massif on the Czech border, including the Bavarian Forest and the Ore Mountains , leading to the Bohemian Forest and to the Sudetes in the east. In the southwest, the Upper Rhine Plain stretches up to the Swiss border at Basel , accompanied by the South German Scarplands including

512-435: The computer models used is nearly identical to the original 1970s versions of the technology. Small and purposeful gaps exist in most noise barriers to allow firefighters to access nearby fire hydrants and pull through fire hoses , which are usually denoted by a sign indicating the nearest cross street, and a pictogram of a fire hydrant, though some hydrant gaps channel the hoses through small culvert channels beneath

544-953: The pikes of the Lake District , the Pennines , the Scottish Highlands and the Snowdon Massif , in Ireland the MacGillycuddy's Reeks , in the United States some ranges of the Appalachians , such as the Green Mountains (Vermont). [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of Mittelgebirge at Wiktionary Noise barrier A noise barrier (also called a soundwall , noise wall , sound berm , sound barrier , or acoustical barrier )

576-505: The tree line and were not glaciated after the last glacial period . In contrast, Hochgebirge is used to refer to mountain ranges rising above approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft). The delineation corresponds with the differentation between Montane and Alpine level according to altitudinal zonation . In the plural, die Mittelgebirge (as opposed to the singular, das Mittelgebirge ), sometimes qualified as die deutschen Mittelgebirge , usually refers to

608-517: The 14th century, Forsthuben – a kind of woodland estate – were set up in Hösbach, which over the course of time further grew into large farms. In 1781 there were only 120 houses with 591 inhabitants. These figures rose only very slowly over the following decades. Only in 1895 did the population figure surpass 2,000. In the years thereafter, Hösbach's growth came about more quickly through industrialization , especially in nearby Aschaffenburg , so that in 1905 there were already 2,518 people registered in

640-402: The 1980s, Hösbach gained fame as the founding place of the rock band Böhse Onkelz . On the occasion of its 800-year jubilee, Hösbach was awarded the status of Markt (market community) on 29 September 1989. The council is made up of 25 council members, counting the mayor. (as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008) The community's arms might be described thus: Party per pale gules

672-513: The Hanns-Seidel-Gymnasium and Realschule (An der Maas) building complex, the district library is to be found. There is also an outdoor swimming pool in the constituent community of Rottenberg. Mittelgebirge A Mittelgebirge ( pronounced [ˈmɪtl̩ɡəˌbɪʁɡə] ; German: Mittel , "middle or mid"; Gebirge , "mountains or mountainous area") is a type of relatively low mountain range or highland area typical of

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704-460: The U.S. soon addressed dozens of different existing and planned highways. Most were commissioned by state highway departments and conducted by one of the four research groups mentioned above. The U.S. National Environmental Policy Act , enacted in 1970, effectively mandated the quantitative analysis of noise pollution from every Federal-Aid Highway Act Project in the country, propelling noise barrier model development and application. With passage of

736-583: The community, and by 1933 this had reached 3,388. War refugees during and after the Second World War swelled the population to 4,517 by 1946. Steady growth continued for many years. Through municipal reforms in 1972 and 1978 the community of Hösbach expanded its land area by 1 981 ha and its population by 4,500. At this time, the formerly self-administering small communities of Wenighösbach (1 January 1972), Feldkahl (1 July 1972), Rottenberg (1 May 1978) and Winzenhohl (1 May 1978) were amalgamated. In

768-863: The computer modeling techniques: Caltrans Headquarters in Sacramento, California ; the ESL Inc. group in Sunnyvale, California ; the Bolt, Beranek and Newman group in Cambridge, Massachusetts , and a research team at the University of Florida . Possibly the earliest published work that scientifically designed a specific noise barrier was the study for the Foothill Expressway in Los Altos, California . Numerous case studies across

800-529: The geography of central Europe, especially central and southern Germany; it refers to something between rolling low hill country or Hügelland and a proper mountain range (German: Gebirge or Hochgebirge ) like the High Alps . The term is not precise, but typically refers to topography where the peaks rise at least 200 metres (660 ft) to 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the surrounding terrain (as opposed to above sea level). The summits usually do not reach

832-429: The near-road air pollution concentration levels. Within 15–50 m from the roadside, air pollution concentration levels at the lee side of the noise barriers may be reduced by up to 50% compared to open road values. Noise barriers force the pollution plumes coming from the road to move up and over the barrier creating the effect of an elevated source and enhancing vertical dispersion of the plume. The deceleration and

864-523: The noise is reflected back towards the noise source and beyond. Noise barriers can be effective tools for noise pollution abatement, but certain locations and topographies are not suitable for use of noise barriers. Cost and aesthetics also play a role in the choice of noise barriers. In some cases, a roadway is surrounded by a noise abatement structure or dug into a tunnel using the cut-and-cover method. Potential disadvantages of noise barriers include: Roadside noise barriers have been shown to reduce

896-512: The spur the mounted officials themselves. The arms have been borne since 1970. See also list of protected monuments in Hösbach Besides its location right next to the major highway A3 (which between Goldbach and Hösbach has been hidden under a Noise barrier to reduce noise pollution), Hösbach is also located on the Bundesstrasse 26 . Moreover, the municipal territory is also crossed by

928-464: The use of hybrid and electric vehicles , improving automobile aerodynamics and tire design, and choosing low-noise paving material . Extensive use of noise barriers began in the United States after noise regulations were introduced in the early 1970s. Noise barriers have been built in the United States since the mid-twentieth century, when vehicular traffic burgeoned. I-680 in Milpitas, California

960-477: The wall. The acoustical science of noise barrier design is based upon treating an airway or railway as a line source . The theory is based upon blockage of sound ray travel toward a particular receptor ; however, diffraction of sound must be addressed. Sound waves bend (downward) when they pass an edge, such as the apex of a noise barrier. Barriers that block line of sight of a highway or other source will therefore block more sound. Further complicating matters

992-833: The western Alps by the Swiss Plateau . Though located within the Alpine foothills , the Jura Mountains are usually considered a separate Mittelgebirge range, while the Karst Plateau , leading to the Dinarides , geologically forms a part of the southern Alps . In Hungary, the Transdanubian Mountains form an extended Mittelgebirge range within the Pannonian Basin . Stretching from Lake Balaton to north of Budapest , marked by

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1024-628: Was the first noise barrier. In the late 1960s, analytic acoustical technology emerged to mathematically evaluate the efficacy of a noise barrier design adjacent to a specific roadway . By the 1990s, noise barriers that included use of transparent materials were being designed in Denmark and other western European countries. The best of these early computer models considered the effects of roadway geometry , topography , vehicle volumes, vehicle speeds, truck mix, road surface type, and micro- meteorology . Several U.S. research groups developed variations of

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