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139-410: The removal of internal organs is a typical operation in meat processing also known as dressing . Land animals and birds are typically killed and bled before the dressing. The process of dressing includes the removal of heart, liver and lungs ( pluck ) as well as disembowelment by an abdominal cut. Disembowelment is typically accompanied by bung dropping or bunging . Bung dropping is the circumcision of

278-601: A guillotine -like device known as a Fallbeil ("falling axe") since the 17th and 18th centuries, and decapitation by guillotine was the usual means of execution in Germany until the abolition of the death penalty in West Germany in 1949. It was last used in communist East Germany in 1966. In Nazi Germany , the Fallbeil was reserved for common criminals and people convicted of political crimes , including treason . Members of

417-577: A pearl barley soup (not to be confused with a vodka brand of the same name). Other offal-based soups, less popular today, are Polish blood soup ( czernina ) and tail soup ( zupa ogonowa ), based on a cooked beef tail. Pork or beef liver is often consumed sautéed or grilled with onions; liver is also used as one of the ingredients for stuffing baked whole duck or other poultry, or a piglet. Pâtés containing liver are popular. Pork, beef or veal kidneys, known in Polish as cynadry , are typically braised and eaten as

556-405: A sheep 's head. The skin and fleece of the head is torched, the brain is removed, and the head is salted, sometimes smoked, and dried. The head is boiled for about three hours and served with mashed rutabaga /swede and potatoes . The ear and eye (half of a head is one serving) are normally eaten first, as they are the fattiest area and must be eaten warm. The head is often eaten from the front to

695-501: A 15th-century Acolhuan ruler of Texcoco , a member of the Aztec Triple Alliance (now Mexico ), promulgated a law code that was partially preserved. Those who had engaged in the passive role of homosexual anal intercourse had their intestines pulled out, then their bodies were filled with ash, and finally, were burnt. The active or penetrating partner was simply suffocated in a heap of ash . In Japan , disembowelment played

834-439: A Christmas delicacy for enthusiasts. Syltelabb is usually sold cooked and salted. Liver pâté ( leverpostei ) and patéd lung ( lungemos ) are common dishes, as are head cheese ( sylte ) and blood pudding ( blodklubb ). Fish roe and liver are also central to several Norwegian dishes, such as mølje . In Denmark , a version of liver pâté known as leverpostej and used as a spread (often in an open sandwich on rye bread )

973-608: A UN report from Congolese refugees, they believed the Bana Mura and Kamuina Nsapu militias have "magical powers" as a result of drinking the blood of decapitated victims, making them invincible. Besides the massive decapitations (like the beheading of 40 members of the State Police), a globally notorious case happened in March 2017 to Swedish politician Zaida Catalán and American UN expert Michael Sharp, who were kidnapped and executed during

1112-436: A bung dropper is inserted into the rectum to loosen it from the carcass by circumcising with a sharp rotating cylinder. Belly opener is a device for performing the abdominal cut. Some types of animal mummification include evisceration. The process of embalming sometimes includes removing the internal organs. Mummification , especially as practiced by the ancient Egyptians , entailed the removal of internal organs prior to

1251-516: A central part as a method of execution or the ritualized suicide of a samurai . In killing themselves by this method, they were deemed to be free from the dishonor resulting from their crimes. The most common form of disembowelment was referred to in Japanese as seppuku (or, colloquially, hara-kiri ), literally "stomach cutting," involving two cuts across the abdomen, sometimes followed by pulling out one's own viscera . The act of decapitation by

1390-509: A cow or pig) slow-cooked with vegetables such as bell peppers, onions, carrots, cabbage, celery, tomatoes, cilantro (coriander), garlic or root vegetables. Variations can also be found in Nicaragua, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, El Salvador, Panama, Puerto Rico, Venezuela. Sausage is made from the small intestine of a goat, cow or sheep, stuffed with chilli and small chunks of meat, fatty meat, and blood (although some people prefer

1529-518: A few hours to make this. "鴨腳紮—Ap Kerk Jat" (literally Duck leg Wrap) is a piece each of ham, shiitake mushroom and deep-fried fish maw wrapped with duck feet in a dried bean curd sheet in and steamed. The use of fish offal in Cantonese cuisine is not limited to the maw. For example, there is the folksy dish of "東江魚雲煲—Tung Gong Yu Wan Bo", a casserole with the lips of freshwater large head fish; and shark fin soup . Decapitation Decapitation

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1668-505: A fire), and then decapitating him and (3) quartering, i.e. dividing the body into four pieces. The man's head and quarters would often be parboiled and displayed as a warning to others. As part of the disembowelment, the man was also typically emasculated and his genitals and entrails would be burned. William Harrington , Hugh le Despenser the Younger and William Parry are examples of men who were hanged, drawn and quartered – tortured on

1807-413: A heavy weight is applied directly over the abdomen. Large intestine (rectosigmoid) rupture with transanal evisceration has been reported from blunt abdominal trauma and suction injuries. A direct blow or impingement of intestine between the vertebrae and anterior abdominal wall results in sudden increase in the intra-abdominal or intraluminal pressure of the intestine and rupture. The downward pressure forces

1946-405: A large knife, opened her belly in a cross, and threw out the fetus, her own intestines, and dug out her spleen and flung that out as well. She lived for 10 hours after the act, and when the priests sought to bring her a final consolation and blessing, she said it would all be in vain, because she was a daughter of the devil, and was beyond any sort of redemption. Then, she died, was put in a sack, and

2085-463: A limited time even after connection to the brain is lost, responding to any nearby stimulus. In addition, the bodies of chickens and turtles may continue to move temporarily after decapitation. Although head transplantation by the reattachment of blood vessels has seen some very limited success in animals, a fully functional reattachment of a severed human head (including repair of the spinal cord , muscles, and other critically important tissues)

2224-426: A main dish. Pork tongues can be served hot, in a sauce, or cold, set into aspic . Cold pork trotters in aspic are very popular, especially as a companion to vodka. In the past, braised pork or veal brain was a popular snack, but today it is rare. In Russia , beef liver and tongue are considered valuable delicacies, which may be cooked and served on their own. Kidneys and brains are sometimes used in cooking. The heart

2363-608: A means of psychological warfare , to coerce and intimidate rural peasants . Peer De Silva, former head of the Saigon department of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), wrote that from as early as 1963, Viet Cong units were using disembowelment and other methods of mutilation as psychological warfare. The extent, however, to which this punishment was perpetrated may be impossible to gauge and while detailed accounts survive regarding how civilians were disemboweled by Viet Cong,

2502-616: A mission near the village of Ngombe in Kasaï Province . The UN was reportedly horrified when video footage of the executions surfaced in April that same year, where some grisly details led to assume ritual components of the beheading: the perpetrators first cut the hair of both victims, and then one of them beheaded Catalán only, because it would "increase his power", which may be linked to the fact that Congolese militias are particularly brutal in their acts of violence toward women and children. In

2641-494: A package of lamb tripe are a traditional food under the name " pieds et paquets ". Especially in southern Germany , some offal varieties are served in regional cuisine. The Bavarian expression Kronfleischküche includes skirt steak and offal as well, e.g., Milzwurst  [ de ] , a sausage containing small pieces of spleen , and even dishes based on udder . Swabia is famous for Saure Kutteln —sour tripes served steaming hot with fried potatoes. Herzgulasch

2780-521: A period of 10 seconds that have been linked to nociception across a number of different species of animals, including rats. Some animals (such as cockroaches ) can survive decapitation and die not because of the loss of the head directly, but rather because of starvation . A number of other animals, including snakes , and turtles , have also been known to survive for some time after being decapitated, as they have slower metabolisms and their nervous systems can continue to function at some capacity for

2919-545: A person, either as a means of murder or as an execution ; it may be performed with an axe , sword , or knife , or by mechanical means such as a guillotine . An executioner who carries out executions by beheading is sometimes called a headsman. Accidental decapitation can be the result of an explosion, a car or industrial accident, improperly administered execution by hanging or other violent injury. The national laws of Saudi Arabia and Yemen permit beheading. Under Sharia , which exclusively applies to Muslims, beheading

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3058-451: A popular spicy stew, considered a national dish, is made from beef tripe. Ground or chopped pork offal is usually made into a hearty sausage known as " disznósajt " (lit. " pig cheese ") somewhat resembling haggis. Puddings and sausages made with blood ( véres hurka ) and liver ( májas hurka ) are also quite common, especially as part of the "disznótoros", a dish of different sausages produced from pork. Heart, liver and gizzards of chicken are

3197-403: A portion of the intestine to burst from the anus. If a living person is disemboweled, it is invariably fatal without major medical intervention. Historically, disembowelment has been used as a severe form of capital punishment . If the intestinal tract alone is removed, death follows after several hours of gruesome pain. The victim will often be fully conscious while the torture is performed if

3336-482: A rapid fall of intracranial perfusion of blood"). A laboratory study testing for humane methods of euthanasia in awake animals used EEG monitoring to measure the time duration following decapitation for rats to become fully unconscious, unable to perceive distress and pain. It was estimated that this point was reached within 3–4 seconds, correlating closely with results found in other studies on rodents (2.7 seconds, and 3–6 seconds). The same study also suggested that

3475-406: A relatively painless form of death . If the instrument is blunt or the executioner is clumsy, repeated strokes might be required to sever the head, resulting in a prolonged and more painful death. Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex , and Mary, Queen of Scots required three strikes at their respective executions. The same could be said for the execution of Johann Friedrich Struensee , favorite of

3614-543: A rich sauce (gravy). Brawn (the British English term for ' head cheese ') is the collection of meat and tissue found on an animal's skull (typically a pig) that is cooked, chilled and set in gelatin . Another British food is black pudding , consisting of congealed pig's blood with oatmeal made into sausage-like links with pig intestine as a casing, then boiled and usually fried on preparation. "Luncheon tongue" refers to reformed pork tongue pieces. "Ox tongue" made from

3753-428: A second ( kaishaku-nin ) was added to this ritual suicide in later times in order to shorten the suffering of the samurai or leader, an attempt at rendering the ritual more humane. Even later the knife was just a simple formality and the swordsman would decapitate before the subject could reach for it. The commission of a crime or dishonorable act was only one of many reasons for the performance of seppuku; others included

3892-471: A sentence where she had received no trial. She told the executioner, that if he would have her head, he must win it the best way he could: and thus, shaking her venerable grey locks, she ran about the scaffold; and the executioner followed her with his axe, aiming many fruitless blows at her neck before he was able to give the fatal stroke. To ensure that the blow would be fatal, executioners' swords usually were blade-heavy two-handed swords. Likewise, if an axe

4031-595: A slaughtered animal goes to waste. Offal is a common relish enjoyed by people of all cultures. Beef and goat offal dishes include the stomach, hooves (trotters), shin, intestines, liver, head, tongue, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, udders, and, very rarely in certain communities, testicles. Beef or goat blood, sometimes mixed with other offal pieces, is often cooked to make a dish known in Shona as " musiya ". Chicken dishes include feet, liver, intestines, and gizzards. A popular preparation of goat or sheep offal involves wrapping pieces of

4170-440: A soup served at marriages in some German regions. In Bavaria, lung stew is served with Knödel , dumplings. Blood tongue , or Zungenwurst , is a variety of German head cheese with blood. It is a large head cheese made with pig's blood, suet, bread crumbs, and oatmeal with chunks of pickled beef tongue added. It has a slight resemblance to blood sausage. It is commonly sliced and browned in butter or bacon fat prior to consumption. It

4309-452: A spiced stew. In Argentina and Uruguay , the traditional asado is often made along with several offal types (called " achuras "), like chinchulines and tripa gorda ( chitterlings ), mollejas (sweetbreads) and riñón (cow's kidney ). Sesos (brains) are used to make ravioli stuffing. The tongue is usually boiled, sliced and marinated with a mixture of oil, vinegar, salt, chopped peppers and garlic. In Colombia , menudencias

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4448-485: A tomato sauce; lampredotto (the fourth stomach of the cow), boiled in broth and seasoned with parsley sauce and chilli; liver (stir-fried with onions, roasted); kidneys; heart and coronaries ( coratella  [ fr ; it ] or animelle ); head, eyes, and testicles of a pig; and several preparations based on chicken entrails. Pajata , a traditional dish from Rome , refers to the intestines of an unweaned calf, i.e., fed only on its mother's milk. Soon after nursing,

4587-408: A traditional part of chicken soup. Gizzards can also be made into a stew ( "zúzapörkölt" ). While decreasing in popularity, stews made from poultry testicles ( kakashere pörkölt ) are still considered a delicacy and a dish of high prestige in the countryside. Another dish which became less common is " vese-velő " (pig kidneys with brain). Szalontüdő is made out of the heart and lungs of pork. Offal

4726-456: Is kokoretsi (from Turkish kokoreç , Macedonian kukurek ), traditional for Easter ; pieces of lamb offal (liver, heart, lungs, spleen, kidney and fat) are pierced on a spit and covered by washed small intestine wound around in a tube-like fashion, then roasted over a coal fire. Another traditional Easter food is magiritsa , a soup made with lamb offal and lettuce in a white sauce, eaten at midnight on Easter Sunday as an end to

4865-523: Is decapitatus which was used to create decapitatio , the noun form of decapitatus , in Medieval Latin, whence the French word décapitation was produced. Humans have practiced capital punishment by beheading for millennia. The Narmer Palette (c. 3000 BCE) shows the first known depiction of decapitated corpses. The terms "capital offence", "capital crime", "capital punishment", derive from

5004-696: Is a (formerly cheaper) type of goulash using heart. Liver is part of various recipes, such as some sorts of Knödel and Spätzle , and in Liverwurst . As a main dish, together with cooked sliced apple and onion rings, liver ( Leber Berliner Art , liver Berlin style) is a famous recipe from the German capital. Helmut Kohl 's preference for Saumagen was a challenge to various political visitors during his terms as German Chancellor. Markklößchen  [ de ] are small dumplings made with bone marrow; they are served as part of Hochzeitssuppe (wedding soup),

5143-517: Is a dish from the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyaca that contains beef or pork snout ( jeta ), trachea, tongue, and ears. Pepitoria is a dish in the department of Santander that involves offal from billy goats (kidney, liver, heart). In Peru and Bolivia , beef heart is used for anticuchos —a sort of brochette . In Chile , the tongue is boiled, sliced and served in a walnut-based sauce in New year and Christmas festivities ("lengua nogada") while

5282-500: Is a sandwich of a piece each of pork fat, pork/chicken liver, ginger and cha siu. The use of offal in dim sum does not stop there. In dim sum restaurants, the feet of chicken, ducks and pork are offered in various cooking styles. For example, "豬腳薑—Jui Kerk Gieng" (pork feet in sweet vinegar stew) is a popular bowl now besides its traditional function as a supplement for postpartum mother care. Young ginger stems, boiled eggs, and blanched pork feet are stew in sweet black rice vinegar for

5421-588: Is a sausage made of lamb's blood, suet and rye, while lifrarpylsa is made of lamb's liver, suet and rye. Similar to the Norwegian smalahove , the Icelandic svið is the head of a sheep with the wool singed off, boiled and typically served with mashed potatoes and mashed rutabaga . Sweden has a version of the British black pudding called blodpudding (blood pudding). The Swedish analogue of Scottish haggis

5560-497: Is a traditional meal with inexpensive ingredients, originating in the Shirak region. The main ingredient in khash is pig's or cow's feet, although other animal parts, such as the ears and tripe, may also be used. Formerly a nutritious winter food for the poor, it is now considered a delicacy, and is enjoyed as a festive winter meal. In Hungary , a variety of traditional dishes are based on offal. Pacal or pacalpörkölt ( tripe stew ),

5699-467: Is added, it becomes Kelle Paça . Liver is fried, grilled, skewed and additive of pilaf. Liver shish can be eaten at breakfast in Şanlıurfa , Diyarbakır , Gaziantep and Adana. Brain can be fried or baked. It can also be consumed as salad. In Romania , there is a dish similar to haggis called drob , which is served at Easter. Romanian families make a kind of traditional sausage from pork offal, called caltaboş  [ fr ; ro ] ,

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5838-486: Is also a legal punishment in Zamfara State , Nigeria . In practice, Saudi Arabia is the only country that continues to behead its offenders regularly as a punishment for capital crimes. Cases of decapitation by suicidal hanging, suicide by train decapitation and by guillotine are known. Less commonly, decapitation can also refer to the removal of the head from a body that is already dead. This might be done to take

5977-450: Is also a popular dish, especially in Sichuan province. Braised pork ear strips in soy sauce, five-spice powder and sugar is a common "cold plate" appetizer available as hawker food or in major local supermarkets. Stir-fried pork kidneys or liver slices with oyster sauce, ginger and scallions or in soups is a regular dish in southern provinces. Pork blood soup is at least 1,000 years old since

6116-494: Is also liver sausage, usually eaten as a spread on bread, similar to the Danish leverpostej . Liver is also eaten in various other forms including fried slices and minced liver patties. Liver casserole , traditionally made with minced liver, rice, butter, onions, egg , syrup, and usually, raisins used to be mainly a Christmas dish, but is now available and eaten all year round. Many traditional and modern game recipes use offal. One of

6255-520: Is called pölsa or lungmos (mashed lung). The Swedish pölsa is made of offal like liver or heart , onions, rolled barley and spices, and is served with boiled potatoes, fried eggs, and sliced beetroot . Blodpudding is mostly served sliced and fried with lingonberry preserve, grated carrot or cabbage, and fried bacon. Other popular offal dishes are levergryta (liver stew) and leverpastej (liver pâté). Finland also has its own version of black pudding, mustamakkara (black sausage). There

6394-450: Is estimated that some 16,500 persons were guillotined in Germany and Austria between 1933 and 1945, a number that includes resistance fighters both within Germany itself and in countries occupied by Nazi forces . As these resistance fighters were not part of any regular army , they were considered common criminals and were in many cases transported to Germany for execution. Decapitation

6533-712: Is made by first boiling the head whole (to soften the meat and make it easier to peel off) and then peeling/scraping off all meat and tissue from it. A generous amount of garlic or garlic juice, the mujdei , is then added and the dish is served warm. Finally, there are many dishes in Romania that are based on whole offal, such as grilled pig and cow kidney (served with boiled or steam cooked vegetables—usually peas and carrot slices); butcher's brain called creier pane (usually lamb's brains, rolled in batter and deep-fried); tongue and olives stew (mostly done with cow tongue) and many others. The Armenian traditional dish known as khash

6672-454: Is not an uncommon ingredient in Polish cuisine . Kaszanka , a traditional sausage similar to black pudding , is made with a mixture of pig's blood, pig offal and buckwheat or barley usually served fried with onions or grilled. Beef tripe is used to cook a popular soup simply called flaki ( pl. guts ). Chicken gizzards or hearts can be a base for various stews or soups, such as krupnik ,

6811-635: Is not likely. Early versions of the guillotine included the Halifax Gibbet , which was used in Halifax , England, from 1286 until the 17th century, and the " Maiden ", employed in Edinburgh from the 16th through the 18th centuries. The modern form of the guillotine was invented shortly before the French Revolution with the aim of creating a quick and painless method of execution requiring little skill on

6950-404: Is often eaten on its own or used as an additive to the ground meat, as do lungs which give a lighter, airier texture to it. Pig's or sheep's stomach is sometimes used for nyanya , a dish similar to haggis. Head and collagen-rich extremities are used to make kholodets —a version of aspic, whereby these body parts are slowly boiled for several hours with meat and spices, removed and discarded, and

7089-835: Is often processed in a rendering plant, producing material that is used for fertilizer or fuel ; or in some cases, it may be added to commercially produced pet food . In earlier times, mobs sometimes threw offal and other rubbish at condemned criminals as a show of public disapproval. The word shares its etymology with several Germanic words: West Frisian ôffal , German Abfall ( Offall in some Western German dialects and Luxembourgish), afval in Dutch and Afrikaans , avfall in Norwegian and Swedish, and affald in Danish. These Germanic words all mean "garbage/rubbish" or "waste" or—literally—"off-fall", referring to that which has fallen off during butchering. However, these words are not often used to refer to food except for Afrikaans in

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7228-529: Is popular. The most common main ingredients of leverpostej are pork liver, lard , and anchovies , but numerous alternative recipes exist. The 5.5 million Danes consume roughly 14,000 tons of leverpostej per year, the most popular commercial brand being Stryhn's . Versions of brawn (often served on rye bread as an open sandwich with a garnish of cucumber slices or Dijon mustard and pickled beetroot ) and blood sausage (served pan-fried with muscovado ) are eaten mainly during wintertime, including as part of

7367-449: Is reported, in a fit of madness, to have slit his stomach open, and ripped his own bowels out. Roman statesman Cato the Younger committed suicide in Utica , after his side lost to Caesar , by plunging a knife in his own gut, in the dead of night. According to Plutarch , Cato's son heard the commotion from a nearby room, and called a doctor who stitched the wound closed; after his son and

7506-413: Is served cold and is usually only made from pork or beef (traditionally only pork), but does not contain as much head material (usually only the lower legs and ears are used since they contain large amounts of gelatin) and pacele which is exclusively made of meat and tissue found on the head (save for the eyes and usually only made from lamb; addition of brain and tongue varies by local habit). Pacele

7645-866: Is sold in markets pre-cooked, and its appearance is maroon to black in color. In Austrian , particularly Viennese cuisine , the Beuschel is a traditional offal dish. It is a sort of ragout containing veal lungs and heart. It is usually served in a sour cream sauce and with bread dumplings ( Semmelknödel ). A type of black pudding by the name of Blunzn or Blutwurst is also common. In traditional Viennese cuisine, many types of offal including calf's liver ( Kalbsleber ), sweetbread ( Kalbsbries ), or calf's brain with egg ( Hirn mit Ei ) have played an important role, but their popularity has strongly dwindled in recent times. In Belgium several classic dishes include organ meat. Beef or veal tongue in tomato- Madeira sauce with mushrooms and kidneys in mustard cream sauce are probably

7784-552: Is the internal organs of a butchered animal . The word does not refer to a particular list of edible organs, and these lists of organs vary with culture and region, but usually exclude skeletal muscle . Offal may also refer to the by-products of milled grains , such as corn or wheat. Some cultures strongly consider offal consumption to be taboo , while others use it as part of their everyday food or, in many instances, as delicacies . Certain offal dishes—including foie gras and pâté —are often regarded as gourmet food in

7923-495: Is the most consumed non-seafood meat in China, popular pork offal dishes include stir-fried pork kidneys with oyster sauce , ginger and scallions, "五更肠旺—Wu Geng Chang Wang", a spicy stew with preserved mustard, tofu , pork intestine slices and congealed pork blood cubes. "炸肥肠—Zha Fei Chang", deep fried pork intestine slices and dipped in a sweet bean sauce , is commonly offered by street hawkers. Pork tongue slices with salt and sesame oil

8062-460: Is the name given to the chicken leftovers or offal such as the head, neck, gizzard, and feet. A popular cheap dish containing all this and more is called sopa de menudencias . Head cheese is also common. Just like in Argentina, and depending on the region, Colombian asado and picada involve many offal types, including chunchullo (chitterlings), chicken hearts, and bofe (beef lung). Pelanga

8201-421: Is the total separation of the head from the body. Such an injury is invariably fatal to humans and most other animals, since it deprives the brain of oxygenated blood by way of severing through the jugular vein and common carotid artery , while all other organs are deprived of the involuntary functions that are needed for the body to function. The term beheading refers to the act of deliberately decapitating

8340-682: Is typically referred to with established terms used for other edible parts of the animal, such that the heart of a cow would be known as beef heart, while that of a pig would be known as pork heart. In some parts of Europe, scrotum , brain , chitterlings (pig's small intestine), trotters (feet), heart, head (of pigs, calves, sheep and lamb), kidney , liver , spleen , "lights" ( lung ), sweetbreads ( thymus or pancreas ), fries (testicles), tongue , snout (nose), tripe (reticulum) and maws (stomach) from various mammals are common menu items. In medieval times, " humble pie " (originally "umble pie") made from animal innards (especially deer)

8479-477: The Anglo-Afghan Wars would behead enemy soldiers who were captured, such as British and Sikh soldiers. In Japan , decapitation was a common punishment, sometimes for minor offences. Samurai were often allowed to decapitate soldiers who had fled from battle, as it was considered cowardly. Decapitation was historically performed as the second step in seppuku (ritual suicide by disembowelment ). After

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8618-499: The Bosnian Army . At least one case is documented and proven in court by the ICTY where mujahedin, members of 3rd Corps of Army BiH, beheaded Bosnian Serb Dragan Popović. In British history , beheading was typically used for noblemen, while commoners would be hanged; eventually, hanging was adopted as the standard means of non-military executions. The last actual execution by beheading

8757-507: The Bucharest pogrom in which 125 Jewish civilians were killed, multiple cases of torture including disembowelment were recorded. On 10 July 1584, Balthasar Gérard shot and killed William of Orange , who had advocated for Dutch independence from the King of Spain . The assassin was interrogated and condemned to death almost immediately. On 14 July, after suffering various tortures during each of

8896-617: The Creutzfeldt–Jakob outbreak. The blood of the pig is used to produce a form of black pudding known as farinhato , which includes flour and seasonings. A wide variety of offal and pig blood is made into a traditional soup of the north of Portugal called papas de sarrabulho . Chicken feet are also used in soups. In Greece (and similarly in Turkey , Albania and North Macedonia ), splinantero consists of liver, spleen, and small intestine, roasted over an open fire. A festive variety

9035-707: The Roman Republic of the early 1st century BC, it became the tradition for the severed heads of public enemies—such as the political opponents of Marius and Sulla —to be publicly displayed on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum after execution. Perhaps the most famous beheading was that of Cicero who, on instructions from Mark Antony , had his hands (which had penned the Philippicae against Antony) and his head cut off and nailed up for display in this manner. In France, until

9174-582: The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War . In traditional China , decapitation was considered a more severe form of punishment than strangulation , although strangulation caused more prolonged suffering. This was because in Confucian tradition, a person's body was a gift from their parents, and so it was therefore disrespectful to their ancestors to return their bodies to the grave dismembered. The Chinese, however, had other punishments, such as dismembering

9313-689: The Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973 . One of the most notable executions by decapitation in Britain was that of King Charles I of England , who was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall in 1649, after being captured by parliamentarians during the English Civil War and tried for treason . In England, a bearded axe was used for beheading, with the blade's edge extending downwards from

9452-609: The Western Slavic tribes like the Wends are said to have revenged themselves upon Christians by binding the guts to an erect pole and driving them around until the person was fully eviscerated. In the 13th century, members of the now extinct Baltic ethnic group of Old Prussians in one of the battles against the Teutonic Knights , are said to have captured one such knight in 1248 and made him undergo this punishment. Nezahualcoyotl ,

9591-534: The White Rose resistance movement, a group of students in Munich that included siblings Sophie and Hans Scholl , were executed by decapitation. Contrary to popular myth, executions were generally not conducted face-up, and chief executioner Johann Reichhart was insistent on maintaining "professional" protocol throughout the era, having administered the death penalty during the earlier Weimar Republic . Nonetheless, it

9730-502: The abolition of capital punishment in 1981, the main method of execution had been by beheading by means of the guillotine . Other than a small number of military cases in which a firing squad was used (including that of Jean Bastien-Thiry ), the guillotine was the only legal method of execution from 1791, when it was introduced by the Legislative Assembly during the last days of the kingdom French Revolution , until 1981. Before

9869-538: The agglutination afvalvleis (lit. "off-fall-flesh"), which does indeed mean offal. For instance, the German word for offal is Innereien meaning innards and the Swedish word is inälvsmat literally meaning "inside-food". According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word entered Middle English from Middle Dutch in the form afval , derived from af (off) and vallen (to fall). Organ meat

10008-458: The lenten fast . Tzigerosarmas (from Turkish ciğer sarması , meaning "liver wrap") and gardoumba are two varieties of splinantero and kokoretsi made in different sizes and with extra spices. In Turkey , mumbar , beef or sheep tripe stuffed with rice, is a typical dish in Adana in southern Turkey. Paça soup is made from lamb or sheep feet, except in summer. If lamb or sheep head

10147-424: The rectum from the carcass and is the first step of the gutting. Puncturing of bowels are avoided during the evisceration. Otherwise, bacteria from the intestinal contents might spread over the carcass. In case of birds, the abdominal cut extends up to the cloaca separating it from the rest of the skin. A bung dropper is a device used in slaughterhouses for fast bung dropping in a dressing line. The probe of

10286-411: The Danish queen Caroline Matilda of Great Britain . Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury , is said to have required up to 10 strokes before decapitation was achieved. This particular story may, however, be apocryphal, as highly divergent accounts exist. Historian and philosopher David Hume , for example, relates the following about her death: She refused to lay her head on the block, or submit to

10425-584: The Italian neighborhoods of Brooklyn , New York , where it is also commonly eaten, it goes by the name " vastedda ,", which in Sicilian refers to the bread only. In Norcia and other parts of Umbria , pig's bowels are also cured with herbs, chili peppers, and spices, then dried and smoked to make a tough, spicy sausage in which the bowel, instead of serving only as the usual casing, is the main ingredient. Italy's Florentine cuisine includes cow brain. In Spain ,

10564-501: The Latin caput , "head", referring to the punishment for serious offences involving the forfeiture of the head; i.e. death by beheading. Some cultures, such as ancient Rome and Greece, regarded decapitation as the most honorable form of death. In the Middle Ages, many European nations continued to reserve the method only for nobles and royalty. In France, the French Revolution made it

10703-609: The Northern Song dynasty , when the quintessential Chinese restaurant and eateries became popular. Pork blood soup and dumplings, jiaozi , were recorded as food for night labourers in Kaifeng. In Shanghai cuisine , the soup has evolved into the well-known "酸辣湯—Suan La Tang", Hot and Sour Soup, with various additional ingredients. As well as pork, the offal of other animals is used in traditional Chinese cooking, most commonly cattle, duck, and chicken. Offal dishes are particularly popular in

10842-469: The atonement of cowardice, as a means of apology, or following the loss of a battle or the surrender of a castle . The Japanese tradition of seppuku is a well known example of highly ritualized suicide, within a wider cultural world of norms and symbolism. However, reported examples of suicides exist, in which a person performed disembowelment on himself or herself, without any ambient culture of approved, or expected, suicide. The Spartan king Cleomenes I

10981-437: The back, working around the bones of the skull. Smalahove is considered by some to be unappealing or even repulsive. It is mostly enjoyed by enthusiasts and is often served to tourists and more adventurous visitors. Other Norwegian specialities include smalaføtter , a traditional dish similar to smalahove , but instead of a sheep's head, it is made of lamb's feet. Syltelabb is a boiled, salt-cured pig's trotter, known as

11120-522: The bloodless kind). In Kenya , it is commonly referred to as 'mutura', which is the Kikuyu name for it. Sheep's or goat's stomach is also stuffed in a similar way. In the Kikuyu traditions, grilled goat/sheep kidneys are a delicacy usually reserved for young ladies, although today, anybody can consume it. Similarly, the tongue was reserved for men and the ears were to be eaten by little girls. The testicles were for

11259-553: The body into multiple pieces (similar to the English quartering ). In addition, there was also a practice of cutting the body at the waist , which was a common method of execution before being abolished in the early Qing dynasty due to the lingering death it caused. In some tales, people did not die immediately after decapitation. The British officer John Masters recorded in his autobiography that Pathans in British India during

11398-413: The calf is slaughtered, and its intestines are cleaned, but the milk is left inside. When cooked, the combination of heat and the enzyme rennet in the intestines coagulates the milk to create a thick, creamy, cheese-like sauce. Pajata and tomatoes are often used to prepare a sauce for rigatoni . In Sicily , many enjoy a sandwich called " pani câ mèusa ", bread with spleen and caciocavallo cheese. In

11537-444: The climate is one of the hottest, and Tee had been dead above five months.(...) Such were Mr. Anderson 's remarks to me, who also told me, on his enquiring into the method of effecting this preservation of their dead bodies, he had been informed, that, soon after their death, they are disemboweled, by drawing their intestines, and other viscera, out at the anus; and the whole cavity is then filled or stuffed with cloth; introduced through

11676-521: The cooking liquid is discarded. They are sometimes grilled but rarely fried. Also coagulated, boiled blood is a typical dish in Valencia (cut into cubes and often prepared with onion or tomato sauce). In Portugal traditionally, viscera and other animal parts are used in many dishes. Trotters (also known as chispe ), tripe, and pig's ears are cooked in bean broths. Tripe is famously cooked in Porto , where one of

11815-459: The country, consists of the diced organs of a goat, which are seasoned and then sewn inside the goat's stomach (" bucho ") and boiled. Dobradinha is a dish made with tripe, a variation of the northern Portuguese dish. In the Northeast of Brazil the sarapatel is a very common dish, usually prepared with pork organs (heart, liver, intestine, and kidneys) boiled along with coagulated pork blood in

11954-504: The culinary arts. Others remain part of traditional regional cuisine and are consumed especially during holidays; some examples are sweetbread , Jewish chopped liver , Scottish haggis , U.S. chitterlings , and Mexican menudo . On the other hand, intestines are traditionally used as casing for sausages . Depending on the context, offal may refer only to those parts of an animal carcass discarded after butchering or skinning ; offal not used directly for human or animal consumption

12093-519: The device was also used, including on St Pierre in 1889 and on Martinique as late as 1965. In Nordic countries , decapitation was the usual means of carrying out capital punishment. Noblemen were beheaded with a sword , and commoners with an axe . The last executions by decapitation in Finland in 1825, Norway in 1876, Faroe Islands in 1609, and in Iceland in 1830 were carried out with axes. The same

12232-552: The doctor left, Cato tore the stitching open with his hand and died. On account of his tragic, highly symbolic suicide, Cato is often termed Uticensis ("of Utica"), in order to differentiate him from his homonymous ancestor, Cato "the Elder" or "the Censor" . In 1593, a suicide occurred in Wimpfen . A young, pregnant woman, who had become a widow a few weeks before, was lying in her bed. She took

12371-525: The early Meiji era. A similar scene is described in the last page of James Clavell's book Shōgun . Historically, decapitation had been the most common method of execution in Korea, until it was replaced by hanging in 1896. Professional executioners were called mangnani (망나니) and they were volunteered from death rows. Historically, decapitation had been the main method of execution in Thailand , until it

12510-455: The five days since the assassination, Gérard was disemboweled and dismembered while still alive, after which his heart was torn out and then he was beheaded by his Dutch executioners. Christian tradition states that Erasmus of Formiae , also known as Saint Elmo, was finally executed by disembowelment in about A.D. 303, after he had suffered extreme forms of torture during the persecutions of Emperor Diocletian and Maximian . In England ,

12649-405: The following about Celtic head-hunting: They cut off the heads of enemies slain in battle and attach them to the necks of their horses. The blood-stained spoils they hand over to their attendants and striking up a paean and singing a song of victory; and they nail up these first fruits upon their houses, just as do those who lay low wild animals in certain kinds of hunting. They embalm in cedar oil

12788-487: The head as a trophy , as a secondary stage of an execution by hanging, for public display , to make the deceased more difficult to identify, for cryonics , or for other, more esoteric reasons. The word decapitation has its roots in the Late Latin word decapitare . The meaning of the word decapitare can be discerned from its morphemes de- (down, from) + capit- (head). The past participle of decapitare

12927-516: The heads of the most distinguished enemies, and preserve them carefully in a chest, and display them with pride to strangers, saying that for this head one of their ancestors, or his father, or the man himself, refused the offer of a large sum of money. They say that some of them boast that they refused the weight of the head in gold. Both the Greeks and Romans found the Celtic decapitation practices shocking and

13066-607: The latter put an end to them when Celtic regions came under their control. According to Paul Jacobsthal , "Amongst the Celts the human head was venerated above all else, since the head was to the Celt the soul, centre of the emotions as well as of life itself, a symbol of divinity and of the powers of the other-world." Arguments for a Celtic cult of the severed head include the many sculptured representations of severed heads in La Tène carvings, and

13205-444: The law is; for when law is to be fulfilled, then one is to cut up his stomach at the navel, and pull out a length of the gut. The gut is to be nailed to the tree, and one is keep going around that tree with the person, so long as he still has any part of the gut left in his body." Jacob Grimm observes that no case of the punishment being carried out has been found in records from that period (15th century), but 300 to 500 years earlier,

13344-507: The main difference being that drob is enclosed in abdominal membranes ( prapore ) of the animal, while chitterlings is used for caltaboş . A popular dish of tripe soup called ciorbă de burtă is similar to shkembe chorba . Also in Bulgaria , North Macedonia and Turkey , shkembe chorba is a widespread soup variety. There is also a twofold variation on the concept of head cheese: piftie which does contain gelatin,

13483-496: The massive wave which can be recorded by EEG monitoring approximately one minute after decapitation ultimately reflects brain death. Other studies indicate that electrical activity in the brain has been demonstrated to persist for 13 to 14 seconds following decapitation (although it is disputed as to whether such activity implies that pain is perceived), and a 2010 study reported that decapitation of rats generated responses in EEG indices over

13622-432: The most famous ones. The famous " stoofvlees " or carbonade flamande , a beef stew with onions and brown beer, used to contain pieces of liver or kidney, to reduce the costs. Pork tongues are also eaten cold with bread and a vinaigrette with raw onions or mustard. In Italy consumption of entrails and internal organs is widespread. Among the most popular are fried or stewed brains; boiled stomach ( trippa ), often served in

13761-543: The most popular offal dishes is verilettu (or veriohukainen or verilätty ) which translates to blood pancake, a pan-fried thin bread-like snack traditionally enjoyed with lingonberry jam. Verilettu is common in Sweden and Norway, going by the name Blodplättar . In France, the city of Lyon is well known for its offal: andouillette , tablier de sapeur (breaded tripe), foie de veau , rognons à la crème , and tripes , among others. In Marseille , lamb's trotters and

13900-401: The most traditional dishes is tripe in the fashion of Porto, tripas à moda do Porto . Pig's ears are usually diced into squares of cartilage and fat and pickled, after which they are eaten as an appetizer or a snack. Also common the use of stew of chicken stomach ( moelas ), mostly used as an appetizer. The cow's brain ( mioleira ) is also a delicacy, although consumption has decreased since

14039-425: The only legal method of execution for all criminals regardless of class, one of the period's many symbolic changes. Others have regarded beheading as dishonorable and contemptuous, such as the Japanese troops who beheaded prisoners during World War II. In recent times, it has become associated with terrorism. If a headsman's axe or sword is sharp and his aim is precise, decapitation is quick and thought to be

14178-463: The part of the operator. Decapitation by guillotine became a common mechanically assisted form of execution . The French observed a strict code of etiquette surrounding such executions. For example, a man named Legros, one of the assistants at the execution of Charlotte Corday , was imprisoned for three months and dismissed for slapping the face of the victim after the blade had fallen in order to see whether any flicker of life remained. The guillotine

14317-495: The preservation of the remainder of the body. The removed organs were embalmed, stored in canopic jars and then placed in the tomb with the body. James Cook, on his second voyage, noted an embalming custom on some of the Pacific islands his crew visited, a custom utilizing transanal evisceration: We found the body not only entire in every part; but, what surprised us much more, was, that putrefaction had scarcely begun (...); though

14456-700: The pressed complete tongue, is more expensive. Both kinds of tongue are found in tinned form and in slices in supermarkets and local butchers. Home cooking and pressing of tongue have become less common over the last fifty years. Bleached tripe was a popular dish in Northern England (especially in South Lancashire ), with many specialist tripe shops in industrial areas. Today in South Lancashire, certain markets (for example, in Wigan ) may still sell tripe, but all

14595-482: The punishment of being " hanged, drawn and quartered " was typically used for men convicted of high treason . This referred to the practice of dragging a man by a hurdle (similar to a fence) through the streets, removing him from the hurdle and (1) hanging him from the neck (but removing him before death ), (2) drawing (i.e. disembowelling) him slowly on a wooden block by slitting open his abdomen, removing his entrails and his other organs (which were frequently thrown on

14734-452: The rack, hanged until not quite dead, subjected to emasculation, disembowelment and then chopped into quarters. From the 15th century, ordinances are retained that threaten with a terrible punishment those who stripped off the bark of a standing tree in the common woods. A typical wording is found in the 1401 ordinance from Oberursel : "...and whoever is caught stripping off a standing tree, mercy would have been more beneficial to him than

14873-413: The remaining broth is cooled until it congeals. In Brazil , churrasco (barbecue) often includes chicken hearts , roasted on a big skewer. The typical feijoada sometimes contains pork trimmings (ears, feet and tail). Gizzard stews, fried beef liver and beef stomach stews used to be more popular dishes in the past, but are nonetheless still consumed. Buchada , a popular dish from the northeast of

15012-595: The revolution, beheading had typically been reserved for noblemen and carried out manually. In 1981, President François Mitterrand abolished capital punishment and issued commutations for those whose sentences had not been carried out. The first person executed by the guillotine in France was highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier in April 1792. The last execution was of murderer Hamida Djandoubi , in Marseille, in 1977. Throughout its extensive overseas colonies and dependencies ,

15151-687: The same part(...) When a portion of the intestinal tract is forcefully pulled from or expelled from the body through the anus , it is referred to as transanal evisceration . Following the first report of transanal evisceration by Brodie in 1827, more than 70 cases have been reported to date, the majority occurring spontaneously in elderly individuals. Straining, chronic constipation, and rectal ulcerations predispose to spontaneous perforation in elderly individuals. Cases of transanal evisceration of children whilst sitting over uncovered swimming pool drains have been reported; notable cases include Valerie Lakey (1993) and Abigail Taylor (2007). In Taylor's case,

15290-523: The search for the missing remains, arrived to a ritual place in Moyo Musila where "parts of bodies, hands and heads" were cut and used for rituals, where they lost track of the victim's head. During the 2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes , Yazidi-Armenian serviceman Kyaram Sloyan was decapitated by Azerbaijani servicemen. Several reports of decapitation, along with other types of mutilation of Armenian POWs by Azerbaijani soldiers, emerged in 2020 during

15429-432: The soup is used later to cook a wheat, milk and spice ball mix called "albóndigas de sémola". There is also a blood drink called "Ñachi", made from spiced, fresh blood from a recently slaughtered animal. Criadillas or huevos de toro ("bull's eggs", testicles) are eaten mostly in cattle-raising regions, while cow udder ("ubres") is served fried or boiled. Sopa de mondongo is a soup made from diced tripe (the stomach of

15568-556: The southern region of Guangdong and in Hong Kong . For example, Cantonese "燒味— Siu mei ", (Barbecued/Roasted Delicacies) shops, have achieved their foundation of influence here. Besides the popular cha siu barbecued pork, " siu yuk " crispy skin pork, along with assorted types of poultry, there are also the roasted chicken liver with honey, and the very traditional, and very expensive now, "金錢雞—Gum Chin Gai", another honey-roasted dim sum that

15707-415: The specialist tripe shops have now closed. "Elder" is the name given to cooked cow's udder—another Lancashire offal dish rarely seen today. Offal connoisseurs such as Ben Greenwood OBE have frequently campaigned to bring Elder back on the menu of restaurants across Yorkshire and Lancashire. In Norway the smalahove is a traditional dish, usually eaten around and before Christmas time, made from

15846-538: The stomach with the intestines before cooking. In Nigeria offal is consumed by all the people in Nigeria, in delicacies such as Abula, Edika ikong and white soup. It is called 'Inu eran' in Yoruba literally meaning the insides of an animal. They have names for some parts which include roundabout, shaki (tripes), Edo (liver). In China , many organs and animal-parts are used for food or traditional Chinese medicine . Since pork

15985-405: The suction dislodged and damaged her liver and pancreas ; several meters of her small intestine were forcefully pulled through her anus. In both these cases, the victims were left with short bowel syndrome and required feeding by total parenteral nutrition . After multiple operations, Taylor later died from transplant-related cancer. A person, usually a child, can suffer a similar injury if

16124-540: The surviving Celtic mythology, which is full of stories of the severed heads of heroes and the saints who carry their own severed heads , right down to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , where the Green Knight picks up his own severed head after Gawain has struck it off in a beheading game , just as Saint Denis carried his head to the top of Montmartre . A further example of this regeneration after beheading lies in

16263-460: The tales of Connemara 's Saint Féchín , who after being beheaded by Vikings carried his head to the Holy Well on Omey Island and on dipping it into the well placed it back upon his neck and was restored to full health. Pothinus matched Mark Antony in crime: They slew the noblest Romans of their time. The helpless victims they decapitated, An act of infamy with shame related. One head

16402-468: The tip of the shaft. The Celts of western Europe long pursued a "cult of the severed head" , as evidenced by both Classical literary descriptions and archaeological contexts. This cult played a central role in their temples and religious practices and earned them a reputation as head hunters among the Mediterranean peoples. Diodorus Siculus , in his 1st-century Historical Library (5.29.4) wrote

16541-563: The traditional " tortilla sacromonte " in Granada ), and pig's ears (mostly in Galicia ). There are also many varieties of blood sausage ( morcilla ), with various textures and flavours ranging from mild to very spicy. Some of the strongest are as hard in texture as chorizo or salami , while others are soft, and some types incorporate rice , giving the stuffing a haggis-like appearance. Morcillas are added to soups or boiled on their own, in which case

16680-463: The traditional Danish Christmas lunch or julefrokost . Heart is commonly eaten, either calf, cow, or pork. Grydestegte hjerter is a Sunday dish of stuffed pork heart, served with carrots, Brussels sprouts, and mashed potatoes. Iceland has several traditional dishes using offal. The Icelandic slátur (lit. slaughter) consists of blóðmör (blood sausage) and lifrarpylsa (liver sausage), typically boiled and served with mashed potatoes. Blóðmör

16819-520: The trial that followed investigations after the bodies were discovered, and according to a testimony of a primary school teacher from Bunkonde, near the village of Moyo Musuila where the executions took place, he witnessed a teenage militant carrying the young woman's head, but despite the efforts of the investigation, the head was never found. According to a report published on 29 May 2019, the Monusco peacekeeping military mission led by Colonel Luis Mangini, in

16958-652: The use of this torture appears to have been quite arbitrary and there is no record that such actions were sanctioned by the North Vietnamese government in Hanoi . Disembowelment and other methods of intimidation and torture were intended to frighten civilian peasants at a local level into cooperating with the Viet Cong or discourage them from cooperating with the South Vietnamese Army or its allies. In early 1941, during

17097-462: The victim had sliced his own abdomen open, another warrior would strike his head off from behind with a katana to hasten death and to reduce the suffering. The blow was expected to be precise enough to leave intact a small strip of skin at the front of the neck—to spare invited and honored guests the indelicacy of witnessing a severed head rolling about, or towards them; such an occurrence would have been considered inelegant and in bad taste. The sword

17236-656: The visceral organs are used in many traditional dishes, but the use of some of them is falling out of favor with the younger generations. Some traditional dishes are callos (cow tripe, very traditional in Madrid and Asturias ), liver (often prepared with onion or with garlic and parsley, and also as breaded steaks), kidneys (often prepared with sherry or grilled), sheep's brains, criadillas (bull testicles), braised cow's tongue, pig's head and feet (in Catalonia ; pig's feet are also traditionally eaten with snails), pork brains (part of

17375-535: The vital organs aren't damaged, and will be able to see their intestine being removed, but will eventually lose consciousness due to blood loss. However, in some forms of intentional disembowelment, decapitation or the removal of the heart and lungs would hasten the victim's death. Various accounts have asserted that during the Vietnam War , members of the Viet Cong sometimes made calculated use of disembowelment as

17514-536: The years such as 'skopo' (township colloquial term meaning head) and 'smiley' (referring to the expression of the head when cooked). There are numerous recipes to cook the above-mentioned items available on many South African websites. One of the more popular way to cook offal in South Africa is to cook it with small potatoes in a curry sauce served on rice. Alternatively, it can be served with samp or maize rice. In Zimbabwe , as in most of sub-Saharan Africa, little of

17653-595: The young men. The livers are also consumed. The heads, lungs, and hooves of animals are boiled to make soup and sometimes mixed with herbs for medicinal purposes. In South Africa offal, locally known as tripe, is enjoyed by South Africans of diverse backgrounds. Due to the popularity of this dish, it is one of the few customs that white (especially Afrikaners) and black South Africans share. Offal dishes in South Africa do not usually consist of any organs and are mostly limited to stomach skin, sheep's head, shin, and very rarely brains. Sheep's head has gained many nicknames over

17792-571: Was Pompey 's, who brought triumphs home, The other Cicero 's, the voice of Rome. The ancient Greeks and Romans regarded decapitation as a comparatively honorable form of execution for criminals. The traditional procedure, however, included first being tied to a stake and whipped with rods. Axes were used by the Romans, and later swords, which were considered a more honorable instrument of death. Those who could verify that they were Roman citizens were to be beheaded, rather than undergoing crucifixion . In

17931-915: Was a peasant food and is the source of the commonly used idiom "eating humble pie", although it has lost its original meaning as meat pies made from offal are no longer referred to by this name. The traditional Scottish haggis consists of a sheep's stomach stuffed with a boiled mix of liver, heart, lungs, rolled oats, and other ingredients. In the English Midlands and South Wales , faggots are made from ground or minced pig offal (mainly liver and cheek), bread, herbs, and onion wrapped in pig's caul fat . Only two offal-based dishes are still routinely served nationwide at home and in restaurants and are available as pre-cooked package meals in supermarket chains: steak and kidney pie (typically featuring veal or beef kidneys), still widely known and enjoyed in Britain, and liver (of lamb, calf, pig or cow) and onions served in

18070-599: Was also considered a very severe and degrading form of punishment. One of the most brutal decapitations was that of Sugitani Zenjubō  [ ja ] (杉谷善住坊), who attempted to assassinate Oda Nobunaga , a prominent daimyō , in 1570. After being caught, Zenjubō was buried alive in the ground with only his head out, and the head was slowly sawn off with a bamboo saw by passers-by for several days (punishment by sawing; [[[nokogiribiki]]  [ ja ] ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ( 鋸挽き ). These unusual punishments were abolished in

18209-475: Was considered a "dishonorable" death, in contrast to execution by firing squad . In the Democratic Republic of Congo , the conflict and ethnic massacre between local army and Kamuina Nsapu rebels has caused several deaths and atrocities such as rape and mutilation. One of them is decapitation, both a fearsome way to intimidate victims as well as an act that may include ritualistic elements. According to

18348-464: Was expected to be used upon the slightest sign that the practitioner might yield to pain and cry out—avoiding dishonor to him and to all partaking in the privilege of observing an honorable demise. As skill was involved, only the most trusted warrior was honored by taking part. In the late Sengoku period , decapitation was performed as soon as the person chosen to carry out seppuku had made the slightest wound to his abdomen. Decapitation (without seppuku)

18487-496: Was last used when murderer Tahvo Putkonen was executed in 1825, the last execution in peacetime in Finland. In Spain executions were carried out by various methods including strangulation by the garrotte . In the 16th and 17th centuries, noblemen were sometimes executed by means of beheading. Examples include Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem , Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn . They were tied to

18626-420: Was of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat on 9 April 1747, while a number of convicts were beheaded posthumously up to the early 19th century. (Typically traitors were sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered , a method which had already been discontinued.) Beheading was degraded to a secondary means of execution, including for treason, with the abolition of drawing and quartering in 1870 and finally abolished by

18765-555: Was replaced by shooting in 1934. Execution by beheading was one of the most common forms of execution in Vietnam under the feudal system. This form of execution still existed in the South Vietnam regime until 1962. During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995) there were a number of ritual beheadings of Serbs and Croats who were taken as prisoners of war by mujahideen members of

18904-560: Was the case in Denmark in 1892. Sweden continued the practice for a few decades, executing its second to last criminal—mass murderer Johan Filip Nordlund —by axe in 1900. It was replaced by the guillotine, which was used for the first and only time on Johan Alfred Ander in 1910. Finland 's official beheading axe resides today at the Museum of Crime in Vantaa . It is a broad-bladed two-handed axe. It

19043-453: Was thrown in the river. She was affluent, so it was clear that poverty had not driven her to this act. In 1617, a merchant in the municipality Grossglockau slit up his abdomen so that the intestines fell out; he then pulled out his stomach and threw it on the bed. The chronicler notes he lived long enough to regret his action. Offal Offal ( / ˈ ɒ f əl , ˈ ɔː f əl / ), also called variety meats , pluck or organ meats ,

19182-634: Was used in France during the French Revolution and remained the normal judicial method in both peacetime and wartime into the 1970s, although the firing squad was used in certain cases. France abolished the death penalty in 1981. The guillotine was also used in Algeria before the French relinquished control of it, as shown in Gillo Pontecorvo 's film The Battle of Algiers . Many German states had used

19321-701: Was used, it almost invariably was wielded with both hands. Decapitation is quickly fatal to humans and most animals . Unconsciousness occurs within seconds without circulating oxygenated blood ( brain ischemia ). Cell death and irreversible brain damage occurs after 3–6 minutes with no oxygen, due to excitotoxicity . Some anecdotes suggest more extended persistence of human consciousness after decapitation, but most doctors consider this unlikely and consider such accounts to be misapprehensions of reflexive twitching rather than deliberate movement, since deprivation of oxygen must cause nearly immediate coma and death ("[Consciousness is] probably lost within 2–3 seconds, due to

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