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40-624: The Colli Piacentini region was once considered part of the Piedmont wine region . To the northwest is the Lombardy wine region of Oltrepò Pavese and, like Oltrepò Pavese, the wine industry of the Colli Piacentini has had strong historical ties to the wine markets of Milan . The region produces over 17 different wines ranging from Vin Santo dessert wines to slightly sparkling frizzante wines. While

80-624: A few months after harvest. One producer in the Colli Piacentini even produces rare sweet fully sparkling Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot . In a manner that is fairly unusual in Old World wine regions, a few wines in the Colli Piacentini can be varietally labeled with the grape's name appearing on the front of the wine label. This privilege is restricted to only a few grape varieties namely Barbera , Croatina , Cabernet Sauvignon , Pinot nero , Chardonnay , Malvasia , Ortrugo , Pinot grigio and Sauvignon blanc . In order to qualify for this permission,

120-455: A majority of the grapes might all come from the same vintage year. The wines are typically at their peak between 1 and 2 years from their release. The Barbera grape is the most widely planted variety in all of the Piedmont and makes a juicy, muscular red wine that is not as tannic as Barolo and Barbaresco. It is grown in nearly every major wine making region of the Piedmont but seems to do best in

160-450: A pivotal role. The famous Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi was a winemaker who in the 1850s introduced the use of the Bordeaux mixture to control the spread of oidium that was starting to ravage the area's vineyards. Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour was a wealthy vineyard owner who went abroad to study advance viticulture prior to founding the political newspaper Il Risorgimento . He

200-430: A wine must be composed of at least 85% of the grape that is to appear on the label. An exception is the local grape Ortrugo which must compose at least 90% of the wine. Among the other grape varieties grown in the Colli Piacentini, which can not be varietally labeled, are Trebbiano Romagnolo , Bervedino , Verdeca and Moscato bianco . Piedmont wine region Piedmont wine is the range of Italian wines made in

240-440: A zinc aquo complex , which captures carbon dioxide to give a zinc bicarbonate: In reinforced concrete , the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide In the air and calcium hydroxide and hydrated calcium silicate in the concrete is known as neutralisation . The similar reaction in which calcium hydroxide from cement reacts with carbon dioxide and forms insoluble calcium carbonate is carbonatation . Carbonation of ammonia

280-402: Is common. Metal hydroxides (MOH) and metal oxides (M'O) react with CO 2 to give bicarbonates and carbonates : In mammalian physiology, transport of carbon dioxide to the lungs involves a carbonation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase . In the absence of such catalysts, carbon dioxide cannot be expelled sufficient rate to support metabolic needs. The enzyme harbors

320-452: Is made from the Moscato grape. The majority of the area's winemaking take places in the provinces of Cuneo , Asti and Alessandria . The Brachetto is another variety used for making sweet and sparkling red wines. While Turin is the capital of the Piedmont, Alba and Asti are at the heart of the region's wine industry. The winemaking industry of the Piedmont played a significant role in

360-470: Is one step in the industrial production of urea :In 2020, worldwide production capacity was approximately 180 million tonnes. As a fertilizer, it is a source of nitrogen for plants. Urea production plants are almost always located adjacent to the site where the ammonia is manufactured. In the subsequent urea conversion: the ammonium carbamate is decomposed into urea, releasing water: Henry's law states that P CO 2 =K B x CO 2 where P CO 2

400-532: Is the most widely planted grape in the region, but Nebbiolo and Dolcetto account for a significant portion of the area's red wine production as well. With white wines, Moscato is the most prominent with its sparkling and frizzante style wines. Other notable white wines include styles made from the Cortese grape in Gavi as well as blends of Cortese with Arneis and Favorita from Colli Tortonesi and Alto Monferrato . Since

440-427: Is the partial pressure of CO 2 gas above the solution. K B is Henry's law constant. K B increases as temperature increases. x CO 2 is the mole fraction of CO 2 gas in the solution. According to Henry's law carbonation increases in a solution as temperature decreases. Since carbonation is the process of giving compounds like carbonic acid (liq) from CO 2 (gas) {i.e. making liquid from gasses} thus

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480-563: The 1980s there has been growing numbers of experimental plantings with the international varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon , Chardonnay , Merlot , Pinot noir , Sauvignon blanc and Syrah . Other local or indigenous grapes include Baratuciat , Bonarda , Croatina , Erbaluce , Freisa , Gamba di Pernice , Grignolino , Grisa nera , Malvasia nera , Pelaverga , Plassa , Rossese bianco , Timorasso , Uvalino , Uva Rara and Vespolina . The Piedmont produces more DOCG wines by volume than any other Italian wine region with nearly 84% of all

520-638: The Barbera and Dolcetto grape respectively. In 1980, the wines of the Barolo region became one of the first Italian wines to receive DOCG status. Produced to the southwest of the town of Alba in the hills of the Langhe, Barolo is a big, tannic expression of the Nebbiolo grape. The soil of this area is a composition of clay and marl which helps to lessen the naturally high acidity of Nebbiolo. The Tanaro river flows through

560-550: The Barbera grape is often fruity, with high acidity. It can be delicate with less tannin than wine made from the Nebbiolo grape. Dolcetto on the other side, is not, as the name indicates, sweet. Dolcetto means "little sweet one" ( dolce is the Italian word for "sweet"). The grape gives fresh and dry red wines with some tannin. The wines made with the Dolcetto grape are typically consumed relatively young. The sparkling wine Asti spumante

600-659: The Central Valley of La Morra and Barolo tend to be very perfumed and velvety with less tannins than other Barolos. The soil of the Central Valley itself is more clay based with increased levels of magnesium oxide and manganese . The wines from the Serralunga Valley are more full bodied and tannic and require aging of 12–15 years before they hit their peak. The soil of the Serralunga is heavy in sand , iron , limestone , phosphorus and potassium . Being produced from

640-501: The Colli Piacentini are a number of sub-regions that are allowed to affix their own DOCs to the wine label . The most famous of these is the Gutturnio DOC, with a wine made predominantly from Barbera , which is the only main sub-region dedicated to red wine production. The other sub-regions are white wine DOCs, including Trebbianino Val Trebbia, which despite its similar-sounding name, is not made predominantly from Trebbiano but rather

680-713: The Piedmontese winegrowers at the meeting of the Agricultural Congress at Casale Monferrato where he assailed the Austrian oppression. By 1848, Piedmont was at war with Austria in one of the early events that eventually led to the unification of the Italian peninsula under the rule of Charles Albert's son Victor Emmanuel . The Piedmont region is located in the foothills of the Alps forming its border with France and Switzerland . To

720-457: The Roman statesman Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (father-in-law to Julius Caesar), was publicly criticized by his political rival Marcus Tullius Cicero for "excessively enjoying" or honoring the wines from the area. Calpurnius Piso's affinity for the wines of the Colli Piacentini may have stemmed from the fact that he himself grew grapes and produced wine in the area. In Roman times, the wine from

760-513: The area was traditionally drunk from a gutturnium —a round jug with two parallel lines of decoration on the outside. The vessel eventually gave its name to the modern Colli Piacentini wine of Gutturnio. During the Middle Ages , wine from the Colli Piacentini had a favorable reputation and was even being exported to France . In the late 14th century, local officials instituted a series of regulations on winemaking and grape growing aimed at reducing

800-491: The areas wine production falling under a DOCG designation. The area has no indicazione geografica tipica (IGT) classification, in contrast to Tuscany where IGT wines or Super Tuscans make up a significant portion of that region's wine production. Some varietal style wines are made in the Piedmont region with the name of the grape and town both appearing on the label. Some DOC examples include Barbera d'Alba , Barbera d'Asti , and Dolcetto di Dogliani made entirely from

840-533: The cooler sites are planted with Dolcetto or Moscato . The majority of the region's winemaking (about 90%) takes place in the southern part of Piedmont around the towns of Alba (in Cuneo ), Asti and Alessandria . The Piemonte wine region is divided into five broad zones. The Piedmont region is home to 41 denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) and 19 denominazione di origine controllata e garantita (DOCG). The 19 DOCG wines in Piedmont are: Barbera

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880-440: The earliest mention of Piedmontese wines occurred in the 14th century when the Italian agricultural writer Pietro de Crescentius wrote his Liber Ruralium Commodorum . He noted the efforts of the Piedmontese to make "Greek style" sweet wines by twisting the stems of the grapes clusters and letting them hang longer on the vine to dry out. He also noted the changes with trellising in the region with more vines being staked close to

920-536: The early stages of the Risorgimento with some of the era's most prominent figures – such as Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi  – owning vineyards in Piedmont region and making significant contributions to the development of Piedmontese wines. The excessively high tariffs imposed by the Austrian Empire on the export of Piedmontese wines to Austrian controlled areas of northern Italy

960-699: The every day drinking wines of the Piedmontese. Up until the 1980s, when the wines of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia began to receive notice, the white wines of the Gavi region were touted as the best expression of dry Italian wine. Made primarily from the Cortese grape, these wines are noted for their dry, crisp acidity with citrus and mineral notes. The white wines made from the Arneis grape tend to be dry, vibrant and full body with notes of pears and apricots . Produced in

1000-406: The grounds rather than cultivated high among trees in the manner more common to Italian viticulture at the time. In the 17th century, the court jeweller of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy earned broad renown for his pale red Chiaretto made entirely from the Nebbiolo grape. During the Risorgimento (Italian unification) of the 19th century, many Piemontese winemakers and land owners played

1040-465: The heart of Barolo country and serves as a tempering influence on the region's summertime heat till harvest time in late October/mid November. A small wine region, extending over 7 miles in length and 5 miles at its widest point, Barolo produces about 500,000 cases of wine annually. Nearly 87% of the zone productions comes from vineyards in five communities: Barolo , Castiglione Falletto , La Morra , Monforte d'Alba , and Serralunga d'Alba . Wines from

1080-468: The hills of the Roero to the northwest of Alba, the name Arneis means "rascal" in Piedmontese. Carbonation Carbonation is the chemical reaction of carbon dioxide to give carbonates , bicarbonates , and carbonic acid . In chemistry , the term is sometimes used in place of carboxylation , which refers to the formation of carboxylic acids . In inorganic chemistry and geology , carbonation

1120-609: The northwest is the Valle d'Aosta , to the east is the province of Lombardy with the Liguria region forming its southern border along the Apennines . In addition to the vast mountainous terrain, the Po Valley consumes a large area of available land-leaving only 30% of the region suitable for vineyard plantings. The valley and the mountains do contribute to the area's noted fog cover which aides in

1160-872: The obscure local grape Ortruga , though up to 30% of the specific clonal variety of Trebbiano Romagnolo can be blended in. The two other white wine DOCs are Val Nur and Monterosso Val d'Arda. A wide range of grape varieties and wine styles are produced in the Colli Piacentini. In addition to red and white wines, rosé rosato styles are produced. The sweetness level of the wines can range from bone dry asciutto , very dry amaro , dry secco , slightly sweet abboccato , sweet amabile , medium-sweet pastoso to very sweet dolce . The wines can also vary widely in their degree of carbonation or "sparkling", ranging from still, very lightly sparkling frizzantino , slightly sparkling frizzante to fully sparkling spumante . A Vin Santo style wine can be made from dried grapes as well as young novello or " nouveau wines " released only

1200-540: The potential for wine fraud and maintaining standards of quality. In the 16th century, the official cellar master to Pope Paul III praised the wine for its quality in his writings on the wines of the world. The Colli Piacentini DOC covers 9,000 acres (3,600 hectares) of hilly terrain in what was historically part of the Emilia province . The DOC is flanked to the east by the Autostrada A1 connecting Milan to Naples and to

1240-419: The practice of labeling wines by varietal is more often associated with New World wines , winemakers in the Colli Piacentini are permitted by DOC regulations to label some of their wines by varietal. The Piacenza hills have a long tradition of viticulture. Archeological excavation of sites in the area has uncovered fossilized vine roots and grape seeds dating from 700 to 2000 BC. During the classical period ,

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1280-580: The region of Piedmont , in the northwestern corner of Italy . The best-known wines from the region include Barolo and Barbaresco . They are made from the Nebbiolo grape. These wines are ideal for storage and a well-aged Barolo for instance may leave a feeling of drinking velvet because the tannins are polished and integrated more and more into the wine. As the wine matures the colour becomes more brownish and rust-red. Other popular grapes used for red wine production are Barbera and Dolcetto . Wine made with

1320-634: The ripening of the Nebbiolo ( "Nebieu" ) grape (which gets its name from the Piedmontese word nebia meaning "fog"). Although the winemaking regions of the Piedmont and Bordeaux are very close in latitude , only the summertime temperatures are similar: the Piedmont wine region has a colder, continental winter climate , and significantly lower rainfall due to the rain shadow effect of the Alps. Vineyards are typically planted on hillsides altitudes between 490–1150 ft (150-400 metre). The warmer south facing slopes are mainly used for Nebbiolo or Barbera while

1360-487: The same grape as Barolo and less than 10 miles apart, there are a lot of similarities that Barbaresco has with it neighboring wines but the slight maritime influence of the Tanaro river helps fashion distinctly different wines. Generally less tannic, Barbaresco tend to be more elegant and approachable in their youth. The Barbaresco DOCG regulation stipulates wines with minimum alcohol content of 12.5% and 2 years minimum aging in

1400-521: The southern part of the province of Asti in the Nizza DOCG zone. Some producers are experimenting with blending Barbera with Nebbiolo to combine the former's fruitiness with the later's structure. The light fruitiness of wines from the Dolcetto grape has caused some wine writers to describe it as the Italian version of Beaujolais . The wines have a sense of spiciness to them with little acid and tannins. They are able to be drunk relatively young and tend to be

1440-558: The west/northwest by Liguria , Lombardy , and Piedmont . To the southeast is the Colli di Parma DOC centered on the city of Parma . Many of the vineyards of the Colli Piacentini are planted on the rolling hills leading up to the northern slopes of the Apennine Mountains . The vineyard soils are composed of a mix of clay , marl , sand and sandstone from the Pliocene epoch. Within

1480-469: The winery for standard labels and 4 years minimum for riservas wines. Being an even smaller zone than Barolo, producers in the region produce a little more than 200,000 cases annually. The majority of Barbaresco production takes place in 3 communities: Barbaresco , Treiso and Neive . The soils in the Barbaresco zone are more uniform across the region which tends to produce a more consistent profile with

1520-609: The wines than what can be achieved across the widely different areas of Barolo. The white wines made from the Moscato Bianco (also known as Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains ) are most noted for their frizzante and sparkling spumante styles but some still wines are produced as well. Located northeast of Alba, the wines from the Asti region are known for their delicate light bodies, low alcohol content and slightly sweet nature. Like many sparkling wines, Asti are not vintage dated even though

1560-608: Was highly influential in the adoption of many French viticultural techniques among the Piemontese vineyards. One of the early sparks of the Italian revolts against Austria was the act of the Austrian government to double the tariffs of Piemontese wines into the Austrian control lands of Lombardy , Emilia and the Veneto . This had a crippling effect on the Piemontese wine industry, essentially cutting them off from their main export market. In 1846, King Charles Albert of Sardinia spoke to

1600-578: Was one of the underlying sparks to the revolutions of 1848–1849. As in most of Italy , native vines are abundant in the land that the Ancient Greeks called Oenotrua (meaning "land of vines") and was subsequently cultivated by the Romans . With its close proximity, France has been a significant viticultural influence on the region, particularly Burgundy , which is evident today in the varietal styles of most Piedmontese wines with very little blending. One of

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