Misplaced Pages

#417582

20-772: In the 10th century, Soomras ruled the Sindh region with Pattan as their capital. They were deposed by the Sammas . This branch of the Sumras is said to have joined the Baloch. Thus formed Gurchani section is settled at Harrand in the Dera Ghazi Khan District . The 19th century text, Tārikh-ī-Murād , recounts the legend. The Sumra ruled region was split up into petty principalities quite independent of and often at war with one another. The chief of Phul Wadda, (now Naushahra or Rahimyar Khan )

40-618: A herd of cattle , . . . the heroes of the Lunds and Gurchanis came together [for battle] as the water of a torrent comes against an embankment." Baloch tribes including Gurchani were fond of poetry. The popular "Elegy on the Death of Nawab Jamal Khan" was composed by Panju Bangulani (a member of the Lashari clan of the Gurchanis). When Jamal Khan died while returning from the hajj , the assembled chiefs offered

60-567: A prize for the best elegy which was won by Panju Bangulani. Soomra dynasty The Soomra dynasty ( Persian : خانوادهٔ سومرگان ‎ ) was a late medieval dynasty of Sindh ruled by the Soomro tribe of Sindh , and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now Pakistan . The only extant source is the Diwan-i Farruhi , a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing Mahmud of Ghazni 's invasion (1025 AD) of Mansura ,

80-488: A regional power in this vacuum. In an old Balochi ballad , Dodo Soomra IV is mentioned as a Jaghdal (Balochi term for Jat ), marrying a baloch woman. From him, the Dodai clan of Balochs claim descent. Tabakat-i-Akbari (16th cen.) mentions Soomras as a Jat tribe. The Soomras themselves also claimed an Arab origin. They have been retrospectively claimed to be Parmar Rajputs . In Ain I Akbari (16th century)

100-653: The Druze faced extreme persecution by the new caliph, al-Zahir, who wanted to eradicate the faith. This was the result of a power struggle inside of the Fatimid empire in which the Druze were viewed with suspicion because of their refusal to recognize the new caliph as their Imam. Many spies, mainly the followers of al-Darazi, joined the Unitarian movement in order to infiltrate the Druze community. The spies set about agitating trouble and soiling

120-563: The Religion of God' ), was the seventh caliph of the Fatimid dynasty (1021–1036). Al-Zahir assumed the caliphate after the disappearance of his father al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah . At the time of al-Hakim's disappearance on 14 February 1021, his sister, Sitt al-Mulk , took the reins of power. She disregarded the previous appointment of a cousin, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas , as heir apparent by al-Hakim, and instead raised al-Hakim's 16-year-old son Ali to

140-767: The Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh. One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to Iltutmish , the Sultan of Delhi , and was allowed to continue as a vassal. Al-Zahir li-i%27zaz Din Allah States People Centers Other Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥākim ( Arabic : أبو الحسن علي ابن الحاكم ; 20 June 1005 – 13 June 1036), better known with his regnal name al-Ẓāhir li-Iʿzāz Dīn Allāh ( Arabic : الظاهر لإعزاز دين الله , lit.   'He Who Appears Openly to Strengthen

160-465: The Soomras. Historically, conflicts were common among Baloch tribes over the control of land and water resources. Alliances and battles were frequent among Leghari , Khosa , Lund , Marri , Bugti , and other tribes. It is recorded that during the time of Ahmad Shah Durrani , the Gurchani chiefs were offered the right to collect the government share of the produce (masul) in kind on several villages on

180-471: The Sumra dynesty is mentioned as of A Rajput leneage. Some of them were adherents of Isma'ilism — Arab travelers held them to be Qarmatians , and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, Al-Mustansir Billah has been located. The Ghurids and Ghaznavids continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras. The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but

200-506: The erstwhile capital of Sindh. Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah and Al-Mustansir Billah , the Fatimid Caliphs from 1021 until 1094, then, they lack in the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty. The early history of Soomras is unclear. Ali describes

220-461: The flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra. Later chroniclers like Ali ibn al-Athir (c. late 12th c.) and Ibn Khaldun (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid. The Soomras appear to have established themselves as

SECTION 10

#1732869894418

240-412: The large raid planned by Ghulam Husian into Rajanpur tahsil . The history of Baloch tribes is captured in the ballads which narrate the conflicts and wars fought by various clans, celebrating the valor of tribal chiefs and heroes who fought over territory, water, and grazing grounds . These ballads indicate their tribal identification with both pastoral and agricultural resources: "Thronging forth like

260-635: The plains and to collect a tax on camels coming into the plains in return for the safety of the Hurrund and Dajil frontier. In one of the most dramatic frontier encounters of the early British era , the Gurchanis and Tibbi Lund tribes, in January 1867, killed Ghulam Husain and almost three hundred of his men at Hurrund. This alliance was formed by British officer Sandeman among Bugti, Gurchanis and Lund, in Jampur , ahead of

280-591: The reputation of the Druze. This resulted in friction with the new caliph who clashed militarily with the Druze community. The clashes ranged from Antioch to Alexandria , where tens of thousands of Druze were slaughtered by the Fatimid army. The largest massacre was at Antioch, where 5,000 prominent Druze were killed, followed by that of Aleppo . As a result, the faith went underground, in hope of survival, as those captured were either forced to renounce their faith or be killed. Druze survivors "were found principally in southern Lebanon and Syria". In 1038, two years after

300-495: The theft was said to be so unbearable that these Sumras were either expelled or left Pattan. This incident is said to have scandalized the Soomras as a community and degraded them. Additionally, prior to their downfall, the Soomra youth, deprived of land due to changes in the Indus river , succumbed to frustration and resorted to theft and robbery . Their actions violated the moral code of

320-490: The throne. Ali received the public oath of allegiance on 28 March, with the regnal name al-Zāhir li-Iʿzāz Dīn Allāh . His rival, Abu'l-Qasim, was recalled from Damascus , where he was serving as governor, to Cairo , where he died—reportedly by suicide—a few months later. Until her death in February 1023, the government was conducted by Sitt al-Mulk, who according to historian Thierry Bianquis proved "a true stateswoman". He

340-684: Was constantly disputed, occasionally coming to arms. To improve relations with Byzantium and the Christian subjects of the realm, the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , destroyed in 1009, was authorised under his caliphate in a treaty with the Byzantine Emperor Romanus III . Actual building work, funded by the Byzantines, was not undertaken until 1042. For the next seven years,

360-457: Was fragmented by Fātimid diplomacy, after which General Anushtakin al-Dizbari was able to defeat it militarily. Meanwhile, in 1028 one of the governing circle, ʻAlī ibn Ahmad Jarjarai , was able to eliminate his colleagues and take over the office of vizir , which he managed to retain until 1045. He enjoyed good relations with the Byzantine Empire , even though the suzerainty over Aleppo

380-522: Was one Lakha Phulani, who was famous for his generosity to the Charanas . Lakha gifted some horses to a Charan called Swami. These were stolen at Pattan, where the Charan had halted on his way home, by some Sumra youths. The Charan knowing that the theft was committed with the connivance of the Sumra chief, composed a quatrain which spread far and wide in the country. The lines were:- The dishonour caused by

400-644: Was the first Fatimid monarch to actively shift the responsibility of governing onto his officials, inaugurating a trend that would eventually lead to the complete political impotence of the Fatimid caliphs. Under this regime, the Fātimid state slipped into crisis - in Egypt, famine and plague led to anarchy in the years 1023–1025, and in Palestine and Syria , there was a revolt amongst the Bedouin (1024–1029). The coalition of rebels

#417582