69-466: Hänssler-Verlag is a German music publishing house founded in 1919 as Musikverlag Hänssler by Friedrich Hänssler Senior (died 1972) to publish church music. The company is now based in Holzgerlingen . Since 1972 Hänssler Verlag has also published contemporary and jazz music. Hänssler Classic (now written hänssler CLASSIC in the company's own materials), was founded 1975 by Friedrich Hänssler Jr., as
138-573: A student exchange program with the local high school in Holzgerlingen. In December 1996, the Schönbuchbahn (Schönbuch train line), which runs between Böblingen and the town of Dettenhausen, was brought back to Holzgerlingen after a long period of unused railroad tracks. The train line has three stops in the city. The train is also part of the Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund Stuttgart and is connected to
207-400: A long-term tactical and strategic problem. Historians disagree on the nature of the revolt and its causes, whether it grew out of the emerging religious controversy centered on Luther; whether a wealthy tier of peasants saw their own wealth and rights slipping away, and sought to weave them into the legal, social and religious fabric of society; or whether peasants objected to the emergence of
276-465: A middle course in the Peasants' War, by criticizing both the injustices imposed on the peasants, and the rashness of the peasants in fighting back. He also tended to support the centralization and urbanization of the economy. This position alienated the lesser nobles, but shored up his position with the burghers . Luther argued that work was the chief duty on earth; the duty of the peasants was farm labor and
345-681: A modernizing, centralizing nation state. One view is that the origins of the German Peasants' War lay partly in the unusual power dynamic caused by the agricultural and economic dynamism of the previous decades. Labor shortages in the last half of the 15th century had allowed peasants to sell their labor for a higher price; food and goods shortages had allowed them to sell their products for a higher price as well. Consequently, some peasants, particularly those who had limited allodial requirements, were able to accrue significant economic, social, and legal advantages. Peasants were more concerned to protect
414-457: A new world order fused with the political and social demands of the peasantry. In the final weeks of 1524 and the beginning of 1525, Müntzer travelled into southwest Germany, where the peasant armies were gathering. Here he would have had contact with some of their leaders, and it is argued that he also influenced the formulation of their demands. He spent several weeks in the Klettgau area, and there
483-490: A normal year, precipitation totals 49.68in (1262mm). The history of the settlement goes back to Neolithic times, and it is thought that the city was founded by Celts sometime in the period between 550 BC and 50 BC. Sometime around 100 AD, the Romans conquered the area around the city, although they were in turn overthrown by Alemannic tribes in the vicinity of 300 AD. In Germany, because many cities are extremely old and dating
552-562: A peasant wished to marry, he not only needed the lord's permission but had to pay a tax. When the peasant died, the lord was entitled to his best cattle, his best garments and his best tools. The justice system, operated by the clergy or wealthy burgher and patrician jurists, gave the peasant no redress. Generations of traditional servitude and the autonomous nature of the provinces limited peasant insurrections to local areas. The Swabian League fielded an army commanded by Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg , later known as "Bauernjörg" for his role in
621-510: A pillage master. The peasants possessed an important resource, the skills to build and maintain field works. They used the wagon fort effectively, a tactic that had been mastered in the Hussite Wars of the previous century. Wagons were chained together in a suitable defensive location, with cavalry and draft animals placed in the center. Peasants dug ditches around the outer edge of the fort and used timber to close gaps between and underneath
690-399: A supreme commander and a marshal ( schultheiss ), who maintained law and order. Other roles included lieutenants, captains, standard-bearers, master gunner, wagon-fort master, train master, four watch-masters, four sergeant-majors to arrange the order of battle, a weibel (sergeant) for each company, two quartermasters, farriers, quartermasters for the horses, a communications officer and
759-765: A watershed. The source of the Aich River is located in the southeast of Holzgerlingen, the Aich is flowing east and feeding the Neckar River at Nürtingen . The source of the Würm River is located west of the city on administrative area of Altdorf , the Würm is flowing westwards merging with the Nagold River and Enz River in Pforzheim . Holzgerlingen, like many cities in southern Germany, and
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#1733093742722828-697: Is a municipality in the German Federal State of Baden-Württemberg . It is located in district of Böblingen . Holzgerlingen, with its population of around 14,600, lies in a clearing in the Schönbuch , a large forest in the state of Baden-Württemberg and it is located between the Black Forest and the Swabian Jura . It is 6 km (3.7 mi) south of the city of Böblingen . The old city center lies about 475 m (1560 ft) above mean sea level on
897-588: Is inexact, a city's official history is considered to begin at the first time it is mentioned in writing. Holzgerlingen was first mentioned in the year 1007 in a history written by the Bishop of Bamberg during the reign of Henry II of the Holy Roman Empire . The city was in the possession of the Palatinate of Tübingen from approximately 1100 until 1348, when the city was sold to the state of Württemberg. The city
966-541: Is some evidence to suggest that he helped the peasants to formulate their grievances. While the famous Twelve Articles of the Swabian peasants were certainly not composed by Müntzer, at least one important supporting document, the Constitutional Draft , may well have originated with him. Returning to Saxony and Thuringia in early 1525, he assisted in the organisation of the various rebel groups there and ultimately led
1035-668: Is the home of the Holzgerlingen Twister , an American football team. The Holzgerlingen Twister met with considerable success in 2008 and 2009, and, having moved up two divisions in two years, began playing in the German Football League in the 2010 season. The Twister tied for second place in the GFL 2 Süd in 2011. The YMCA Holzgerlingen do Handball , Volleyball , Soccer , Dance , Fitness , Aerobic and natural sports in Halls and
1104-404: The gemein , or community assembly, which was symbolized by a ring. The gemein had its own leader ( schultheiss ), and a provost officer who policed the ranks and maintained order. The use of the landsknechte in the German Peasants' War reflects a period of change between traditional noble roles or responsibilities towards warfare and practice of buying mercenary armies, which became
1173-423: The landsknechts , the peasant bands used similar titles: Oberster feldhauptmann , or supreme commander, similar to a colonel , and lieutenants, or leutinger . Each company was commanded by a captain and had its own fähnrich , or ensign , who carried the company's standard (its ensign). The companies also had a sergeant or feldweibel , and squadron leaders called rottmeister , or masters of
1242-410: The rotte . Officers were usually elected, particularly the supreme commander and the leutinger . The peasant army was governed by a so-called ring , in which peasants gathered in a circle to debate tactics, troop movements, alliances, and the distribution of spoils. The ring was the decision-making body. In addition to this democratic construct, each band had a hierarchy of leaders including
1311-496: The Rhineland . The revolt was "suppressed by both Catholic and Lutheran princes who were satisfied to cooperate against a common danger". To the degree that other classes, such as the bourgeoisie , might gain from the centralization of the economy and the elimination of the lesser nobles' territorial controls on manufacture and trade, the princes might unite with the burghers on the issue. The innovations in military technology of
1380-480: The Stuttgart S-Bahn line S1 at Böblingen. The largest highway in Holzgerlingen is Bundesstraße ( Federal Highway ) B464, which connects Böblingen and Reutlingen . Holzgerlingen has a 700-seat civic and conference center, which also provides services such as an internet café and a nursing home. Holzgerlingen presides over its own modern school system, with elementary through high school provided all within
1449-565: The War of the Austrian Succession . In 1812 fifteen people from Holzgerlingen joined the troops of Napoleon for his war against Russia so their families would be guaranteed safety, but never returned. The first post office was constructed in 1865, and in 1907, the city was connected to the electric power grid. In 1945, during World War II , French troops burned down the city hall. It was rebuilt in 1950. The city obtained home-rule rights from
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#17330937427221518-570: The German government in 1993. The Protestant Reformation reached the city in 1534. In 1635, since then the town has been influenced by Protestantism . Source: Census results and Statistical office Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart Holzgerlingen's partner cities include Neuenhof , Switzerland , Niesky , in the German federal state of Sachsen , Jílové u Prahy , Czech Republic , and Crystal Lake, Illinois . Crystal Lake South High School and Crystal Lake Central High School participate every other year in
1587-487: The Late Medieval period began to render the lesser nobility (the knights ) militarily obsolete. The introduction of military science and the growing importance of gunpowder and infantry lessened the importance of heavy cavalry and of castles . Their luxurious lifestyle drained what little income they had as prices kept rising. They exercised their ancient rights in order to wring income from their territories. In
1656-464: The Reformation. Some of the poorer clergy sought to extend Luther's equalizing ideas to society at large. Many towns had privileges that exempted them from taxes, so that the bulk of taxation fell on the peasants. As the guilds grew and urban populations rose, the town patricians faced increasing opposition. The patricians consisted of wealthy families who sat alone in the town councils and held all
1725-503: The Schönbuch region particularly, possess a temperate climate with four distinct seasons . Throughout the year, minimal temperatures range from between 3 °F and 39 °F (−16 °C to 4 °C) during the night in January and February, the coldest months of the year, to between 65 °F and 93 °F (18 °C to 34 °C) during July and August afternoons. The wettest month of
1794-578: The Sportgelände Seebrücke YMCA. A museum of local history is located in Holzgerlingen. The city possesses a youth center which hosts youth-oriented events, such as midnight sports. German Peasants%27 War partly : Electors of Saxony Holy Roman Emperors Building Literature Theater Liturgies Hymnals Monuments Calendrical commemoration The German Peasants' War , Great Peasants' War or Great Peasants' Revolt ( German : Deutscher Bauernkrieg )
1863-462: The abuses of simony and pluralism (holding several offices at once) were rampant. Some bishops , archbishops , abbots and priors were as ruthless in exploiting their subjects as the regional princes. In addition to the sale of indulgences , they set up prayer houses and directly taxed the people. Increased indignation over church corruption had led the monk Martin Luther to post his 95 Theses on
1932-474: The administrative offices. Like the princes, they sought to secure revenues from their peasants by any possible means. Arbitrary road, bridge, and gate tolls were instituted at will. They gradually usurped the common lands and made it illegal for peasants to fish or to log wood from these lands. Guild taxes were exacted. No revenues collected were subject to formal administration, and civic accounts were neglected. Thus embezzlement and fraud became common, and
2001-455: The aristocrats to put down the rebels like mad dogs. The movement was also supported by Huldrych Zwingli , but the condemnation by Luther contributed to its defeat. While around 20 veterans of the war went on to become leading figures in the Anabaptist movement, James Stayer notes that "no large number of known Anabaptists can be identified by name as participants in the 1525 upheaveal". In
2070-549: The call of Luther of rebellion against the Church, two political uprisings responded, first, the one of lower nobility, headed by Franz von Sickingen in 1523, and then, the great peasant's war, in 1525; both were crushed, because, mainly, of the indecisiveness of the party having most interest in the fight, the urban bourgeoisie". (Foreword to the English edition of: 'From Utopy Socialism to Scientific Socialism', 1892) The plebeians comprised
2139-627: The central and eastern areas of Germany and present-day Austria . After the uprising in Germany was suppressed, it flared up briefly in several Swiss cantons . In mounting their insurrection, peasants faced insurmountable obstacles. The democratic nature of their movement left them without a command structure and they lacked artillery and cavalry. Most of them had little, if any, military experience. Their opposition had experienced military leaders, well-equipped and disciplined armies, and ample funding. The revolt incorporated some principles and rhetoric from
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2208-427: The clergy, who they felt had overstepped and failed to uphold their principles. They demanded an end to the clergy's special privileges such as their exemption from taxation, as well as a reduction in their numbers. The burgher-master (guild master, or artisan) now owned both his workshop and its tools, which he allowed his apprentices to use, and provided the materials that his workers needed. F. Engels cites: "To
2277-614: The company's in-house classical record label. The record label is one of the publishers of the classical radio station Südwestrundfunk (SWR) which has three orchestras, a choir and a big band. The label is also a partner with the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart , founded 1981 by Helmuth Rilling . In 2002 Hänssler became part of SCM ( de:Stiftung Christliche Medien ), an Evangelical Christian media foundation. Holzgerlingen Holzgerlingen ( German pronunciation: [hɔlt͡sˈɡɛʁlɪŋən] )
2346-424: The countryside looking for work or engaging in highway robbery. To be effective the cavalry needed to be mobile, and to avoid hostile forces armed with pikes . The peasant armies were organized in bands ( haufen ), similar to the landsknecht . Each haufen was organized into unterhaufen , or fähnlein and rotten . The bands varied in size, depending on the number of insurgents available in
2415-593: The doors of the Castle Church in Wittenberg , Germany, in 1517, as well as impelling other reformers to radically re-think church doctrine and organization. The clergy who did not follow Luther tended to be the aristocratic clergy, who opposed all change, including any break with the Roman Church. The poorer clergy, rural and urban itinerant preachers who were not well positioned in the church, were more likely to join
2484-552: The duty of the ruling classes was upholding the peace. He could not support the Peasant War because it broke the peace, an evil he thought greater than the evils the peasants were rebelling against. At the peak of the insurrection in 1525, his position shifted completely to support of the rulers of the secular principalities and their Roman Catholic allies. In Against the Robbing Murderous Hordes of Peasants he encouraged
2553-472: The emerging Protestant Reformation , through which the peasants sought influence and freedom. Some Radical Reformers , most famously Thomas Müntzer, instigated and supported the revolt. In contrast, Martin Luther and other Magisterial Reformers condemned it and sided with the aristocrats. In Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants , Luther condemned the violence as the devil's work and called for
2622-417: The equivalent of a half-company. At the beginning of the revolt the league members had trouble recruiting soldiers from among their own populations (particularly among peasant class) due to fear of them joining the rebels. As the rebellion expanded many nobles had trouble sending troops to the league armies because they had to combat rebel groups in their own lands. Another common problem regarding raising armies
2691-519: The framework of the empire, and several dozen others operated as semi-independent city-states . The princes of these dynasties were taxed by the Roman Catholic church. The princes stood to gain economically if they broke away from the Roman church and established a German church under their own control, which would then not be able to tax them as the Roman church did. Most German princes broke with Rome using
2760-519: The latter. By maintaining the remnants of the ancient law which legitimized their own rule, they not only elevated their wealth and position in the empire through the confiscation of all property and revenues, but increased their power over their peasant subjects. During the Knights' War the "knights", the lesser landholders of the Rhineland in western Germany, rose up in rebellion in 1522–1523. Their rhetoric
2829-537: The locality. Peasant haufen divided along territorial lines, whereas those of the landsknecht drew men from a variety of territories. Some bands could number about 4,000; others, such as the peasant force at Frankenhausen , could gather 8,000. The Alsatian peasants who took to the field at the Battle of Zabern (now Saverne ) numbered 18,000. Haufen were formed from companies, typically 500 men per company, subdivided into platoons of 10 to 15 peasants each. Like
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2898-417: The lowest stratum of society. In the early 16th century, no peasant could hunt, fish, or chop wood freely, as they previously had, because the lords had recently taken control of common lands. The lord had the right to use his peasants' land as he wished; the peasant could do nothing but watch as his crops were destroyed by wild game and by nobles galloping across his fields in the course of chivalric hunts. When
2967-676: The men served, others absorbed their workload. This sometimes meant producing supplies for their opponents, such as in the Archbishopric of Salzburg , where men worked to extract silver, which was used to hire fresh contingents of landsknechts for the Swabian League. However, the peasants lacked the Swabian League's cavalry, having few horses and little armour. They seem to have used their mounted men for reconnaissance. The lack of cavalry with which to protect their flanks, and with which to penetrate massed landsknecht squares, proved to be
3036-612: The moderate demands of the peasantry embodied in the Twelve Articles. His article Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants appeared in May 1525 just as the rebels were being defeated on the fields of battle. In this era of rapid change, modernizing princes tended to align with clergy burghers against the lesser nobility and peasants. Many rulers of Germany's various principalities functioned as autocratic rulers who recognized no other authority within their territories. Princes had
3105-453: The nationalistic slogan of "German money for a German church". Princes often attempted to force their freer peasants into serfdom by increasing taxes and introducing Roman civil law . Roman civil law advantaged princes who sought to consolidate their power because it brought all land into their personal ownership and eliminated the feudal concept of the land as a trust between lord and peasant that conferred rights as well as obligations on
3174-437: The new class of urban workers, journeymen, and peddlers. Ruined burghers also joined their ranks. Although technically potential burghers, most journeymen were barred from higher positions by the wealthy families who ran the guilds. Thus their "temporary" position devoid of civic rights tended to become permanent. The plebeians did not have property like ruined burghers or peasants. The heavily taxed peasantry continued to occupy
3243-556: The nobility and the rich, while others appealed to the masses. However, the clergy was beginning to lose its overwhelming intellectual authority. The progress of printing (especially of the Bible ) and the expansion of commerce raised literacy rates, according to Engels. Engels held that the Catholic monopoly on higher education was accordingly reduced. Over time, some Catholic institutions had slipped into corruption. Clerical ignorance and
3312-454: The nobility to swiftly and violently eliminate the rebelling peasants, stating,"[the peasants] must be sliced, choked, stabbed, secretly and publicly, by those who can, like one must kill a rabid dog." After the conclusion of the Peasants' War, he was criticized for his writings in support of the violent actions taken by the ruling class. He responded by writing an open letter to Caspar Muller , defending his position. However, he also stated that
3381-465: The nobles were too severe in suppression of the insurrection, despite having called for severe violence in his previous work. Luther has often been sharply criticized for his position. Thomas Müntzer was the most prominent radical reforming preacher who supported the demands of the peasantry, including political and legal rights. Müntzer's theology had been developed against a background of social upheaval and widespread religious doubt, and his call for
3450-489: The norm throughout the 16th century. The league relied on the armored cavalry of the nobility for the bulk of its strength; the league had both heavy cavalry and light cavalry, ( rennfahne ), which served as a vanguard. Typically, the rehnnfahne were the second and third sons of poor knights, the lower and sometimes impoverished nobility with small land-holdings, or, in the case of second and third sons, no inheritance or social role. These men could often be found roaming
3519-414: The north of Germany many of the lesser nobles had already been subordinated to secular and ecclesiastical lords. Thus, their dominance over serfs was more restricted. However, in the south of Germany their powers were more intact. Accordingly, the harshness of the lesser nobles' treatment of the peasantry provided the immediate cause of the uprising. The fact that this treatment was worse in the south than in
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#17330937427223588-405: The north was the reason that the war began in the south. The knights became embittered as their status and income fell and they came increasingly under the jurisdiction of the princes, putting the two groups in constant conflict. The knights also regarded the clergy as arrogant and superfluous, while envying their privileges and wealth. In addition, the knights' relationships with the patricians in
3657-457: The patrician class, bound by family ties, became wealthier and more powerful. The town patricians were increasingly criticized by the growing burgher class, which consisted of well-to-do middle-class citizens who held administrative guild positions or worked as merchants. They demanded town assemblies made up of both patricians and burghers, or at least a restriction on simony and the allocation of council seats to burghers. The burghers also opposed
3726-436: The preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars , the war consisted of a series of both economic and religious revolts involving peasants and farmers, sometimes supported by radical clergy like Thomas Müntzer . The fighting was at its height in the middle of 1525. The war began with separate insurrections, beginning in the southwestern part of what is now Germany and Alsace , and spread in subsequent insurrections to
3795-402: The rebel army in the ill-fated Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525. Müntzer's role in the Peasants' War has been the subject of considerable controversy, some arguing that he had no influence at all, others that he was the sole inspirer of the uprising. To judge from his writings of 1523 and 1524, it was by no means inevitable that Müntzer would take the road of social revolution. However, it
3864-482: The right to levy taxes and borrow money as they saw fit. The growing costs of administration and military upkeep impelled them to keep raising demands on their subjects. The princes also worked to centralize power in the towns and estates. Accordingly, princes tended to gain economically from the ruination of the lesser nobility, by acquiring their estates. This ignited the Knights' War that occurred from 1522 through 1523 in
3933-400: The same city, including seven Kindergartens and a boarding school for the mentally and physically challenged. Also, the city library offers free internet access to residents. In the city of Holzgerlingen, there is a stadium complex with both natural and artificial soccer and American football fields, four sport halls, and a spacious public swimming complex with multiple pools. Holzgerlingen
4002-624: The sixteenth century, many parts of Europe had common political links within the Holy Roman Empire , a decentralized entity in which the Holy Roman Emperor himself had little authority outside of his own dynastic lands, which covered only a small fraction of the whole. At the time of the Peasants' War, Charles V , King of Spain, held the position of Holy Roman Emperor (elected in June 1519). Aristocratic dynasties ruled hundreds of largely independent territories (both secular and ecclesiastical) within
4071-403: The social, economic and legal gains they had made than about seeking further gains. Their attempt to break new ground was primarily seeking to increase their liberty by changing their status from serfs , such as the infamous moment when the peasants of Mühlhausen refused to collect snail shells around which their lady could wind her thread. The renewal of the signeurial system had weakened in
4140-543: The suppression of the revolt. He was also known as the "Scourge of the Peasants". The league headquarters was in Ulm , and command was exercised through a war council which decided the troop contingents to be levied from each member. Depending on their capability, members contributed a specific number of mounted knights and foot soldiers, called a contingent, to the league's army. The Bishop of Augsburg, for example, had to contribute 10 horse (mounted) and 62 foot soldiers, which would be
4209-517: The towns was strained by the debts owed by the knights. At odds with other classes in Germany, the lesser nobility was the least disposed to the changes. They and the clergy paid no taxes and often supported their local prince. The clergy in 1525 were the intellectuals of their time. Not only were they literate in Latin, but in the Middle Ages they had produced most books. Some clergy were supported by
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#17330937427224278-577: The wagons. In the Hussite Wars, artillery was usually placed in the center on raised mounds of earth that allowed them to fire over the wagons. Wagon forts could be erected and dismantled quickly. They were quite mobile, but they also had drawbacks: they required a fairly large area of flat terrain and they were not ideal for offense. Since their earlier use, artillery had increased in range and power. Peasants served in rotation, sometimes for one week in four, and returned to their villages after service. While
4347-612: The year is November, when frequent storm systems blowing in off of both the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . During November, 5.00in (127 mm) of precipitation falls, mostly as rain. Snow does fall in the region, but because daytime temperatures even in Winter are frequently above 32 °F (0 °C), long-lasting snow cover is unusual. The driest month of the year is September, when only 2.95in (75 mm) of precipitation occurs. In
4416-541: Was a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525. It was Europe's largest and most widespread popular uprising before the French Revolution of 1789. The revolt failed because of intense opposition from the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers. The survivors were fined and achieved few, if any, of their goals. Like
4485-455: Was composed of smaller units of 10 to 12 men, known as rotte . The landsknechte clothed, armed and fed themselves, and were accompanied by a sizable train of sutlers , bakers, washerwomen, prostitutes and sundry individuals with occupations needed to sustain the force. Trains ( tross ) were sometimes larger than the fighting force, but they required organization and discipline. Each landsknecht maintained its own structure, called
4554-551: Was deeply affected by the German Peasants' War , a popular revolt which took place in 1525. The Protestant Reformation reached the city in 1534, and the city has remained Lutheran ever since. In 1735, during the War of the Polish Succession , Russian troops were quartered in the city as they marched on France . Just eight years later, in 1743, the city was used to quarter troops for Franz Freiherr von der Trenck during
4623-468: Was precisely on this same theological foundation that Müntzer's ideas briefly coincided with the aspirations of the peasants and plebeians of 1525: viewing the uprising as an apocalyptic act of God, he stepped up as 'God's Servant against the Godless' and took his position as leader of the rebels. Luther and Müntzer took every opportunity to attack each other's ideas and actions. Luther himself declared against
4692-418: Was religious, and several leaders expressed Luther's ideas on the split with Rome and the new German church. However, the Knights' War was not fundamentally religious. It was conservative in nature and sought to preserve the feudal order. The knights revolted against the new money order, which was squeezing them out of existence. Martin Luther , the dominant leader of the Reformation in Germany, initially took
4761-580: Was that while nobles were obligated to provide troops to a member of the league, they also had other obligations to other lords. These conditions created problems and confusion for the nobles as they tried to gather together forces large enough to put down the revolts. Foot soldiers were drawn from the ranks of the landsknechte . These were mercenaries , usually paid a monthly wage of four guilders, and organized into regiments ( haufen ) and companies ( fähnlein or little flag) of 120–300 men, which distinguished it from others. Each company, in turn,
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