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56-1012: As a Dir sub-clan, the Gurgura have immediate lineal ties with the Akisho , Gadabuursi , Issa , the Surre (Abdalle and Qubeys ), the Biimaal (who the Gaadsen also belong to), the Bajimal, the Bursuk , the Madigan Dir , the Garre (the Quranyow sub-clan to be precise as they claim descent from Dir ), Gurre, Gariire, other Dir sub-clans and they have lineal ties with the Hawiye (Irir), Hawadle , Ajuran , Degoodi , Gaalje'el clan groups, who share

112-553: A cousin of the prophet Muhammad ( c.  570 – 632 ) and an older brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib ( c.  600 – 661 ) and Ja'far ibn Abi Talib ( c.  590 – 629 ). They trace their lineage to Aqil through Samaale (the source of the name 'Somali'), the purported forefather of the northern pastoralist clans such as the Dir, the Hawiye , and – matrilineally through the Dir– the Isaaq and

168-651: A desire to combine the clan's traditional territories to form a new region-state called Harawo Zone . The Saho are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa . They are principally concentrated in Eritrea , with some also living in adjacent parts of Ethiopia . They speak Saho , a Cushitic language which is related to Somali . Among the Saho there is a sub-clan called the Gadafur. The Gadafur are an independent sub-clan affiliated with

224-700: A revolt against the Italians during the colonial period. This revolt was mainly led by the Biimaal section of the Dir. The Biimaal clan is widely known for leading a resistance against the colonials in southern Somalia .The Biimaal violently resisted the imposition of colonialism and fought against the Italian colonialists of Italian Somaliland in a twenty-year war known as the Bimal revolt in which many of their warriors assassinated several Italian governors. This revolt can be compared to

280-594: Is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa'd ad-Din (d. 1415), ruler of Zeila." The Gadabuursi are divided into two main divisions, the Habar Makadur and Habar 'Affan. Most Gadabuursi members are descendants of Sheikh Samaroon. However, Samaroon does not necessarily mean Gadabuursi, but rather represents only a sub-clan of the Gadabuursi clan family. The Gadabuursi in particular,

336-503: Is one of the clans with a longstanding institution of Sultan. The Gadabuursi use the title Ughaz or Ugaas which means sultan and/or king. Based on research done by the Eritrean author 'Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad' in his book ' The Saho of Eritrea , the Saho people (Gadafur) is said to have Somali origins from the Gadabuursi. The Gadabuursi are mainly found in northwestern Somaliland and are

392-478: Is one of the largest and most prominent Somali clans in the Horn of Africa . They are also considered to be the oldest Somali stock to have inhabited the region. Its members inhabit Djibouti , Somalia , Ethiopia ( Somali , Harar , Dire Dawa , Oromia and Afar regions), and northeastern Kenya ( North Eastern Province ). Like the great majority of Somali clans , the Dir trace their ancestry to Aqil ibn Abi Talib ( c.  580 – 670 or 683 ),

448-585: Is predominantly Gadabuursi: "Mainly Somali Gurgura, Gadabursi and Hawiye groups, who inhabit Erer, Dambal and Meiso districts respectively." Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes the Harrawa Valley in the Gadabuursi country, as within sight of Harar : "In front, backed by the dark hills of Harar, lay the Harawwah valley." Captain H.G.C Swayne R.E. (1895) describes the Harrawa Valley as traditional Gadabuursi territory: "On 5th September we descended into

504-560: Is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security." The Gadabuursi also partially inhabit the neighboring region of Maroodi Jeex , and reside in many cities within that province. The Gadabuursi are the second largest clan by population in Somaliland after

560-415: Is recorded that the Gurgura were among the famous Somali spearmen led by their chief Garad Abdi who fought alongside Ahmed Gurey or Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi with thirty knights and one-thousand foot-soldiers. "After them came up the tribe of Gorgorah (Gurgura) with Garad Abdi their chieftan, and 30 horses and 1000 men." Patrick Gilkes (2003) mentions the Gurgura as one of the clans that participated in

616-744: Is the eldest Dir clan and one of the earliest Somalis if not the earliest in the Horn of Africa. The is evident as there are many other Dir tribes with Bah Gurgura sub tribes such as the Gadabuursi . Majority of Gadabuursi subclans had Gurgura mothers. The Bah Gurgura and Bah Sanayo subclans of the Gadabuursi Dir clan are matrinileal descendants of both the celebrated patron saints Awbare and Awbube . Bah Gurgura Mamasan Eleye Issa (clan) as well as Habar Yoonis and Habr Je'lo . Gurgura predates most of these younger northern Somali clans. The ruined towns excavated on

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672-569: The Awbare district as being predominantly Gadabuursi whilst highlighting the neutral role that they played in mediating peace between the Geri and Jarso: "The Gadabursi, who dominate the adjacent Awbare district north of Jijiga and bordering with the Awdal Region of Somaliland, have opened the already existing camps of Derwanache and Teferi Ber to these two communities." Filipo Ambrosio (1994) highlights how

728-607: The Awbare district in the Fafan Zone , the Dembel district in the Sitti Zone and the Harrawa Valley . The Department of Sociology and Social Administration, Addis Ababa University, Vol. 1 (1994), describes the Awbare district as being predominantly Gadabuursi. The journal states: "Different aid groups were also set up to help communities cope in the predominantly Gadabursi district of Aw Bare." Filipo Ambrosio (1994) describes

784-449: The Darod . Although these genealogical claims are historically untenable legends, they do reflect the longstanding cultural contacts between Somalia (especially, though not exclusively, its most northern part Somaliland ) and Southern Arabia . The history of Islam being practised by the Dir clan goes back 1400 years. In Zeila , a Dir city, a mosque called Masjid al-Qiblatayn is known as

840-726: The Dembel district, but also in the city itself. The Gadabuursi are the second largest sub-clan within the borders of the Somali Region of Ethiopia based on the Ethiopian population census. The 2014 Summary and Statistical report of the Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia has shown that Awbare is the most populated district in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The Gadabuursi of Ethiopia have also expressed

896-609: The Futuh Al Habasha ;: Conquest of Abyssinia : Emir Ahmed Gurrey, known to the Ethiopians as Ahmed Gran. The emir himself was almost certainly from one of the pre-Somali peoples around Harar, but Somalis from a number of clans, particularly the Gorgora, a clan that probably originated around Zelia, certainly fought in his armies. Ahmed himself probably had no direct links with Somalis other than recruiting them, but his mythic value

952-466: The Hawiye (Irir), Hawadle , Ajuran , Degoodi , Gaalje'el clan groups, who share the same ancestor Samaale . I. M. Lewis gives an invaluable reference to an Arabic manuscript on the history of the Gadabuursi Somali. 'This Chronicle opens', Lewis tells us, 'with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392) from whom the Gadabuursi today trace their descent, and who is described as

1008-552: The Isaaq . Within Somalia , they are known to be the 5th largest clan. The Gadabuursi are also found in Djibouti , where they are the second largest Somali clan. Within Djibouti they have historically lived in 2 of the 7 major neighborhoods in Djibouti (Quarter 4 and 5). However the majority of the Gadabuursi inhabit Ethiopia . Federico Battera (2005) states: "But most of

1064-565: The Oromo . The Gurgura are the eldest Dir and most ancient Somali tribe who migrated from Awdal east into Sanaag and southwest into Harar , Dire Dawa and Awash Valley as traders that connected the Arabs, Europeans, Indians and Chinese in Zeila to Harar . The Gurgura brought dyed garments, salt, sugar etc.. from Zeila to Harar and went back to Zeila with leather, species, frankincense and livestock. Along

1120-495: The Oromo Liberation Front on numerous occasions for control over Dire Dawa . Gurgure (abtirsi or clan tree) are subdivided into seven major sub-clans. Eldest son of Gurgure is Kundhuble, Gufaatile, Sanjecele, Sanaye, Nabidoor, Gacalwaaq and Biciide. The Gurgure Ugaas is selected and chosen from reer Gufatile as it is the tradition if he fulfills all the requirements. Dir (clan) The Dir ( Somali : Dir )

1176-677: The 10th century, the Jarso clan a sub-division of Dir established the Dawaro Sultanate centred in Hararghe Highlands. Dir is one of the oldest clans in the Horn of Africa. According to the Muslim chronicles, two of the oldest monarchies in the northern region, the Ifat and Adal sultanates, were led by Dir. The Dir, along with the Akisho , Gurgura , Issa and Gadabuursi subclans of the Dir represent

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1232-561: The Afran Qallo tribes . The Dir were supporters of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during his 16th century conquest of Abyssinia ; especially the Gurgura , Issa , Bursuk and Gadabuursi . In his medieval Futuh Al-Habash documenting this campaign, the chronicler Shihāb al-Dīn indicates that thousands of Dir soldiers took part in Imam Ahmad's Adal Sultanate army. The Dir clan also led

1288-466: The Dir, a Proto-Somali , together with the Hawiye trace ancestry through Irir son of Samaale. Dir is regarded as the father-in-law of Darod, the progenitor of the Darod clan Although some sources state it was the daughter of Hawiye who Darod married. Dir clan lineages: According to others, Dir had a fifth son, Qaldho Dir. DNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti found that all of

1344-523: The Ethiopian Somalis boarder by A.T. Curle reveal the sophistication of ancient towns associated with Gurgura saints. The Gadabuursi town of Awbare is one of the largest and is named after Sheikh Awbare, a famous sheikh of Ifat and Adal Sultanates, who of the Nabioor subclan of the Gurgura. Another Gadabuursi ancient settlement known as Awbube is also named after a Gurgura saint called Sheikh Awbube who

1400-560: The Gadabuursi are the predominant clan of the Awbare district in the Fafan Zone , the Dembel district in the Sitti Zone and the Harrawa Valley . They are mainly found in cities and towns such as Awbare , Awbube , Sheder , Lefe Isa , Derwernache , Gogti , Jaare , Heregel , Arabi and Dembel . The etymology of the name Gadabuursi , as described by writer Ferrand in Ethnographic Survey of Africa refers to Gada meaning people and Bur meaning mountain, hence

1456-602: The Gadabuursi are the predominant inhabitants of the Awdal Region: "The Gadabuursi's numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region." Marleen Renders and Ulf Terlinden (2010) both state that the Gadabuursi almost exclusively inhabit the Awdal Region: "Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It

1512-702: The Gadabuursi country: "The position of the Samawé ruins would favour a supposition that some power holding Harar, and having its northern boundary along the hills which wall in the southern side of the Harrawa valley, had built the fort to command the Gáwa Pass, which is one of the great routes from the Gadabursi country up on to the Marar Prairie." Richard Francis Burton describes the Gadabuursi as extending to within sight of Harar : "Though almost in sight of Harar, our advance

1568-512: The Gadabuursi inhabit the Somali Region of Ethiopia (the so-called region five) where their paramount chief (the Ugaas ) resides... In present day Awdal, most of the prominent elders have their main venues in the capital city of the region, Booroma. However, the paramount chief of the Gadabuursi local community, the Ugaas , has his main venue in Ethiopia." In Ethiopia , the Gadabuursi exclusively inhabit

1624-662: The Gadabuursi inhabited regions of the Horn of Africa , Ethiopia is the country where the majority of the clan reside. In Ethiopia , the Gadabuursi are mainly found in the Somali Region , but they also inhabit the Harar , Dire Dawa and Oromia regions. In Somaliland , the Gadabuursi are the predominant clan of the Awdal Region. They are mainly found in cities and towns such as Borama , Baki , Lughaya , Zeila , Dilla , Jarahorato , Amud , Abasa , Fiqi Aadan , Quljeed , Boon and Harirad . In Ethiopia ,

1680-496: The Geri and Jarso both sought refuge on adjacent Gadabuursi clan territory after a series of conflicts broke out between the two communities in the early 1990s: "Jarso and Geri then sought refuge on 'neutral' adjacent Gadabursi territory in Heregel, Jarre and Lefeisa." The Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region (2010) states that the Dembel district

1736-539: The Geri, Issa and Karanle Hawiye represent the most native and indigenous Somali tribes in Harar . The Gadabuursi inhabit the Gursum woreda where they are the majority and the Jijiga woreda where they make up a large part of the Fafan Zone . They partially inhabit Ayesha, Shinile, Erer and Afdem woreda's. The Gadabuursi also reside along the northeastern fringe of the chartered city-state of Dire Dawa , which borders

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1792-458: The Gurgura as a Somali tribe that he encountered on his way to Harar from Djibouti in and around Dire Dawa and back towards Abyssinia . The authors refers to the land between Dire Dawa and Harar as Gurgura. The author says he met the Gurgura in great numbers with their spears, looking after sheep and camels. The Gurgura possessing a skin of a deep chocolate colour, and divided them into two distinct types: one with wholly hair, or twisted into curls;

1848-433: The Gurgura were known as traders. According other sources the name was derived from Gurgur (meaning to move from one place to another frequently) Gurgur can also mean aqal Somali or Somali huts. Gurgur can also mean to crawl like babies do. It is only more recently in the 19th century that the name Gurgura started being associated with Oromos (that means that act of selling or to sell). Mohamed "Gurgura" Madaxweyne Dir (clan)

1904-541: The Harrawa Valley in the Gadabursi country, and back on to the high ban again at Sarír, four days later. We then marched along the base of the Harar Highlands, reaching Sala Asseleh on 13th September. We had experienced heavy thunder-storms with deluges of rain daily, and had found the whole country deserted." Captain H.G.C Swayne R.E. (1895) describes the Harrawa Valley as occupying an important strategic position in

1960-713: The Oromo language belong to the Oromo nation and they only started to identify themselves with the Somali after the 1974 change of the Haile Selassie regime" though Somali's strongly disagree. The Gurgura fought for the Somalis rebels during the Ethiopian Civil War and supported the annexation of Dire Dawa , they actively participated in the Issa and Gurgura Liberation Front and clashed with

2016-853: The Sitti Zone of Somali Region . There he met the Hawiya, like the Gurgura, who speak Somali, and some also understand the Galla ( Oromo ) language. The author describes the Hawiya, the Ghedebursi ( Gadabuursi ), Issa , Gurgura, Haberual (Habar Awal) and Dahrot ( Darod ) as speaking Somali. Oromo political organizations sought to coerce the Oromo speaking Gurgure in the rural villages of Dire Dawa and Oromia region, to get them to identify themselves as Oromo for their political, land grabbing and made up census propaganda though they belong to and identified as Gurgura Somalis. Oromo elders claimed that "the Gurgura people who speak

2072-498: The city and settle the surrounding areas. Dir a settlement which according to Huntingford, may conceivably be modern day Dire Dawa. Huntingford, Historical Geography of Ethiopia, p. 122. (p) In his book Across Widest Africa : An Account of the Country and People of Eastern, Central and Western Africa As Seen During a Twelve Months' Journey from Djibuti to Cape Verde, Volume 2, written in 1905 , Arnold Henry Savage Landor describes

2128-523: The city of Dire Dawa and over 500 farms in Hurso. T he Origin and History of the Somali People by Ibrahim Ali argues the warriors who fought Amda Seyon (1314 - 1344) also included the Gurgura warriors. The description of these warriors tying themselves together and then rushing into battle is identical to the battle practiced by the Gurgura - "first the [Nabidoor] Gurgura were sent in to battle, and when we draw

2184-679: The encroaching Oromos land grabbing , Ethiopian Federal Government and Somali Regional Government in Jigjiga have been denying them mp seats. During the Haille Selassie regime, the Oromo were not as present in Dire Dawa . The numbers of Oromo only increased during the reign of Mengistu and Meles; this was a period when the Gurgure were severely oppressed by the Mengistu regime. The Gurgura lost over 7000 homes in

2240-451: The etymology of the name Gadabuursi means people of the mountains . As a Dir sub-clan, the Gadabuursi have immediate lineal ties with the Issa , the Surre (Abdalle and Qubeys ), the Biimaal (who the Gaadsen also belong to), the Bajimal, the Bursuk , the Madigan Dir , the Gurgura , the Garre (the Quranyow sub-clan to be precise as they claim descent from Dir ), Gurre, Gariire, other Dir sub-clans and they have lineal ties with

2296-468: The first blood, it means we are guaranteed victory." [ Origin & History of Somali People, by I. Ali]. The Gurgura and other Dir tribes are like the Surre Qubeys known and associated with introducing Islam to the many parts of Somalia and Ethiopia. The Gurgura are mentioned in the Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia as source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author: Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab Faqih or ' Arab Faqih. It

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2352-424: The founders of the city of Dire Dawa, Sheikh, Somaliland , Erer among other cities in Somaliland and Ethiopia. Today the Gurgure live in Dire Dawa , Somali Region of Ethiopia, Harar region, Djibouti , Somaliland , and the Afar Region . Lo'jir Gurgure live as far east as Erigavo and Heis (town) in Sanaag. The Gurgura are a Somali clan who inhabit the Sitti Zone , Dire Dawa , Harar , Somaliland and

2408-398: The individuals belonged to the Y-DNA T1 paternal haplogroup. The main subclans of the Dir today are: 1. Mahe 2. Madaluug 3. Madoobe 4. Madahweyne For the first time since several centuries the Dir clan which widely dispersed in the Horn of Africa has successfully convened a meeting with all the major Dir subclans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Suldaan Dhawal, of the Habr 'Affan Gadabuursi

2464-465: The local Gurgura clan. The Somali Dir clan used to be the predominant inhabitants of Hararghe Highlands in the medieval times until the weakening of Adal Sultanate the Oromos took advantage of the crippling state and decided to invade and occupy the Haraghe Highlands and assimilate the local native Somali population which were Gurgura and Bursuk who were all sub-clans of Dir a major Somali tribe tree and were later confederated into Oromo Ethnics,

2520-423: The most native and indigenous Somali clan tree in Harar . The city Dire Dawa was originally called Dir Dhabe and used to be part of Adal Sultanate during the medieval times and was exclusively settled by Dir which is a major Somali tribe and after the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the Oromos took advantage and were able to penetrate through the city and settle into these areas and also assimilate some of

2576-416: The only Muslim leader fighting on the western flank in the armies of Se'ad ad-Din, ruler of Zeila : I. M. Lewis (1959) states: "Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan. This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who

2632-423: The other not so common, with smooth hair, which is always left long and reaches the shoulders. Some grew a slight beard upon the cheeks and chin. The author goes on to say that they all had eyes the iris of which was of a deep brown, but that portion of the eye-ball which is white was dark yellowish tone." Landor writes about making a camp near hot springs on his way to Abyssinia today known as Erer hot springs in

2688-490: The predominant clan of the Awdal Region. Federico Battera (2005) states about the Awdal Region: "Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans." A UN Report published by Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1999), states concerning Awdal : "The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As a result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs." Roland Marchal (1997) states that numerically,

2744-410: The same ancestor Samaale . The Gurgure (Mohamed) Madaxweyne Dir are a vast clan that stretch from Balawa (near Jijiga) to the Awash region; they also extend onto areas to the south where they established settlement of Sheikh Hussein Bale. They are associated with the spread of Islam. The Gurgura are the majority clan in Dire Dawa , Afdem (woreda) and Erer district in the Sitti Zone . Gurgure are

2800-400: The site of where early companions of the Prophet established a mosque shortly after the first Migration to Abyssinia By the 7th century, a large-scale conversion to Islam was taking place in the Somali peninsula, first spread by the Dir clan family, to the rest of the nation. The early Adal Kingdom (9th century to 13th century) was an exclusive kingdom with its capital being Zeila . In

2856-423: The trade routes, the Gurgura established settlements that were thriving communities during the Sultanate of Ifat and Adal Sultanate . Examples of these settlements named after Gurgura saints include Jaldessa , Abasa, Awdal , Amud , Awbare , Awbube and Dire Dawa . The name Gurgure in Somali is derived from the old Somali word Gorgortan (meaning to bargain or negotiate as a merchant) according some sources as

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2912-458: The war of the Mad Mullah in Somaliland . The Biimaal mainly lives in Somalia , the Somali region of Ethiopia , which their Gaadsen sub-clan mainly inhabits and in the NEP region of Kenya . The Biimaal are pastoralists. They were also successful merchants and traders in the 19th century. In the 19th century they have engaged in multiple wars with the Geledi clan, which they were victorious in. I.M. Lewis and many sources maintain that

2968-481: Was a famous Ifat era saint also Nabidoor Gurgure. The Gadabuursi subclans of Reer Nuur and Adan Yoonis are collectively known as Bah Gurgura as their ancestor was Halimo Sheikh who was the sister of Bare Sheikh more famously known as Sheikh Awbare, the Saint the ancient town is named after. The great trading abilities of the Gurgure historically and their association with spreading Islam has resulted in them being very widespread. The Gurgure are in continuous conflict with

3024-465: Was elected the head and representative of the Dir clan in the Horn of Africa . Gadabuursi This is an accepted version of this page The Gadabuursi ( Somali : Gadabuursi , Arabic : جادابورسي), also known as Samaroon ( Arabic : قبيلة سَمَرُون) , is a northern Somali clan, a sub-division of the Dir clan family. The Gadabuursi are geographically spread out across three countries: Ethiopia , Somaliland and Djibouti . Among all of

3080-428: Was impeded by the African traveller's bane. The Gudabursi tribe was at enmity with the Girhi, and, in such cases, the custom is for your friends to detain you and for their enemies to bar your progress. Shermarkay had given me a letter to the Gerad Adan, chief of the Girhi; a family feud between him and his brother-in-law, our Gudabursi protector, rendered the latter chary of commiting himself." The Gadabuursi, along with

3136-442: Was substantial. He had launched a highly successful jihad against Ethiopia in the 1530s. The city of Dire Dawa was originally called Dir and used to be part of the Sultanate of Ifat and Adal Sultanate during the medieval times and was exclusively settled by Dir clan (Gurgure, Issa and Gadabuursi). After the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the Ethiopian Christians and later on Oromos took advantage and were able to penetrate through

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