The Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute (later the Göring Institute ) was founded in 1920 to further the science of psychoanalysis in Berlin . Its founding members included Karl Abraham and Max Eitingon . The scientists at the institute furthered Sigmund Freud 's work but also challenged many of his ideas.
24-660: The Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute grew from the Psychoanalytic Polyclinic ( psychoanalytische Poliklinik ) founded in February 1920. The Polyclinic allowed access to psychoanalysis by low-income patients. Only some 10% of its income came from patients' fees; the rest was provided personally by Max Eitingon. It introduced the three-column, or "Eitingon", model for the training of analysts (theoretical courses, personal analysis, first patients under supervision), which
48-852: A cerebral thrombosis . On Freud's advice, Eitingon left Germany in September 1933 and emigrated to Palestine. In 1934 he founded the Palestine Psychoanalytic Association in Jerusalem . However, despite Freud's recommendation, he did not manage to gain a chair in psychoanalysis at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Max Eitingon was described in several books as an important figure in a group of Soviet agents who conducted assassinations in Europe and Mexico, including murders of Ignace Reiss , General Yevgeny Miller , and Lev Sedov . The story
72-451: A biennial Congress. There is a Regional Organisation for each of the IPA's three regions: Each of these three bodies consists of Constituent Organisations and Study Groups that are part of that IPA region. The IPA has a close working relationship with each of these independent organisations, but they are not officially or legally part of the IPA. The IPA's members qualify for membership by being
96-501: A few men there after release from a concentration camp. John Rittmeister , a physician and psychoanalyst associated with the institute, as well as resistance fighter against Nazism , was sentenced to death and executed in May 1943. International Psychoanalytic Association The International Psychoanalytical Association ( IPA ) is an association including 12,000 psychoanalysts as members and works with 70 constituent organizations. It
120-428: A member of a "constituent organisation" (or the sole regional association). Constituent Organisations "Study Groups" are bodies of analysts which have not yet developed sufficiently to be a freestanding society, but that is their aim. "Allied Centres" are groups of people with an interest in psychoanalysis, in places where there are not already societies or study groups. The first 23 Congresses of IPA did not have
144-607: A number of years; fourteen non-Jewish German psychoanalysts continued to operate within the new Institute. The one remaining copy of Freud's works was kept in a locked cupboard referred to as the "poison cabinet". The institute offered treatment to men for homosexual tendencies when they were referred by the Hitler Youth and other Nazi organizations. By, it 1938 claimed to have changed the sexual orientation in 341 of 500 patients and by 1944 claimed over 500 cures. The institute also intervened to reduce sentences in some cases. The SS sent
168-533: A specific theme. In 1975, Erich Fromm questioned this organization and found that the psychoanalytic association was "organized according to standards rather dictatorial". In 1999, Elisabeth Roudinesco noted that the IPA's attempts to professionalize psychoanalysis had become "a machine to manufacture significance". She also said that in France, "Lacanian colleagues looked upon the IPA as bureaucrats who had betrayed psychoanalysis in favour of an adaptive psychology in
192-555: Is mostly due to Lacan's ideas and their perspectives regarding the training. Among Roudinesco's other criticisms was her reference to " homophobia " in the IPA, considered a "disgrace of psychoanalysis. According to psychiatrist Albert Le Dorze, the association is homophobic. The archive of the International Psychoanalytical Association is held at Wellcome Collection (ref no: SA/IPA ). Max Eitingon Max Eitingon (26 June 1881 – 30 July 1943)
216-540: The Vienna Psychoanalytical Society . In 1907 Jones suggested to Jung that an international meeting should be arranged. Freud welcomed the proposal. The meeting took place in Salzburg on April 27, 1908. Jung named it the "First Congress for Freudian Psychology". It is later reckoned to be the first International Psychoanalytical Congress. Even so, the IPA had not yet been founded. The IPA was established at
240-580: The neo-Kantian Hermann Cohen — before studying medicine at the University of Leipzig in 1902. Before completing his dissertation, Eitingon worked as an intern at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital in Zurich , directed by Eugen Bleuler since 1898, where Carl Jung had been working since 1900. In 1907 Eitingon was sent by Bleuler to meet Freud , and in 1908-9 underwent five weeks of analysis with Freud: "This
264-594: The 1925 Bad Homburg Congress, Eitingon proposed that the Berlin system of psychoanalytic training should be made an international standard under an International Training Commission. Eitingon was appointed president of the ITC, and kept the position until his death in 1943. After the family business suffered in the US Great Depression , Eitingon was forced for the first time to take a patient to earn his living. In 1932 he had
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#1732837534585288-710: The International Training Committee (1925-1943), and founder of the Palestine Psychoanalytic Society (1934) and of the Psychoanalytic Institute of Israel. Eitingon was born to a wealthy Lithuanian Jewish family in Mohilev , Imperial Russia , the son of a successful fur trader Chaim Eitingon. When he was twelve the family moved to Leipzig . He studied at private school and at universities in Halle, Heidelberg, and Marburg — studying philosophy under
312-566: The heir of the Berlin Institute; even the furniture from the Berlin Institute ended up in Jerusalem. On 23 August 1933, Sigmund Freud wrote to Ernest Jones , "Berlin is lost". Edith Jacobson was arrested by the Nazis in 1935; one of her patients was a known Communist. Felix Boehm [ de ] , who with fellow non-Jew Carl Müller-Braunschweig [ de ] had taken control of
336-472: The institute after Eitingon's departure, refused to intervene on Jacobson's behalf, on the grounds that by associating herself with Communism she had endangered the institute's survival. In 1936 the institute was annexed to the "Deutsches Institut für psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie e.v." (the so-called Göring Institute ). Its director Matthias Göring was a cousin of Field Marshal Hermann Göring . Göring, Boehm and Müller-Braunschweig collaborated for
360-663: The many psychoanalysts who worked at the institute. As a Jew , Eitingon's position became precarious after the Nazi ascent to power in 1933. Freud's books were burned in Berlin. By then, some members had already left Berlin for the United States. Eitingon resigned in August 1933; he later moved to Palestine and founded the Palestine Psychoanalytic Association in 1934 in Jerusalem . The Palestine Association saw itself as
384-678: The next Congress held at Nuremberg in March 1910. Its first President was Carl Jung , and its first Secretary was Otto Rank . Sigmund Freud considered an international organization to be essential to advance his ideas. In 1914 Freud published a paper entitled The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement . The IPA is the international accrediting and regulatory body for member organisations. The IPA's aims include creating new psychoanalytic groups, conducting research, developing training policies and establishing links with other bodies. It organizes
408-480: The service of triumphant capitalism". She wrote of the "IPA['s] Legitimist Freudianism, as mistakenly called "orthodox" ". On the other hand, most criticisms laid against the IPA tend to come from a 1950s Lacanian point of view, unaware of recent developments, and of the variety of schools and training models within the association in recent decades. One of the three training models in the IPA (the French Model),
432-544: The war, he was invited by Freud to join the secret Psychoanalytic Committee. Eitingon financed the building of a polyclinic, using Freud's son Ernst Freud as architect. Eitingon, Karl Abraham and Ernst Simmel ran the clinic until the rise of Nazism in 1933. At the Budapest Congress in 1918, Hermann Nunberg had "declared that no one could any longer learn to practice psychoanalysis without having been analyzed himself": as Eitingon's 1922 report made clear, this rule
456-679: Was a German medical doctor and psychoanalyst, instrumental in establishing the institutional parameters of psychoanalytic education and training. Eitingon was cofounder and president from 1920 to 1933 of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Polyclinic . He was also director and patron of the Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag (1921-1930), president of the International Psychoanalytic Association (1927-1933), founder and president of
480-546: Was formalized in the practice of the Polyclinic: We are all firmly convinced that henceforth no one who has not been analyzed must aspire to the rank of practising analyst. It follows that the analysis of a student himself is an essential part of the curriculum and takes place at the Poliklinik in the second half of the training period, after a time of intensive theoretical preparation by lectures and courses of instruction. At
504-489: Was founded in 1910 by Sigmund Freud , from an idea proposed by Sándor Ferenczi . In 1902 Sigmund Freud started to meet every week with colleagues to discuss his work, thus establishing the Psychological Wednesday Society . By 1908 there were 14 regular members and some guests including Max Eitingon , Carl Jung , Karl Abraham , and Ernest Jones , all future Presidents of the IPA. The Society became
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#1732837534585528-550: Was indeed the first training analysis!" He completed his dissertation, Effect of an epileptic attack on mental associations , with Carl Jung 's help, and settled in Berlin . In 1913 he married Mirra Jacovleina Raigorodsky, an actress with the Moscow Art Theater . During World War I Eitingon became an Austrian citizen, joining the army as a doctor and using hypnosis to treat soldiers with war trauma . Settling in Berlin after
552-467: Was later adopted by most other training centers. In 1925, Eitingon became chair of the new International Training Committee of the International Psychoanalytic Association . The Eitingon model remains standard today. The Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute itself was founded in 1923. Ernst Simmel , Hanns Sachs , Franz Alexander , Sándor Radó , Karen Horney , Siegfried Bernfeld , Otto Fenichel , Theodor Reik , Wilhelm Reich and Melanie Klein were among
576-488: Was revived in the New York Times Book Review by Stephen Suleyman Schwartz , which resulted in a lengthy discussion between Schwartz, historians who wrote the books, and others who disputed the involvement of Eitingon in the team, such as Theodore Draper and Walter Laqueur . The discussion was concluded by Robert Conquest who noted that although there is no direct proof of involvement of Max Eitingon in
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