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91-470: In 1914, construction began on Hemsö Fortress . After World War I ended in 1918, the coastal artillery corps that was planned was never raised, and the newly built barracks in Härnösand was instead handed over to the health service. For a period of years, however, operations at Hemsö Fortress were strengthened by various other coastal artillery detachments. Among other things, the 12 cm batteries were manned in

182-537: A medal when it is not appropriate to wear the actual medal. Each country's government has its own rules on what ribbons can be worn in what circumstances and in which order. This is usually defined in an official document and is called "the order of precedence" or "the order of wearing." In some countries (particularly in North America and in Israel), some awards are "ribbon only," having no associated medal. According to

273-504: A dead relative on the right side of the chest. Medals and ribbons not specifically mentioned in the "Order of wear" are also generally worn on the right side of the chest. Sequencing of the ribbons depends on each country's regulations. In the United States, for example, those with the highest status—typically awarded for heroism or distinguished service—are placed at the top of the display, while foreign decorations (when allowed) are last in

364-458: A flaming grenade and waves". The colour of the regiment was presented to the regiment on 1 June 1945 by His Majesty the King Gustaf V at a ceremony at Stockholm Palace . It was used as regimental colour by KA 5 until 1 January 1998. The colour is drawn by Brita Grep and embroidered by hand in insertion technique probably by the company Libraria. Blazon : "On red cloth in the centre the badge of

455-579: A government and many new groups attempted to fill the void. During this same period, the population was facing food shortages and was, for the most part, demoralized by the losses incurred during the war. Various political parties, ranging from ardent nationalists, to social democrats, to communists attempted to set up governments in the names of the different nationalities. In other areas, existing nation states such as Romania engaged regions that they considered to be theirs. These moves created de facto governments that complicated life for diplomats, idealists, and

546-401: A larger impact on the battlefield. In times of war, it is not uncommon for commanders and other high value individuals to wear no markings on their uniforms and wear clothing and insignia of a lower ranking soldier. Service medals and ribbons are generally worn in rows on the left side of the chest. In certain commemorative or memorial circumstances, a relative may wear the medals or ribbons of

637-884: A lasting independence, though it repeatedly had to fight the Soviet Union for its borders in the Winter War . Armenia , Georgia , and Azerbaijan were established as independent states in the Caucasus region . However, after the withdrawal of the Russian Army in 1917 and during 1920 Turkish invasion of Armenia , Turkey captured the Armenian territory around Artvin , Kars , and Iğdır , and these territorial losses became permanent. As consequence of invasions of Turkey and Russian Red Army all three Transcaucasian countries were proclaimed as Soviet Republics in 1920 and in 1922 were absorbed into

728-567: A loan from the United States. Historian Sally Marks claims that while "Allied warships remained in place against a possible resumption of hostilities, the Allies offered food and medicine after the armistice, but Germany refused to allow its ships to carry supplies". Further, Marks states that despite the problems facing the Allies, from the German government, "Allied food shipments arrived in Allied ships before

819-564: A much greater loss in terms of its ratio to the country's prewar territory. However, the new Irish Free State remained a dominion within the British Empire . World War I also caused a major realignment in British parliamentary politics by leading to the rise of the democratic socialist Labour Party and to the break-up and decline of the social liberal Liberal Party . Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith ran into disagreements with not only

910-474: A normal treatable virus that did not produce a heavy impact on the world's health." After 123 years, Poland re-emerged as an independent country. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia , combining

1001-522: A shift towards the French Section of the Workers' International 's (SFIO) turn towards social democracy and participation in "bourgeois governments", although Léon Blum maintained a socialist rhetoric. Service ribbon A medal ribbon , service ribbon or ribbon bar is a small ribbon , mounted on a small metal bar equipped with an attaching device, which is generally issued for wear in place of

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1092-456: A standard practice of wearing full service ribbons on combat utility clothing. Others strictly prohibit this. These regulations are generally similar to the regulations regarding display of rank insignia and regulations regarding saluting of more senior ranks. The reasoning for such regulations is to prevent these displays from enabling opposing forces to easily identify persons of higher rank and therefore aid them in choosing targets which will have

1183-471: A variety of colors. In the case of the U.S. government, it maintains a specific list of colors used on its ribbons, based on the Pantone Matching System and Federal Standard 595 color systems: There is a variety of constructions of service ribbons. In some countries, service ribbons are mounted on a "pin backing", which can be pushed through the fabric of a uniform and secured, with fasteners, on

1274-607: A war that eventually resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne. According to various sources, several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek genocide . A far-left and often explicitly communist revolutionary wave occurred in several European countries in 1917–1920, notably in Germany and Hungary . The single most important event precipitated by

1365-447: Is purple with a white vertical stripe at each end (see photo). However, there are some military awards that do not have a suspension ribbon, but have an authorized ribbon and unit award emblem. The Soviet Order of Victory is a badge that was worn on the military parade uniform. However, a ribbon bar representing the Order of Victory was worn on a military field uniform. Ribbon bars come in

1456-596: The Conservative Party opposition but members of his own party led by David Lloyd George who disagreed with his handling of the war. Although Asquith agreed to form a coalition government, the disputes continued and eventually Lloyd George led a faction of the Liberals to form a new coalition government with the cooperation of the Conservatives. During the 1918 "coupon" election Conservatives and Liberals endorsed by

1547-574: The Emirate of Transjordan . Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became part of what is today Saudi Arabia and Yemen . The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire became a pivotal milestone in the creation of the modern Middle East, the result of which bore witness to the creation of new conflicts and hostilities in the region. The Soviet Union benefited from Germany's loss, as one of

1638-525: The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon . With the fall of the Ottoman government, power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge. The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War   I were quickly imposed, sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population. These continue to be problematic in the 21st-century struggles for national identity . While

1729-583: The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory since 1898. But the western Allies rejected China's request, instead granting transfer to Japan of all of Germany's pre-war territory and rights in China. Subsequently, China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles, instead signing a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921. The Austro-Hungarian and German concessions in Tianjin were placed under the administration of

1820-547: The Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation. Romania would unite all Romanian-speaking people under a single state leading to Greater Romania . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland , Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which became independent countries. The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and many of its territories became mandates under British or French rule. In

1911-567: The Kingdom of Greece , with the backing of Britain, to invade deep into Anatolia in an attempt to deal a blow to the revolutionaries. At the Battle of Dumlupınar , the Greek army was defeated and forced into retreat, leading to the burning of Smyrna and the withdrawal of Greece from Asia Minor. With the nationalists empowered, the army marched on to reclaim Istanbul, resulting in the Chanak Crisis in which

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2002-627: The Ottoman Army , left Istanbul for Samsun to organize the remaining Ottoman forces to resist the terms of the treaty. On the eastern front, after the invasion of Armenia in 1920 and signing of the Treaty of Kars with the Russian S.F.S.R. Turkey took over territory lost to Armenia and post-Imperial Russia. On the western front, the growing strength of the Turkish National Movement forces led

2093-662: The Representation of the People Act 1918 . As a result both Liberal factions performed poorly in the 1922 general election while Labour became the Official Opposition for the first time. The Liberals reluctantly collaborated with Labour to help it form a brief minority government under Ramsay MacDonald . The Liberals would not fully reunify until Asquith's death in 1928, and thereafter primarily expressed influence through confidence and supply arrangements and coalitions in

2184-484: The Rhineland . She further claims that the German government delayed the relief effort by refusing to surrender their merchant fleet to the Allies. Finally, she concludes that "the very success of the relief effort had in effect deprived the [Allies] of a credible threat to induce Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles. However, it is also the case that for eight months following the end of hostilities, some form of blockade

2275-923: The Romanian Army in the Hungarian-Romanian War . In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus : the First Republic of Armenia , the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , which declared their independence from the Russian Empire. Two other minor entities were established, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic (the former

2366-734: The Russian Army and since summer 1917 in the Romanian front as part of the Romanian Army . As a supporter of the White movement with the Czechoslovak Legion against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War . In the battles of Montello, Vittorio Veneto, Sisemolet, Piave, Cimone, Monte Grappa, Nervesa and Ponte Delle Alpi as part of the Italian Army against Austria-Hungary and in 1919 as part of

2457-525: The Weimar Republic . On 28 June 1919 the Weimar Republic was forced, under threat of continued Allied advance, to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Germany viewed the one-sided treaty as a humiliation and as blaming it for the entire war . While the intent of the treaty was to assign guilt to Germany to justify financial reparations, the notion of blame took root as a political issue in German society and

2548-670: The 1916 Easter Rising and its failed attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland in 1918 , led to an increased support for separatist radicals. This led indirectly to the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence in 1919. The creation of the Irish Free State that followed this conflict in effect represented a territorial loss for the United Kingdom that was all but equal to the loss sustained by Germany, and furthermore, compared to Germany,

2639-831: The 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is of red moiré with a broad yellow stripe on each side. Corps and regimental commanders active in Härnösand Coastal Artillery Regiment. From 1961, the unit commander was also head of the Norrland Coast Coastal Artillery Defence and from 1986 of the Norrland Coast Naval Command. Aftermath of World War I The aftermath of World War I saw far-reaching and wide-ranging cultural, economic, and social change across Europe , Asia , Africa , and even in areas outside those that were directly involved. Four empires collapsed due to

2730-647: The Allies as an equal. Lausanne Treaty formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the Middle East, the cession of their territories on the Arabian Peninsula, and British sovereignty over Cyprus . The League of Nations granted Class A mandates for the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate of Mesopotamia and Palestine , the latter comprising two autonomous regions: Mandate Palestine and

2821-661: The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), celebrates this defining moment. After the Battle of Vimy Ridge, where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps, Canadians began to refer to their country as a nation "forged from fire". Having succeeded on the same battleground where the "mother countries" had previously faltered, they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments. Like Australia and New Zealand, Canada entered

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2912-638: The British Empire, the war unleashed new forms of nationalism. In the Dominions of Australia and New Zealand, the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the British Crown , and independent national identities for these nations took hold. Anzac Day , commemorating

3003-522: The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George , was forced to resign. After Turkish resistance gained control over Anatolia and Istanbul, the Sèvres treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne which formally ended all hostilities and led to the creation of the modern Turkish Republic . As a result, Turkey became the only power of World War I to overturn the terms of its defeat, and negotiate with

3094-511: The Central Powers may have been exposed to the viral wave before the Allies. The resulting casualties having greater effect, having been incurred during the war, as opposed to the allies who suffered the brunt of the pandemic after the Armistice. When the extent of the epidemic was realized, the respective censorship programs of the Allies and Central Powers limited the public's knowledge regarding

3185-659: The Chinese government; in 1920 they occupied the Russian area as well. The western Allies' substantial accession to Japan's territorial ambitions at China's expense led to the May Fourth Movement in China, a social and political movement that had profound influence over subsequent Chinese history. The May Fourth Movement is often cited as the birth of Chinese nationalism , and both the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party consider

3276-647: The Coalition won a landslide majority in the British Parliament. However, the split between Lloyd George's National Liberals and Asquith's Independent Liberals fatally weakened the party. On the other hand, the Labour Party remained unified despite tensions between pacifist and pro-war leaders; it used the war to expand the British trade union movement , and benefited from the establishment of universal suffrage under

3367-568: The Movement to be an important period in their own histories. Alsace–Lorraine returned to France, the region which had been ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War . At the 1919 Peace Conference, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau 's aim was to ensure that Germany would not seek revenge in the following years. To this purpose, the chief commander of the Allied forces, Marshal Ferdinand Foch , had demanded that for

3458-480: The Ruhr until 1925. The treaty required Germany to permanently reduce the size of its army to 100,000 men, and destroy their tanks, air force, and U-boat fleet (her capital ships, moored at Scapa Flow , were scuttled by their crews to prevent them from falling into Allied hands). Germany saw relatively small amounts of territory transferred to Denmark , Czechoslovakia, and Belgium, a larger amount to France (including

3549-597: The Ruhr, and then the Young Plan in 1929. Also extremely important in the War was the participation of French colonial troops (who amounted for around 10% of the total number of troops deployed by France across the war), including the Senegalese tirailleurs , and troops from Indochina , North Africa , and Madagascar . When these soldiers returned to their homelands and continued to be treated as second class citizens, many became

3640-819: The Soviet Union as the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic . Romania gained Bessarabia from Russia. The Russian concession of Tianjin was occupied by the Chinese Beiyang government in 1920; in 1924 the Soviet Union renounced its claims to the district. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , funding the war had a severe economic cost . From being the world's largest overseas investor, it became one of its biggest debtors with interest payments forming around 40% of all government spending. Inflation more than doubled between 1914 and its peak in 1920, while

3731-418: The Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919, between Germany on the one side and France, Italy, Britain and other minor allied powers on the other, officially ended war between those countries. Other treaties ended the relationships of the United States and the other Central Powers. Included in the 440 articles of the Treaty of Versailles were the demands that Germany officially accept responsibility "for causing all

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3822-415: The U.S. Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), the U.S. military's standard size for a ribbon bar is 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 inches (35 mm) wide, 3 ⁄ 8 inch (9.5 mm) tall, with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The service ribbon for a specific medal is usually identical to the suspension ribbon on the medal. For example, the suspension and service ribbon for the U.S. government's Purple Heart medal

3913-402: The United States to support Germany culminated in the British government's Balfour Declaration of 1917, endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War   I, including 275,000 in Austria-Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia. The establishment of the modern state of Israel and

4004-434: The Western allies themselves, and other agendas such as a desire to implement the spirit of the Fourteen Points. For example, in order to live up to the ideal of self-determination laid out in the Fourteen Points, Germans, whether Austrian or German, should be able to decide their own future and government. However, the French especially were concerned that an expanded Germany would be a huge security risk. Further complicating

4095-434: The Western allies. The Western forces were officially supposed to occupy the old Empire, but rarely had enough troops to do so effectively. They had to deal with local authorities who had their own agenda to fulfill. At the peace conference in Paris the diplomats had to reconcile these authorities with the competing demands of the nationalists who had turned to them for help during the war, the strategic or political desires of

4186-444: The blockade after the fighting ended, as author Robert Leckie wrote in Delivered from Evil , did much to "torment the Germans ... driving them with the fury of despair into the arms of the devil." The terms of the Armistice did allow food to be shipped into Germany, but the Allies required that Germany provide the means (the shipping) to do so. The German government was required to use its gold reserves, being unable to secure

4277-1994: The bottom rows. When medals are worn (typically on the left side of a shirt or jacket), ribbons with no corresponding medals are worn on the right side. The study, history and collection of ribbons, among other military decorations, is known as phaleristics (sometimes spelled faleristics by users of U.S. English). [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] In

4368-476: The center of the 1918 flu pandemic. A significant precursor virus was harbored in birds, and mutated to pigs that were kept near the front. The exact number of deaths is unknown but about 50 million people are estimated to have died from the influenza outbreak worldwide. In 2005, a study found that, "The 1918 virus strain developed in birds and was similar to the 'bird flu' that in the 21st century spurred fears of another worldwide pandemic, yet proved to be

4459-440: The charge made at Versailles". This position is also supported by Elisabeth Gläser who notes that an Allied task force, to help feed the German population, was established in early 1919 and that by May 1919 Germany "became the chief recipient of American and Allied food shipments". Gläser further claims that during the early months of 1919, while the main relief effort was being planned, France provided food shipments to Bavaria and

4550-412: The detached division from KA 1 and on 1 October 1943 the Defence Act would be enforced. This formed the Härnösand Coastal Artillery Detachment (KA 4 H). The designation KA 4 H did not indicate a military command relationship between the two troop units Älvsborg Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 4) and Härnösand Coastal Artillery Detachment (KA 4 H), but only indicated that KA 4 would provide some support to

4641-448: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War   I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East, including the Arab-Israeli conflict , the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser-known disputes over water and other natural resources. The prestige of Germany and German things in Latin America remained high after the war but did not recover to its pre-war levels. Indeed, in Chile

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4732-445: The establishment at Kusthöjden started in 1944 after the drawings of the 1940 Military Building Investigation. On 19 June 1945, the double swallow-tailed Swedish flag was hoisted for the first time at the top of the new chancellery in Härnösand. In total, about 30 buildings were built in the area. At the end of the 1960s, an annex was built to the chancellery, after Norrland Coastal Artillery Defence with Härnösand Coastal Artillery Corps

4823-420: The event of a hung parliament . The Republic of China had been one of the Allies; during the war, they had sent thousands of labourers to France. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , the Chinese delegation called for an end to Western imperialistic institutions in China, but was rebuffed. China requested at least the formal restoration of its territory of Jiaozhou Bay , under German colonial control as

4914-456: The finance, machinery and craft departments. The last round of training ended in the autumn of 1997, with the entire 6th Amphibious Battalion then fully trained. The disbandment ceremony for HMG/KA 5 was held on 14 August 1998. The ceremony began with the last acting commander of HMG/KA 5, Major Gunnar Hällgren, handing over the regimental colour to the commander of the Norrland Coast Naval Command, Senior Captain Olov Andersson. The management of

5005-437: The first terms of the armistice was the abrogation of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . At the time of the armistice Russia was in the grips of a civil war which left more than seven million people dead and large areas of the country devastated. The nation as a whole suffered socially and economically. Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia gained independence. They were occupied again by the Soviet Union in 1940. Finland gained

5096-428: The first time in history, as in Germany ( 1919 German federal election ), Great Britain ( 1918 United Kingdom general election ), and the United States ( 1920 United States presidential election ). Through the period from the Armistice of 11 November 1918 until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with the Weimar Republic on 28 June 1919, the Allies maintained the naval blockade of Germany that had begun during

5187-417: The former Coastal Artillery ; two gunbarrels of older pattern in saltire under a royal crown proper and over a blazing grenade and waves, all yellow. In the first corner the town badge of Härnösand ; a beaver with a pike in its mouth, all white." In 1999, the Härnösands kustartilleriregementes (KA 5) minnesmedalj ("Härnösand Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 5) Commemorative Medal") in silver (HärnkaregSMM) of

5278-402: The future protection of France the Rhine river should now form the border between France and Germany. Based on history, he was convinced that Germany would again become a threat, and, on hearing the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that had left Germany substantially intact, he observed that "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years." The destruction brought upon French territory

5369-399: The greatest outrage . Nazi propaganda would feed on a general German view that the treaty was unfair – many Germans never accepted the treaty as legitimate, and lent their political support to Adolf Hitler . At the end of the war, the Allies occupied Constantinople ( Istanbul ) and the Ottoman government collapsed. The Treaty of Sèvres , designed to repair damage caused by Ottomans during

5460-696: The inside edge. These ribbons can be individually secured and then lined up, or they can be all mounted on to a single fastener. After the Second World War, it was common for all ribbons to be mounted on a single metal bar and worn in a manner similar to a brooch. Other methods of wearing have included physically sewing each service ribbon onto the uniform garments. "Orders of wearing" define which ribbons may be worn on which types of uniform in which positions under which circumstances. For example, miniature medals on dinner dress, full medals on parade dress, ribbons on dress shirts, but no decorations on combat dress and working clothing. Some countries (such as Cuba ) maintain

5551-419: The loss and damage" of the war and pay economic reparations . The treaty drastically limited the German military machine: German troops were reduced to 100,000 and the country was prevented from possessing major military armaments such as tanks, warships, armored vehicles and submarines. Historians continue to argue about the impact the 1918 flu pandemic had on the outcome of the war. It has been posited that

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5642-443: The mid-1930s by the 1st Company and the 6th Company from Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 1). At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, 125 conscripts were transferred from Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment. Two years later, another 400 conscripts and about 10 officers from Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 2) were stationed on Hemsön . The Defence Act of 1942 stated that the detachment in Hemsö Fortress would replace

5733-411: The monarchy. The economic disruption of the war and the end of the Austro-Hungarian customs union created great hardship in many areas. Although many states were set up as democracies after the war, one by one, with the exception of Czechoslovakia, they reverted to some form of authoritarian rule. Many quarreled amongst themselves but were too weak to compete effectively. Later, when Germany rearmed ,

5824-404: The nation states of south-central Europe were unable to resist its attacks, and fell under German domination to a much greater extent than had ever existed in Austria-Hungary. In Germany, there was a socialist revolution which led to the brief establishment of a number of communist political systems in (mainly urban) parts of the country, the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II , and the creation of

5915-418: The new states built around ethnic nationalism . The Jews were especially distrusted because of their minority religion and distinct subculture. This was a dramatic come-down from the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although antisemitism had been widespread during Habsburg rule , Jews faced no official discrimination because they were, for the most part, ardent supporters of the multi-national state and

6006-485: The newly created countries as minorities. More than two million ethnic Hungarians found themselves living outside of Hungary in Czechoslovakia, Romania and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Many of these national minorities found themselves in hostile situations because the modern governments were intent on defining the national character of the countries, often at the expense of the other nationalities. The interwar years were hard for religious minorities in

6097-409: The nuclei of pro-independence groups. Furthermore, under the state of war declared during the hostilities, the French economy had been somewhat centralized in order to be able to shift into a " war economy ", leading to a first breach with classical liberalism . Finally, the socialists' support of the National Union government (including Alexandre Millerand 's nomination as Minister of War) marked

6188-402: The pre-war average rate and more than replaced by 1928. Material loss was "slight": the most significant being 40% of the British Merchant Navy sunk by German U-boats . Most of this was replaced in 1918 and all immediately after the war. The military historian Correlli Barnett has argued that "in objective truth the Great War in no way inflicted crippling economic damage on Britain" but that

6279-541: The preceding fifty years. This hope proved far too optimistic. Changes in territorial configuration after World War I included: These changes were recognized in, but not caused by, the Treaty of Versailles. They were subsequently further elaborated in the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . The 1919 treaties generally included guarantees of minority rights , but there was no enforcement mechanism. The new states of eastern Europe mostly all had large ethnic minorities . Millions of Germans found themselves in

6370-477: The privations of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917 . With the war having turned decisively against the Central Powers , the people of Austria-Hungary lost faith in their allied countries, and even before the armistice in November, radical nationalism had already led to several declarations of independence in south-central Europe after November 1918. As the central government had ceased to operate in vast areas, these regions found themselves without

6461-510: The purchases of foreign currency required to pay off the reparations, the new German republic printed tremendous amounts of money—to disastrous effect. Hyperinflation plagued Germany between 1921 and 1923. In this period the worth of fiat Papiermarks with respect to the earlier commodity Goldmarks was reduced to one trillionth (one million millionth) of its value. In December 1922 the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, and on 11 January 1923 French and Belgian troops occupied

6552-533: The roots of the continuing Israeli–Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War   I. Before the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout some parts of the Middle East, although during the war the Ottomans conducted the ethnically and religiously motivated Greek genocide , Armenian genocide and Assyrian genocide , as well as overseeing

6643-470: The situation, delegations such as the Czechs and Slovenians made strong claims on some German-speaking territories. The result was treaties that compromised many ideals, offended many allies, and set up an entirely new order in the area. Many people hoped that the new nation states would allow for a new era of prosperity and peace in the region, free from the bitter quarrelling between nationalities that had marked

6734-530: The temporary French occupation of the Rhineland) and the greatest portion as part of a reestablished Poland. Germany's overseas colonies were divided between a number of Allied countries, most notably the United Kingdom in Africa, but it was the loss of the territory that composed the newly independent Polish state, including the German city of Danzig and the separation of East Prussia from the rest of Germany, that caused

6825-492: The traditions of the Härnösand Marine Group ( Härnösands maringrupp ) with Härnösand Coastal Artillery Regiment was thus passed to the Norrland Coast Naval Command (MKN). The only military presence left on Härnön is located to the chancellery and the northern part of the barracks area. When Härnösand Coastal Artillery Regiment was formed, the unit was located to Kusthöjden in northeastern Härnösand . The construction of

6916-571: The true extent of the disease. Because Spain was neutral , their media was free to report on the Flu, giving the impression that it began there. This misunderstanding led to contemporary reports naming it the " Spanish flu ". Investigative work by a British team led by virologist John Oxford of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital , identified a major troop staging and hospital camp in Étaples , France as almost certainly being

7007-523: The value of the Pound Sterling (consumer expenditure ) fell by 61%. War reparations in the form of free German coal depressed local industry, precipitating the 1926 United Kingdom general strike . British private investments abroad were sold, raising £550 million. However, £250 million in new investment also took place during the war. The net financial loss was therefore approximately £300 million; less than two years investment compared to

7098-492: The war "crippled the British psychologically but in no other way". Less concrete changes include the growing assertiveness of Commonwealth nations. Battles such as Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand, and Vimy Ridge for Canada led to increased national pride and a greater reluctance to remain subordinate to Britain, leading to the growth of diplomatic autonomy in the 1920s. These battles were often decorated in propaganda in these nations as symbolic of their power during

7189-401: The war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so, although it emerged with a greater measure of independence. When Britain declared war in 1914, the dominions were automatically at war; at the conclusion, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles. Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage

7280-642: The war bought an end to a period of intense scientific and cultural influence writer Eduardo de la Barra scornfully called "the German bewitchment" ( Spanish : el embrujamiento alemán ). The Transylvanian and Bukovinian Romanians who were taken prisoners of war fought as the Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia , Romanian Legion of Siberia and Romanian Legion in Italy. Taking part in the Eastern Front as part of

7371-462: The war to the winning Allies, was signed by Ottoman Empire on 10 August 1920, but was never ratified by the Sultan. The occupation of Smyrna by Greece on 18 May 1919 triggered a nationalist movement to rescind the terms of the treaty. Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , a successful Ottoman commander, rejected the terms enforced at Sèvres and under the guise of General Inspector of

7462-485: The war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. Additionally, culture in the nations involved was greatly changed. World War I also had the effect of bringing political transformation to most of the principal parties involved in the conflict, transforming them into electoral democracies by bringing near- universal suffrage for

7553-589: The war. Overseas possessions such as British India and Nigeria also became increasingly assertive, because of their participation in the war. The populations in these countries became increasingly aware of their own power and Britain's fragility. In Ireland , the delaying of the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , which was enacted to resolve the Home Rule issue , later exacerbated by the Government's severe response to

7644-577: The war. As the German economy was dependent on imports, it is estimated that around half a million civilians had died. N. P. Howard, of the University of Sheffield , estimates that a quarter of a million excess deaths occurred in eight-month period following the conclusion of the conflict, 40% of which took place in November 1918, making for 474,085 excess deaths for the entire 1914–1919 period. The continuation of

7735-409: Was amalgamated into a joint administrative unit. Furthermore, new buildings were also built at the garage area. After Norrland Coastal Artillery Defence was disbanded, the area was managed by the Norrland Coast Naval Command. In 2000, most of the area was sold to Vasallen, but most of the buildings still house military units and staffs. The coat of arms of the Härnösand Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 5)

7826-474: Was continually in place, with some contemporary estimates that a further 100,000 casualties among German civilians due to starvation were caused, on top of the hundreds of thousands which already had occurred. Food shipments, furthermore, had been entirely dependent on Allied goodwill, causing at least in part the post-hostilities irregularity. After the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the signing of

7917-706: Was created in the spring of 1918, but this collapsed in May when the Georgians asked for and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance. Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full-fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks before defeating them at the Battle of Sardarabad . Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal ,

8008-529: Was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian-British task force in early 1919). With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917–18, the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance, which commenced in the early months of 1918. Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic

8099-593: Was never accepted by nationalists, although it was argued by some, such as German historian Fritz Fischer . The German government disseminated propaganda to further promote this idea, and funded the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War to this end. 132 billion gold marks ($ 31.5 billion, 6.6 billion pounds) were demanded from Germany in reparations, of which only 50 billion had to be paid. In order to finance

8190-456: Was to be indemnified by the reparations negotiated at Versailles. This financial imperative dominated France's foreign policy throughout the 1920s, leading to the 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr in order to force Germany to pay. However, Germany was unable to pay, and obtained support from the United States. Thus, the Dawes Plan was negotiated after Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré 's occupation of

8281-599: Was used by KA 5 from 1975 to 1994, by the Norrland kustartilleriförsvar med Härnösands kustartilleriregemente (NK/KA 5) from 1975 to 1994, by the Härnösands maringrupp med Härnösands kustartilleriregemente (HMG) from 1994 to 1997 and by the Härnösandsgruppen since 1997. Blazon : "Argent, the town badge of Härnösand , a beaver, a pike in the mouth, both sable. The shield surmounted two gunbarrels of older pattern in saltire above

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