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156-593: The municipality lies on the river Glan in the Western Palatinate . The municipality's main centre, likewise called Sankt Julian, lies in the Glan valley, mainly on the river's left bank and on both sides of Bundesstraße 420, while over on the right bank, a new, smaller neighbourhood has arisen. Also standing there are the school , the kindergarten and the Museumsmühle (" Museum Mill "). Formerly running through

312-504: A pilgrimage centre and seat of the Vierherrengericht ("Four-Lord Court"), the village was said to be a central place in the Glan valley, and to this day it can still claim a certain central placement. The formerly self-administering municipality of Sankt Julian had a great municipal area that bordered on the fields of neighbouring Eschenau, Niederalben, Obereisenbach and Niedereisenbach on

468-469: A church along a pilgrimage route, often located at the tomb of a saints , or holding icons or relics to which miraculous properties are ascribed, the site of Marian apparitions , etc. During the Middle Ages, a proprietary church was a church, abbey, or cloister built on the private grounds of a feudal lord, over which he retained proprietary interests. The architecture of evangelical places of worship

624-801: A church, usually Catholic , Anglican , Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox , housing the seat of a bishop. The word cathedral takes its name from cathedra , or Bishop's Throne (In Latin : ecclesia cathedralis ). The term is sometimes (improperly) used to refer to any church of great size. A church with a cathedral function is not necessarily a large building. It might be as small as Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford , England, Porvoo Cathedral in Porvoo , Finland, Sacred Heart Cathedral in Raleigh, United States , or Chur Cathedral in Switzerland. However, frequently,

780-622: A dispute about church property in Einöd and Ernstweiler , and also led negotiations in a dispute with the County of Leiningen . In 1536 he settled a dispute between Palatinate-Zweibrücken and the Palatinate about the community of Gutenberg . Then, he had to deal once again with a dispute involving Einöd and Ernstweiler. Already in 1541, Ludwig became Amtmann in Meisenheim and was significantly involved with

936-446: A drop in numbers foreseen for the coming years. The following table shows population development over the centuries for Eschenau, with some figures broken down by religious denomination: Gumbsweiler was home to many farmers, though very early on there were also workers living in the village, and today they make up the majority. There is generally a good cohesion among the villagers, who always seem ready to solve issues communally. There

1092-578: A falsified document dated to 1192, " Saint Julien " might have been the church's namesake saint, and indeed the village maintains a partnership with one of the many places in France named Saint-Julien (to wit, the one in Côte-d'Or ). Sankt Julian may well once have borne another name that the brisk pilgrimage in Saint Juliana's pushed aside when the name was changed. If so, the old name is now forgotten. After 1290,

1248-433: A landscaped pond with a shooting clubhouse and a grilling pavilion appeared in 1982. The country lanes were expanded to almost 50 km. Eight kilometres of these were paved with blacktop . As of 2005, Obereisenbach is made up of 28 houses, most of which stand on the brook's left bank. In the village's upper end, a short street with a few houses on it branches off towards the west mountain slope. Before this junction stands

1404-646: A monasterial estate from the early days of the so-called Remigiusland . Graves found within Obereisenbach's nominal area point to settlers in the area in prehistoric times . On the heights west of the village, some land surveyors found a silex blade, which is now kept at the Historisches Museum der Pfalz ("Historical Museum of the Palatinate") in Speyer . In the formerly municipally unassigned cadastral area of Schwarzland northwest of Obereisenbach, nowadays part of

1560-593: A new County Palatine, as whose comital residence he chose the town of Zweibrücken : the County Palatine – later Duchy – of Palatinate-Zweibrücken . An exact founding date for Obereisenbach cannot be determined. Like Eschenau, Obereisenbach lay in the Nahegau , whose counts split into several lines, and at the time of its 1426 first documentary mention, the village belonged to the Lords of Steinkallenfels (or Stein-Kallenfels) in

1716-416: A place of pilgrimage. The vast majority of parish churches do not however enjoy such privileges. In addition to a parish church, each parish may maintain auxiliary organizations and their facilities such as a rectory , parish hall , parochial school , or convent , frequently located on the same campus or adjacent to the church. A pilgrimage church is a church to which pilgrimages are regularly made, or

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1872-534: A right, which in 1857 Pastor Schwab from Sankt Julian had denied them. This led to a court case before the Royal Regional Court at Kaiserslautern . The judge's ruling set forth in law that the Gumbsweiler Protestant church community was the little church's sole owner, with its bells and fixtures, and that therefore it alone could avail itself of the church's use. There were no further modifications to

2028-412: A separate room for baptisms by immersion . Worship services take on impressive proportions in the megachurches (churches where more than 2,000 people gather every Sunday). In some of these megachurches, more than 10,000 people gather every Sunday. The term gigachurch is sometimes used. For example, Lakewood Church (United States) or Yoido Full Gospel Church (South Korea). In some countries of

2184-557: A settlement on a floodplain ( Aue in German ) with ash trees ( Eschen in German) growing on it. The village's name, Gumbsweiler, has the common German placename ending —weiler , which as a standalone word means " hamlet " (originally "homestead"), to which is prefixed a syllable Gumbs— . Most of the villages with names ending in —weiler arose in the early period of the Frankish takeover of

2340-506: A time of steady population growth, and there was emigration , mainly to North America . Gumbsweiler lay within Palatinate-Zweibrücken , and also within an Unteramt , which was administered for a while from Altenglan , next from the vanished village of Brücken (not to be confused with Brücken , which still exists), and then from Ulmet . In 1546, Duke Wolfgang approved the expansion of Heinrich Kolb's mill by two grist runs on

2496-426: A time when Sankt Julian was an important pilgrimage place, and perhaps also the seat of a monastery . The municipal area was worked on into the 20th century by small agricultural landholds that busied themselves with grain growing, livestock raising, fruitgrowing and, on a small scale, winegrowing . A few bigger farms had between 10 and 20 hectares, while most others were quite small, with some 3 or 4 hectares. In

2652-592: A village in the Oster valley. Sankt Julian at first became the seat of a Bürgermeisterei ("mayoralty") together with Eschenau and Obereisenbach. The merged municipality was called Sankt Julian-Obereisenbach. The mayoralty was united with the one in Ulmet in 1861, but became separate again in 1887. Just after the Second World War , there was an armed confrontation with some French occupational troops, who had been mistaken by

2808-530: A wave of church construction in Western Europe . Many churches worldwide are of considerable historical , national, cultural , and architectural significance, with several recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The word church is derived from Old English cirice word, 'place of assemblage set aside for Christian worship', from the Proto-Germanic kirika word . This was probably borrowed via

2964-605: A well-to-do man who endowed a chapel to hold Saint Juliana's relics , which was built right next to the then Romanesque church. Furthermore, Conrad bequeathed to the village a great landhold. After the chapel was built, Sankt Julian must have grown into a pilgrimage centre. In the Middle Ages , there was in the Rhinegravial lands between the rivers Glan and Nahe an entity known as the Hochgericht auf der Heide ("High Court on

3120-525: Is a house church ( domus ecclesiae ), the Dura-Europos church , founded between 233 and 256. In the second half of the third century AD, the first purpose-built halls for Christian worship ( aula ecclesiae ) began to be constructed. Although many of these were destroyed early in the next century during the Diocletianic Persecution . Even larger and more elaborate churches began to appear during

3276-406: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Church (building) A church , church building , or church house is a building used for Christian worship services and other Christian religious activities. The earliest identified Christian church is a house church founded between 233 and 256. Sometimes, the word church is used by analogy and for simplicity to refer to

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3432-516: Is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons , which may be presided over by a dean or provost . Collegiate churches were often supported by extensive lands held by the church, or by tithe income from appropriated benefices . They commonly provide distinct spaces for congregational worship and for the choir offices of their clerical community. A conventual church (in Eastern Orthodoxy katholikon )

3588-453: Is characterized by its topography. A linear village (by some definitions, a "thorpe") sprang up in the valley along the river's left bank, later spreading out to the hillside along two sidestreets. The neighbourhood around the church can be considered the village's hub. Prehistoric archaeological finds have shown that the area was already settled in La Tène times and on into Roman times. As

3744-414: Is great interest locally in playing music. The following table shows population development over the centuries for Gumbsweiler, with some figures broken down by religious denomination: Obereisenbach's inhabitants lived well into the 20th century mainly from agriculture , although there were also the miller families, innkeepers , distillers , workers – especially at the stone quarries – and those who ran

3900-485: Is hitched to a sea god's chariot. Other Roman spolia are found in the churchtower's wallwork. Also among the finds have been two Amazon shields, as they are customarily found on pedestals at Mithraea . Further bearing witness to a Roman presence are Roman soldiers' and traders' graves along with gold coins from Emperor Constantine's time. The broader area around Eschenau was settled in prehistoric times , bearing witness to which, among other things, are hammerstones from

4056-776: Is home to eight churches , with two additional churches located south of the Antarctic Convergence . Many churches worldwide are of considerable historical, national, cultural , and architectural significance, with several recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia the Cenacle (the site of the Last Supper ) in Jerusalem was the "first Christian church". The Dura-Europos church in Syria

4212-426: Is mainly characterized by its sobriety. The Latin cross is a well known Christian symbol that can usually be seen on the building of an evangelical church and that identifies the place's belonging. Some services take place in theaters, schools or multipurpose rooms, rented for Sunday only. There is usually a baptistery at the front of the church (in what is known as the chancel in historic traditions) or in

4368-528: Is now kept in Munich . Roman potsherds have also turned up near Obereisenbach. It is unknown when the tower that still stands now at the old Romanesque church in Sankt Julian was built, but going by its stylistic elements, it might have been sometime about the turn of the 12th century. It is highly likely that an earlier church once stood on this same spot. About 1290, a priest named Conrad worked in Sankt Julian,

4524-441: Is popular among seniors and pensioners as a second residence. With respect to religion, the villagers are overwhelmingly Evangelical . The population grew over the course of the 19th century, but shrank again in the 20th. Despite the more recent gains towards the end of the century, a drop in numbers is foreseen for the coming years. The following table shows population development over the centuries for Obereisenbach: Sankt Julian

4680-466: Is preserved only as a rural cadastral toponym. The latter crops up in the historical record only once, in Count Heinrich's 1364 document (see above), which dealt with supplying the young comital couple Heinrich and Lauretta, and which mentioned many placenames for the first time, including Gumbsweiler. It is certain that Trudenberg lay on the Glan's right bank within the former Remigiusland , likely on

4836-421: Is the biggest continuous woodland. In the years from 1972 to 1979, "classic" Flurbereinigung was undertaken. This laid the groundwork for one farming operation that was run as a main income-earning business and five others that were run as secondary occupations. Through leaseholds, farms of more than 50 ha were created. Twenty-five hectares of new forest was planted. In the cadastral area called "Saupferch",

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4992-463: Is the former schoolhouse , which has since been converted into a village community centre. The other street branches off northwards and mainly serves a new building zone. Farmhouses called Einfirsthäuser ("single-roof-ridge houses"), which are typical of the Westrich, an historic region that encompasses areas in both Germany and France , stand in the area near the intersections. In the village's west end

5148-434: Is the main church in a Christian monastery , known variously as an abbey, a priory, a convent, a friary, or a preceptory. A parish church is a church built to meet the needs of people localised in a geographical area called a parish. The vast majority of Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran church buildings fall into this category. A parish church may also be a basilica, a cathedral, a conventual or collegiate church, or

5304-449: Is unknown. It might have lain within what were Sankt Julian's limits before the four constituent communities were amalgamated. As already stated in the History section above, Sankt Julian was a well known pilgrimage centre in the Middle Ages . In Saint Michael's Chapel ( Michaeliskapelle ) next to the church , Saint Juliana's relics were worshipped. The originally Romanesque nave

5460-629: The Unteramt of Altenglan/Ulmet was obliged by this document to supply them both with their economic needs. The document thus named all the villages in question. In a 1379 document, the knight Sir Mohr of Sötern acknowledged that, among other things, he had been enfeoffed with holdings in Gumbsweiler ( Gundeßwilr ) by Count Friederich of Veldenz. Nevertheless, the name Gundeßwilr that appears in this document has been ascribed by other regional historians, Carl Pöhlmann among them, not to Gumbsweiler, but rather to

5616-569: The Early Middle Ages could not be reached without crossing the river. About 1537, the Dukes of Zweibrücken introduced the Reformation along Lutheran lines. However, beginning in 1588, Count Palatine Johannes I forced all his subjects to convert to Reformed belief as espoused by John Calvin . Only in 1820 was Gumbsweiler parochially united with Sankt Julian. Gumbsweiler's church came through

5772-661: The French Revolution , Eschenau, too, belonged directly to the Rhinegraviate. Time and again, Ludwig von Eschenau, already mentioned above, was named in documents. He was a ministerialis in the service of the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken , and, obviously, he was from Eschenau. He negotiated between Palatinate-Zweibrücken and the Palatinate in 1534 over the redemption of a series of pledged villages in Alsace . In 1535, he negotiated in

5928-804: The French Revolutionary annexation was the same as Eschenau's and Sankt Julian's: it belonged to the Mairie ("Mayoralty") of Offenbach, the Canton of Grumbach, the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld and the Department of Sarre . The states that were allied against France ( Prussia , Austria and Russia ), reconquered the German lands on the Rhine's left bank in 1814. After a two-year transitional period, Obereisenbach passed to

6084-558: The Glan at Gumbsweiler had fallen into disrepair. It was torn down and a new one was built. This was later partly demolished by French troops, and then given a provisional repair before being built yet again in 1841. During the time of the Plague , the Thirty Years' War and French King Louis XIV's wars of conquest, Obereisenbach shared its neighbours' fate. There were deaths from both sickness and wartime ravages. The responsible lordship

6240-759: The Gothic from the Greek kyriake (oikia) , kyriakon doma , 'the Lord's (house)', from kyrios , 'ruler, lord'. Kyrios in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European language root *keue meaning 'to swell'. The Greek kyriakon , 'of the Lord', was used of houses of Christian worship since c.  AD 300 , especially in the East, although it was less common in this sense than ekklesia or basilike . The earliest archeologically identified Christian church

6396-561: The Hochgericht auf der Heide ("High Court on the Heath") and, more locally, the Vierherrengericht ("Four-Lord Court"), whose seat was in nearby Sankt Julian. A 1336 document about Niedereisenbach spoke of an inferiori Ysenbach , thus of a lesser place of this name, there might well have been a greater village as well, with the same name. In the 16th century, the Waldraves and Rhinegraves pledged their holding here to Palatinate-Zweibrücken under

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6552-564: The Kingdom of Bavaria in a departure from what was generally considered the new border arrangements, with the Glan downstream from the mouth of the Steinalb generally being held to be the border between Bavaria and Prussia (or until 1834 the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Principality of Lichtenberg ). This exceptional arrangement, which also affected Sankt Julian and Eschenau, was part of an exchange against

6708-486: The Landkommissariate became Bezirksämter , and in 1938, Landratsämter ." During this Bavarian epoch, Gumbsweiler grew from a small farming village into a bigger village among whose dwellers, bit by bit, workers came to dominate. Apart from the changes in higher levels of government (Kingdom of Bavaria, Free State of Bavaria, state of Rhineland-Palatinate ), the administrative arrangements at first did not change. In

6864-469: The Mairie ("Mayoralty") of Hundheim, the Canton of Lauterecken, the Arrondissement of Kaiserslautern and the Department of Mont-Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German ), whose seat lay at Mainz . The Mairie of Hundheim became a mayoralty under Bavarian administration beginning in 1816, and for a while, Gumbsweiler was the biggest place within it. According to Mahler, writing in 1966, "The Bürgermeisterei ("Mayoralty") of Hundheim at first belonged to

7020-409: The Mairie ("Mayoralty") of Offenbach, the Canton of Grumbach, the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld and the Department of Sarre . The states that were allied against France ( Prussia , Austria and Russia ), reconquered the German lands on the Rhine's left bank in 1814. After a two-year transitional period, Eschenau passed to the Kingdom of Bavaria in a departure from what was generally considered

7176-757: The Mogadishu Cathedral , along with the Saint Anthony of Padua Church in Somaliland . Other countries with a limited number of churches include Bhutan and Western Sahara . In contrast, some estimates suggest that the United States has the highest number of churches in the world, with around 380,000, followed by Brazil and Italy . According to the Future for Religious Heritage, there are over 500,000 churches across Europe . Several cities are commonly known as

7332-562: The Napoleonic era that followed, Sankt Julian belonged to the Mairie ("Mayoralty") of Offenbach, the Canton of Grumbach, the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld and the Department of Sarre . While in the new territorial order arising from the Congress of Vienna the old Rhinegravial villages on the Glan's left bank were grouped into the Principality of Lichtenberg , a newly created exclave of

7488-707: The Nazi Party (NSDAP) gained a strong foothold in Sankt Julian, winning 29.8% of the vote locally in May 1924 Reichstag election (today, the Social Democratic Party of Germany is said to be the village's strongest political party). By 1938, after the Third Reich had existed for five years and war was coming, the Heeresstraße (literally "Army Road") was built. Since the Second World War ended, Sankt Julian has been part of

7644-528: The Renaissance was extremely exaggerated. Domes and capitals were decorated with moulding, and the former stucco sculptures were replaced by fresco paintings on the ceilings. For the first time, churches were seen as one connected work of art, and consistent artistic concepts were developed. Instead of long buildings, more central-plan buildings were created. The sprawling decoration with floral ornamentation and mythological motives lasted until about 1720 in

7800-480: The Rococo era. The Protestant parishes preferred lateral churches, in which all the visitors could be as close as possible to the pulpit and the altar . A common trait of the architecture of many churches is the shape of a cross (a long central rectangle, with side rectangles and a rectangle in front for the altar space or sanctuary). These churches also often have a dome or other large vaulted space in

7956-737: The San Francesco d’Assisi in Palermo , the Salisbury Cathedral and Wool Church in England, and Santhome Church in Chennai , India , show the elaborate stylings characteristic of Gothic cathedrals. Some of the most well-known gothic churches remained unfinished for centuries after the style fell out of popularity. One such example is the construction of the Cologne Cathedral , which began in 1248,

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8112-405: The Schrammenmühle (a mill) can be reached over a bridge across the Glan . The former railway line, now used by draisine -pedalling tourists, crosses the Glan near the station and then turns towards the former Sankt Julian station. The houses in Gumbsweiler's original built-up area stand safe from flooding at the foot of the Kleine Höhe ("Little Heights") and near the bridge crossing. Until

8268-402: The Second World War to increase food production). Gumbsweiler's area measures 435 ha, of which 67 ha is cropland, 172 ha is grassland, 155 ha is wooded and 63 ha is settled [ sic ]. Obereisenbach, Sankt Julian's fourth centre, lies apart from the others some 250 m above sea level on the upper reaches of the Eisenbach (also called the Kesselbach), which empties into

8424-460: The Stone Age , which have also turned up in neighbouring municipalities. Further prehistoric and also Roman archaeological finds have come to light in neighbouring Sankt Julian and Gumbsweiler. Coins and bricks found near Eschenau show that there was a settlement at what is now greater Sankt Julian as long ago as AD 360. A prehistoric barrow , about which there were once reports, is now no longer to be found. Of particular interest, however, are

8580-447: The Third Reich in earnest. The village itself came through the Second World War unscathed, but the memorial at the graveyard lists 51 fallen. In the course of administrative restructuring in 1968, Gumbsweiler lost its autonomy with the founding of the new Ortsgemeinde of Sankt Julian with the constituent communities ( Ortsteile ) of Eschenau, Gumbsweiler, Obereisenbach and Sankt Julian. Obereisenbach's administrative situation after

8736-464: The Thirty Years' War unscathed but was burnt out in King Louis XIV's wars of conquest, leaving only the outer walls standing. In 1720, the duchy authorized a reconstruction, and the municipality even had money to acquire two bells. In the meantime, Lutherans had once again settled in the village, for after the Thirty Years' War, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio no longer applied. In 1723, five Lutheran families settled in Gumbsweiler. During

8892-413: The Thirty Years' War , by whose end Gumbsweiler had become uninhabited and uninhabitable, although the little late mediaeval church was left mostly unscathed. After the recovery, the Nine Years' War (known in Germany as the Pfälzischer Erbfolgekrieg , or War of the Palatine Succession) brought further setbacks, and only in the 18th century did steady population growth begin. In 1724, the bridge across

9048-426: The Thirty Years' War , the village shared a fate with all neighbouring villages when it was utterly destroyed. It appeared for the first time under the name Ischenaw on a map of the Theatrum Europäum , on which the so-called Battle of Brücken is depicted. In the late 17th century, there was further destruction as a result of French King Louis XIV's wars of conquest. Details are unknown. The 18th century ushered in

9204-407: The buildings of other religions , such as mosques and synagogues . Church is also used to describe a body or an assembly of Christian believers , while "the Church" may be used to refer to the worldwide Christian religious community as a whole. In traditional Christian architecture , the plan view of a church often forms a Christian cross with the centre aisle and seating representing

9360-444: The mediaeval churchtower was preserved. It is likely that Eschenau was from the beginning tightly bound with the Church of Sankt Julian. In 1556, the Waldgravial -Rhinegravial House of Grumbach introduced the Reformation , and the Lutheran faith prevailed until the 1818 Palatine Union. Calvinist and Catholic Christians never grew to important numbers. Originally, church services were held only in Sankt Julian, but as early as

9516-468: The mineral water spring . Rounding out the scene were the basket weavers who travelled overland plying their wares, some very poor people, often families with many children but also lone persons who eked out a living in substandard dwelling conditions. This population structure has since undergone a thorough shift. Farming is indeed still practised, but most people, who belong to the most varied of occupations, seek their livelihoods elsewhere. Obereisenbach

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9672-510: The persecution during the time of the Third Reich , there have no longer been any Jews in the village. The following table shows population development over the centuries for Sankt Julian and Obereisenbach together, with some figures broken down by religious denomination: Eschenau has remained rurally structured to this day. The greater part of the population worked until a few decades ago at agriculture . Alongside farmers, though, there were also farm workers, forestry workers and craftsmen. In

9828-446: The " City of Churches " due to their abundance of churches. These cities include Adelaide , Ani , Ayacucho , Kraków , Moscow , Montreal , Naples , Ohrid , Prague , Puebla , Querétaro , Rome , Salzburg , and Vilnius . Notably, Rome and New York City are home to the highest number of churches of any city in the world. Although building churches is prohibited in Saudi Arabia, which has around 1.5 million Christians,

9984-428: The 18th century, there were disputes between Calvinists and Lutherans. An ordinance from the Zweibrücken Supreme Consistory allowed the Lutherans to share the church . Similar disputes arose about church usage between the Presbytery and the Catholics living in the dale, represented by their leadership, Heinrich Greiner from Lauterecken . The Catholics considered the church a simultaneum and deemed shared usage to be

10140-504: The 1930s when the Nazis established it, and which has now formally been transferred back to the municipality. Over on the Glan's right bank, the formerly self-administering municipality of Sankt Julian had parts of its municipal area. They bordered on the Lenschbach, which formerly marked the border between lands held by the Waldgraves and those held by the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken . Some rural cadastral toponyms, for instance "Pfaffental" (meaning roughly "Parson's Dale"), still recall

10296-431: The 1968 administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate, the mayoralty was dissolved and the villages of Sankt Julian-Obereisenbach, Eschenau and Gumbsweiler were amalgamated to form the greater municipality of Sankt Julian, which since 1972 has belonged to the Verbandsgemeinde of Lauterecken . The French Revolution and the French annexation from 1797 to 1815 brought with it its horrors, but also some advantages:

10452-460: The 19th century they were also held at specified times at the schoolhouse in Eschenau. The Catholics attended church services in Offenbach . It is likely that already in the 18th century, as well as on into the 19th century, roughly 10% of the inhabitants belonged to the Jewish faith. This can be explained by the many Jewish tradesmen who often plied their trades unlawfully in the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken , and who thus liked to settle right at

10608-505: The 19th century, the growing population overstretched the available agricultural land and farmers began looking for other opportunities for a livelihood, with many of them resorting to emigration . Today there are only a few farmers, and modern agriculture in Sankt Julian, as in all other villages in the Glan valley, only offers earning opportunities for a few operations. Bundesstraße 420 also runs through Sankt Julian's constituent community of Eschenau, on which, towards Sankt Julian, stand

10764-425: The 20th century, the Glan flooded regularly, especially when the Steinalb fed vast amounts of water into it, and the river's course changed time and again. In a later phase of settlement, the even north slope of the heights was settled. Thus arose an irregular, thin village with open strip fields . Houses and outbuildings were as a rule built with only a single floor. Only after measures had been undertaken to control

10920-415: The Baumholder troop drilling ground, cable layers unearthed two flat graves which also yielded up beakers, dishes, pots and a glass ring. It was most likely a cremation grave at which the bodies were burnt on site. Roman archaeological finds have been unearthed mainly in neighbouring Sankt Julian and Gumbsweiler. A Roman bronze statue – an idol – was found by a farmer while he was ploughing. This figure

11076-419: The Church of Sankt Julian. The village's dead were buried until 1930 at Sankt Julian's graveyard. From the Reformation , the Lutheran faith prevailed until the Protestants forged the Palatine Union in 1818. The Catholics attend church services in Offenbach . Little is known about immigrants' religious practices. The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at

11232-445: The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (which as of 1826 became the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ), Sankt Julian, Obereisenbach and Eschenau were excepted from this transfer and grouped into the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1817 as part of an exchange against a village in the Oster valley. Sankt Julian at first became the seat of a Bürgermeisterei ("mayoralty") for these three villages, and administratively amalgamated with it in this context

11388-555: The Glan and the Grundbach to the Hubhöhe (heights) and to the woodland known as the Großes Mayen . It is thus very hilly and has many slopes, more shady north slopes than sunny south slopes. The soils are sandy, loamy and stony, and the depths are mainly slaty clay - marl beds. They are not very fertile and have been ranked on a quality scale at 37 points out of 100. Furthermore, there is

11544-458: The Glan near Glanbrücken 's outlying centre of Niedereisenbach. The mountains either side of the narrow brook valley climb up to 400 m above sea level. Only a few hundred metres up from this centre runs the boundary with the Baumholder troop drilling ground. Sankt Julian borders in the north on the municipality of Kirrweiler , in the northeast on the municipality of Deimberg , in the east on

11700-482: The Glan to the southeast lies another of Sankt Julian's centres, Gumbsweiler. Gumbsweiler lies in a hollow in the middle Glan valley on the river's right bank right near the municipality's other centres of Sankt Julian and Eschenau at an elevation of roughly 180 m above sea level. Elevations outside the built-up area reach more than 350 m above sea level: the Hubhöhe (364 m), the Großer Mayen (352 m),

11856-408: The Glan with the buildings of the former Schrammenmühle (a mill) belongs to the former (before the amalgamation) municipal area of Gumbsweiler, itself now part of Sankt Julian, like Eschenau. Some two kilometres up the Glan lies Niederalben 's outlying centre of Neuwirtshaus, and just beyond that is Rathsweiler . About one kilometre down the Glan lies Sankt Julian's like-named main centre, and across

12012-427: The Glan's left bank, while on the right bank it bordered on Gumbsweiler, Welchweiler , Horschbach and Hachenbach . These limits can be explained by the village's mediaeval history. Sankt Julian, Eschenau, Obereisenbach and Niederalben (along with the vanished villages of Ohlscheid, Hunhausen and Grorothisches Gericht) quite likely had a jointly held woodland and a common , splitting these up among themselves only in

12168-401: The Glan, and after the railway embankment had been built did people once again risk occupying the lands near the water. A roadway parallel to the Glan formed and four sidestreets branched off towards the mountain slope. All streets, however, led to the bridge. The village church stands there, as do the gristmill and the village limetree . The crossroads up from the mill has been since days of old

12324-539: The Heath"), within which the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves exercised high jurisdiction . This high court was further divided into smaller court districts, among which was the Vierherrengericht ("Four-Lord Court"), whose seat was in Sankt Julian. In 1424, the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves enfeoffed a Count Johann vom Steine with the village, while a Hugelin vom Steine (perhaps Count Johann's brother) had already been enfeoffed with

12480-593: The Maldives, which has approximately 1,400 Christians, building churches is prohibited. However, only foreign Christian workers are allowed to practice their religion privately. Despite the prohibition on church construction, both countries have secret home churches . Christianity is the world's largest and most widespread religion, with over 2.3 billion followers. Churches are found across all seven continents , which are Asia , Africa , North America , South America , Antarctica , Europe , and Oceania . Antarctica

12636-560: The Nahe from Bad Sobernheim . Other towns along the Glan are Altenglan , Glan-Münchweiler , Lauterecken and Meisenheim . The Celtic root of the name comes either from glann (shining) or from glen (U-shaped valley). This article related to a river in Saarland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Rhineland-Palatinate

12792-526: The Rhinegraviate adopted the Lutheran faith early on in the time of the Reformation. Under the old principle of cuius regio, eius religio , everybody in Sankt Julian had to convert to Protestantism sometime about 1560, and even today, now that there is freedom of religion , the great majority of Sankt Julian's inhabitants are Evangelical . Sankt Julian suffered great losses in the Thirty Years' War , but

12948-485: The Roman finds in neighbouring Sankt Julian. Furthermore, a sewer made of stone slabs, open at the top and leading to the Grundbach was also struck. The village's farmers are always telling of building blocks being brought up by their ploughs in the fields, and of light stripes seen running across the earth in their seeded fields in times of drought. It could mean that a Gallo-Roman villa rustica lies buried underneath, or perhaps

13104-576: The UK include a former tram power station, a former bus garage , a former cinema and bingo hall, a former Territorial Army drill hall, and a former synagogue . HMS  Tees served as a floating church for mariners at Liverpool from 1827 until she sank in 1872. A windmill has also been converted into a church at Reigate Heath . There have been increased partnerships between church management and private real estate companies to redevelop church properties into mixed uses. While it has garnered criticism,

13260-528: The Wackerhübel (321 m). The Schrammenmühle with five houses lies some 1.5 km up the Glan and can best be reached from the left bank by way of the constituent community of Eschenau. The Pilgerhof ("Pilgrim's Estate") lies some 4 km from the centre on the southern edge of the Freudenwald ("Joy Forest"). This was built in 1964-1965 as an Aussiedlerhof (an agricultural settlement established after

13416-519: The abbot's staff refers to Gumbsweiler's former allegiance to the Remigiusland , which was a monastic holding. The ash leaf relates to Eschenau. The tinctures chosen for the arms were the ones once borne by the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves. Before the four centres now making up the municipality of Sankt Julian were amalgamated, the outlying centres of Eschenau, Gumbsweiler and Obereisenbach bore no arms of their own. Sankt Julian fosters partnerships with

13572-412: The architecture and location often provide for attractive homes or city centre entertainment venues. On the other hand, many newer churches have decided to host meetings in public buildings such as schools, universities, cinemas or theatres. There is another trend to convert old buildings for worship rather than face the construction costs and planning difficulties of a new build. Unusual venues in

13728-604: The boundaries of soundness. In Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain, it became popular to build hall churches , a style in which every vault would be built to the same height. Gothic cathedrals were lavishly designed, as in the Romanesque era, and many share Romanesque traits. However, several also exhibit unprecedented degrees of detail and complexity in decoration. The Notre-Dame de Paris and Notre-Dame de Reims in France, as well as

13884-583: The buildings of a former industrial concern. On the north side on the way into the village lies the graveyard. Branching off Bundesstraße 420 in Eschenau are two notable village streets. One runs southwards to the Glan. At the end stands the former railway station , in which today the painter Dietmar E. Hofmann maintains a permanent art exhibition, calling the old station the Kleiner Kunstbahnhof ("Little Art Railway Station"). Likewise standing on this street

14040-403: The cadastral area of Schwarzland about 1938, two urn graves from La Tène times (450 BC) were unearthed along with a blue glass ring as grave goods . The old churchtower shows some Roman spolia. It could be that the church was built on the same site as an earlier Roman temple , and it is therefore easy to see that the builders would have salvaged bits of this old building for the church. When

14196-439: The cathedral, along with some of the abbey churches, was the largest building in any region. Cathedrals tend to display a higher level of contemporary architectural style and the work of accomplished craftsmen, and occupy a status both ecclesiastical and social that an ordinary parish church rarely has. Such churches are generally among the finest buildings locally and a source of national and regional pride, and many are among

14352-419: The church building. A decision in 1913 to tear the little church down so that a bigger one could be built was reversed in 1919. By this time, the building had ended up, along with fixtures, in miller Johann Adam Schlemmer's ownership. The two old bells fell victim to the ravages of time. The 8.5 m-high ridge turret received a bronze bell in 1930, delivered by the firm Pfeifer from Kaiserslautern. Cracks in

14508-420: The church was given a new nave in 1874, Roman spolia from the old nave were saved. At first, these were kept in the churchtower before being transferred to the Historisches Museum der Pfalz ("Historical Museum of the Palatinate") in Speyer in 1970. Casts of these spolia now adorn the wallwork at the steps that lead into the church. They depict a hippocamp and they come from a Roman tomb. This mythical creature

14664-583: The country contains the remnants of a historic church known as the Jubail Church , which dates back to the fourth century and was affiliated with the Church of the East . Discovered in 1986, the site was excavated by the Saudi Antiquities Department in 1987. As of 2008, the findings from this excavation had not been published, reflecting sensitivities regarding artifacts from non-Islamic religions. In

14820-423: The course of time. All this explains the tangle of municipal boundaries. In 1905 these villages' municipal areas together still spread over 1 856 ha of land, matching the area occupied by the old Vierherrengericht . Still belonging today to Sankt Julian's municipal area is a 327-hectare uninhabited area called the "Schwarzland" ("Blackland") which was incorporated into the Baumholder troop drilling ground in

14976-460: The dearth of precipitation. The plots were quite small and broadly scattered. The village lies in the northern strip of its nominal area, meaning that farmers often had to walk up to 2 km to and from their plots, along with equipment drawn by horses, oxen or even cows. Tractors only began to appear after 1950. The heights are used for cropraising while the meadows down in the dale and the slopes are used for grazing or fruitgrowing. The Freudenwald

15132-471: The duchy's borders. Before the time of the Reformation , Gumbsweiler belonged under ecclesiastical organization to the Archbishopric of Mainz . The little village church was first mentioned in 1573, and even then, it might already have been almost one hundred years old. More locally, the village belonged to the parish whose seat was at the likewise Zweibrücken neighbouring village of Ulmet , which also in

15288-477: The duke at that time, Wolfgang , but the pledge was redeemed in 1559. After a legal dispute, the village passed to Steinkallenfels in 1628. High jurisdiction at first remained in the Waldraves' and Rhinegraves' hands, but in 1680, this, too, was ceded to the Lords of Steinkallenfels. In 1778, the Steinkallenfels sideline died out, and Sankt Julian was taken back by the Waldraves and Rhinegraves. The 16th century

15444-447: The early 12th century was taken over by the Counts of Veldenz as a Vogtei . Gumbsweiler, however, only had its first documentary mention in 1364 in a document from Count Heinrich of Veldenz. The count's son, who later became Heinrich III of Veldenz, was married to Lauretta (or Loretta) of Sponheim , and the young couple had chosen as their residence Castle Lichtenberg . Every village in

15600-479: The early 1930s, the Nazi Party (NSDAP) became very popular in Gumbsweiler. In the 1930 Reichstag elections , 11.3% of the local votes went to Adolf Hitler 's party, but by the time of the 1933 Reichstag elections , after Hitler had already seized power , local support for the Nazis had swollen to 54.2%. Hitler's success in these elections paved the way for his Enabling Act of 1933 ( Ermächtigungsgesetz ), thus starting

15756-588: The early Romanesque era, coffering on the ceiling was fashionable, while later in the same era, groined vaults gained popularity. Interiors widened, and the motifs of sculptures took on more epic traits and themes. The Gothic style emerged around 1140 in Île-de-France and subsequently spread throughout Europe. Gothic churches lost the compact qualities of the Romanesque era, and decorations often contained symbolic and allegorical features. The first pointed arches , rib vaults , and buttresses began to appear, all possessing geometric properties that reduced

15912-505: The finds of two little stone hatchets, which might date from the New Stone Age , although on the other hand they might also be of Roman origin. One of these finds was owned by Friedrich W. Weber and is today kept at the Kusel district administration. It is a trapezoidal hatchet blade made of jade with a wholly intact edge and workmanship that shows masterful skill in grinding and polishing. It

16068-515: The following forms of the name crop up in the record: ecclesiae sanctae Julianae (1336), ecclesiae de sancta Juliana (1340), zu sant Juliana (14th century), Sanct Julian (1588) and Sanct Juljan (1686). In the local speech, the village is also called "Dilje". The name appeared for the first time in cartularies kept by the County of Veldenz . In 1340 it appeared as Essenoe and in 1366 as Eschenawe . The current name first appeared in an original document in 1614. The name originally described

16224-465: The following places: Glan (Nahe) The Glan ( German pronunciation: [ɡlaːn] ) is a river in southwestern Germany , right tributary of the Nahe . It is approximately 68 km (42 miles) long. It rises in the Saarland , northwest of Homburg . It flows generally north, through Rhineland-Palatinate , and empties into the Nahe near Odernheim am Glan , at Staudernheim , across

16380-477: The form Oberysenbach daz dorff und Geriechte (modernized: Obereisenbach das Dorf und Gericht , meaning "Obereisenbach the village and court [district]") in a 1426 document. The reference to iron in the village's name is inspired by the iron inclusions in the local sandstone . Within what are now Eschenau's limits once lay two villages named Haunhausen (mentioned in 1287) and Olscheid (mentioned in 1345). Their exact locations are unknown. Olscheid lay roughly at

16536-422: The former schoolhouse , which is now a private house. Up from the village, towards the Baumholder troop drilling ground, stands the former Bitschenmühle , while another mill stood down from the village. Their buildings nowadays serve as private houses. Between the lower mill and the beginning of the built-up area lies the graveyard. The village inn , which is sometimes visited by a great many daytrippers, stands in

16692-519: The formulation of the Treaty of Disibodenberg, which laid out measures for Palatinate-Zweibrücken's behaviour should the Palatinate's Electoral line die out. In 1543, the guidelines were finally laid down for founding the Palatinate-Veldenz sideline. In 1544 he was Amtmann of Neu-Kastell and led negotiations for Gräfenstein. In 1553 he appeared in the record as Großhofmeister of the Palatinate. During

16848-414: The foundations and walls made a renovation sorely necessary to prevent the church from caving in. In the years 1966-1968, the little church was thoroughly restored, inside and out. The tower was made 17 m taller, and new pews were built. In 1986, the peal of bells became more complete with the addition of a third bell. From a religious point of view, Obereisenbach was from the beginning tightly bound to

17004-733: The front altar. Often, the altar will not be oriented due east but toward the sunrise. This tradition originated in Byzantium in the fourth century and became prevalent in the West in the eighth and ninth centuries. The old Roman custom of having the altar at the west end and the entrance at the east was sometimes followed as late as the eleventh century, even in areas of northern Europe under Frankish rule, as seen in Petershausen (Constance) , Bamberg Cathedral , Augsburg Cathedral , Regensburg Cathedral , and Hildesheim Cathedral . The Latin word basilica

17160-689: The gathering point for villagers and youth. In 1905, the village streets were still lit with oil lamps . Only in 1921 were the village and its houses linked to the electricity grid. The great shift in the village's appearance and modernization of the houses, though, was brought by the building of the central watermain in 1954 and the laying of sewerage in 1984-1987. The houses had floors added onto them, sanitary fittings were installed, washing machines became available and heating systems were brought up to date. The village streets, too, were sealed to make them suitable for modern traffic, and also expanded and properly lit. Gumbsweiler's nominal area stretches between

17316-520: The heights between Ulmet and Gumbsweiler. Could it be that the local forest's current name, "Freudenwald", is a corruption of an earlier name "Trudenberger Wald", after the now vanished village? Trudenberg might also have lain within Ulmet's current limits. Within what are now Obereisenbach's limits once lay a place called Berghausen, but the only record of this place is the preservation of its name in rural cadastral toponyms. This village's exact location, too,

17472-494: The hub of the like-named Ortsgemeinde with the constituent communities ( Ortsteile ) of Eschenau, Gumbsweiler, Obereisenbach and Sankt Julian. Information about Sankt Julian's population levels before 1800 is not available. In 1828, the village had 471 inhabitants, of whom 432 were Protestant , 36 Jewish and 3 Catholic . In the century that followed, the population level rose only slightly. In 1997 there were 593 inhabitants, of whom 537 were Evangelical and 42 Catholic. Since

17628-422: The interior to represent or draw attention to the heavens. Other common shapes for churches include a circle, to represent eternity, or an octagon or similar star shape, to represent the church's bringing light to the world. Another common feature is the spire , a tall tower at the "west" end of the church or over the crossing . Another common feature of many Christian churches is the eastwards orientation of

17784-404: The land. The Old High German word villare might relate to the village's founder's name. Perhaps the prefix arose from a personal name, Gummund , suggesting that the village arose from a homestead founded by an early Frankish settler named Gummund, thus "Gummund's Homestead". The name first appeared in Count Heinrich's document mentioned above in 1364 in the form Gommerswijlre . Other forms that

17940-442: The lasting abolition of serfdom , commercial freedom, the elimination of water rights and milling rights formerly held by feudal lords, freedom from inheritance taxation and, of course, the abolition of all lordly privileges. The new freedoms brought the people advantages foremost in the economic field of endeavour, especially when it came to building new mills. Gumbsweiler belonged during Revolutionary, and later Napoleonic , times to

18096-458: The limits with the fellow Sankt Julian constituent community of Obereisenbach and the separate municipality of Niederalben . It might even be that these former places lay within Niederalben's limits. According to researchers Dolch and Greule, two now vanished villages once stood within Gumbsweiler's limits, named Borrhausen and Trudenberg. About the former almost nothing is known; the village's name

18252-629: The local Altenglan - Lauterecken railway line was ended, and in 1992, the line was closed outright. After French Revolutionary troops marched in about 1794, the old territorial structures were swept away. Once the German lands on the Rhine 's left bank were annexed to France , new administrative entities arose based on the French Revolutionary model. They were set up in 1797, and were made permanent in 1801 (although actually, they did not last very long). Eschenau, just like Sankt Julian, belonged to

18408-490: The main centre, likewise called Sankt Julian, Eschenau, Gumbsweiler and Obereisenbach. Under many of the headings in this article, each of the four centres will be treated separately, as their histories and backgrounds are on many points quite different from each other. The municipality of Sankt Julian is not so much a village as an amalgamation of four historically separate villages, which were only united into one political body in relatively recent times. The village's appearance

18564-427: The municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. The 16 seats on council are shared by two voters' groups. Sankt Julian's mayor is Philipp Gruber. The municipality's arms might be described thus: Argent a pile reversed throughout gules charged with a waterwheel spoked of four Or issuant from a fess abased wavy of the field, dexter a pot azure and issuant from sinister an abbot's staff of

18720-476: The municipality of Glanbrücken , in the southeast on the municipality of Horschbach , in the south on the municipality of Welchweiler , in the southwest on the municipality of Ulmet , in the west on the municipality of Niederalben and in the northwest on the Baumholder troop drilling ground. Sankt Julian also meets the municipality of Bedesbach at a single point in the south. Sankt Julian's Ortsteile are

18876-456: The name has taken have been, among others, Gumeswilre (14th century), Gummeßwilre (1416), Gomßwillr (1458) and Gumbsweiller (1593). Obereisenbach was named for the brook that flows by it, the Eisenbach ("Ironbrook"), and the prefix is German for "upper", distinguishing it from Niedereisenbach ("Nether Ironbrook"), which lies at the brook's mouth. The name first cropped up in the record in

19032-410: The need for large, rigid walls to ensure structural stability. This also permitted the size of windows to increase, producing brighter and lighter interiors. Nave ceilings rose, and pillars and steeples heightened. Many architects used these developments to push the limits of structural possibility, an inclination that resulted in the collapse of several towers whose designs that had unwittingly exceeded

19188-431: The neighbouring village of Obereisenbach (now a constituent community of Sankt Julian) and with a mill at Sankt Julian itself. Eschenau lay in the Nahegau , and was likely founded only in the 11th or 12th century. An exact date has never been determined. According to the 1340 document that contains Eschenau's first documentary mention, Eschenau was granted to the Lords of Montfort, then represented by Sophie of Monfort. She

19344-403: The new border arrangements, with the Glan downstream from the mouth of the Steinalb generally being held to be the border between Bavaria and Prussia (or until 1834 the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Principality of Lichtenberg ). This exceptional arrangement, which also affected Sankt Julian and Obereisenbach, was part of an exchange against a village in the Oster valley. Sankt Julian at first became

19500-564: The partnership allows congregations to increase revenue while preserving the property. With the exception of Saudi Arabia and the Maldives , all sovereign states and dependent territories worldwide have church buildings. Afghanistan has the fewest churches globally, featuring only one official church: the Our Lady of Divine Providence Chapel in Kabul . Somalia follows closely, having once housed

19656-535: The populace for "plundering Russians" who had been forced labourers, now freed, in the only just ended time of the Third Reich . The shooting killed one inhabitant from Obereisenbach. In 1958, a watermain was built in the village. In the course of administrative restructuring in 1968, the Bürgermeisterei of Sankt Julian was dissolved, and in 1972, within the Verbandsgemeinde of Lauterecken , Sankt Julian became

19812-575: The proclamation of God's Word is of particular importance, the visitor's line of sight is directed towards the pulpit . The Baroque style was first used in Italy around 1575. From there, it spread to the rest of Europe and the European colonies. The building industry increased heavily during the Baroque era. Buildings, even churches, were used to indicate wealth, authority, and influence. The use of forms known from

19968-462: The proviso that the estate mill at Ulmet not have any business taken away from it. The mill must therefore already have been standing a long time by then. In this time, too, a tithe barn was built in the village, whose buildings lasted centuries, only to be torn down in 1978 in the name of village renewal. A keystone with the year 1604 chiselled into it has been preserved. Political development did not always proceed harmoniously. Heavy setbacks came with

20124-564: The reign of Emperor Constantine the Great . From the eleventh through the fourteenth centuries, a wave of cathedral building and the construction of smaller parish churches occurred across Western Europe . Besides serving as a place of worship , the cathedral or parish church was frequently employed as a general gathering place by the communities in which they were located, hosting such events as guild meetings, banquets , mystery plays , and fairs . Church grounds and buildings were also used for

20280-425: The same surmounting per saltire an ash leaf proper. The charges in the arms refer to all four of the municipality's constituent communities. The waterwheel and the wavy fess (or "water") is a reference to the geography and history, indicating that the municipality lies on the Glan and that there were mills (and in one case there still is) in the municipality. The pot refers to Saint Juliana's martyrdom , while

20436-400: The seat of a Bürgermeisterei ("mayoralty") together with Eschenau and Obereisenbach. The merged municipality was called Sankt Julian-Obereisenbach. The mayoralty was united with the one in Ulmet in 1861, but became separate again in 1887. Late in the Second World War , in 1945, part of Eschenau was destroyed in an attack by American strafers . There were dead and wounded. In the course of

20592-575: The so-called Kreisdirektion Kaiserslautern ("Kaiserslautern District Directorate"), but then after the formation of the Landkommissariate ("State Commissariates") in 1817 was assigned to the Landkommissariat of Kusel. In 1838, the Rheinkreis (that is, the Palatinate when it was a Bavarian exclave ), whose seat was in Speyer , received the official designation " Regierungsbezirk Pfalz". In 1862,

20748-518: The then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate . In 1966, the new schoolhouse was dedicated. In the course of the 1968 administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate, the mayoralty was dissolved and the villages of Sankt Julian-Obereisenbach, Eschenau and Gumbsweiler were amalgamated to form the greater municipality of Sankt Julian, which since 1972 has belonged to the Verbandsgemeinde of Lauterecken . In 1985, passenger traffic on

20904-467: The threshing and storage of grain. Between 1000 and 1200, the Romanesque style became popular across Europe . The Romanesque style is defined by large and bulky edifices typically composed of simple, compact, sparsely decorated geometric structures. Frequent features of the Romanesque church include circular arches , round or octagonal towers, and cushion capitals on pillars. In

21060-543: The town of Kaiserslautern in 1477, and Ludwig von Eschenau, who about 1544 was an Amtmann in Meisenheim and later in Bergzabern , and also a Palatinate Großhofmeister . Going by the village's name, ending as it does in —weiler , Gumbsweiler might have been founded early in the time when the Franks were taking over the land. At that time, it lay within the so-called Remigiusland around Kusel and Altenglan , which in

21216-503: The valley floor up to 463 m above sea level at the Ottskopf in the so-called Schwarzland. The outlying centre of Eschenau lies downstream from the Steinalb's mouth on the Glan's left bank on a point bar at 180 m above sea level in its lowest spots, and roughly 250 m above sea level in its higher ones. North of this centre, the land climbs steeply up to the heights, which stand almost 400 m above sea level. The other side of

21372-402: The vertical beam and the bema and altar forming the horizontal. Towers or domes may inspire contemplation of the heavens . Modern churches have a variety of architectural styles and layouts. Some buildings designed for other purposes have been converted to churches, while many original church buildings have been put to other uses. From the eleventh through the fourteenth centuries, there was

21528-422: The village itself ran an industrial concern that employed both villagers and others. This, however, no longer exists. With respect to religion, the villagers are overwhelmingly Evangelical . Today, Eschenau is a residential community for many commuters . The village's population rose steadily over the last two centuries with a temporary pause about the turn of the 20th century, and now is stagnating once again, with

21684-484: The village of Ginsweiler . In 1444, the County of Veldenz met its end when Count Friedrich III of Veldenz died without a male heir. His daughter Anna wed King Ruprecht's son Count Palatine Stephan . By uniting his own Palatine holdings with the now otherwise heirless County of Veldenz – his wife had inherited the county, but not her father's title – and by redeeming the hitherto pledged County of Zweibrücken, Stephan founded

21840-469: The village was the Glantalbahn ( railway ), but service was permanently ended on this stretch of the line in 1992. Sankt Julian's nominal limits reach from the fertile cropfields in the Glan valley up to the heights either side of the river. Some 300 ha of its traditional area of 1 407 ha now lies within the Baumholder troop drilling ground. Elevations range from 190 m above sea level on

21996-553: The village's upper end. The former workshops and commercial buildings at the former quarry on the Reuterrech, the slope on the dale's left side, have been converted into a hunting lodge and now serve to entertain many hunting guests. The settled area around Sankt Julian is very old. On the bed of the Lenschbach in the 1950s, two jade hatchets were found and determined to be from the New Stone Age , and thus some 5,000 years old. In

22152-557: The world which apply sharia or communism , government authorizations for worship are complex for Christians. Because of persecution of Christians , Evangelical house churches have thus developed. For example, there is the Evangelical house churches in China movement. The meetings thus take place in private houses, in secret and in "illegality". Old and disused church buildings can be seen as an interesting proposition for developers as

22308-476: The world's most renowned works of architecture. Either, a discrete space with an altar inside a larger cathedral, conventual, parish, or other church; or, a free standing small church building or room not connected to a larger church, to serve a particular hospital , school , university , prison, private household, palace , castle , or other institution. Often proprietary churches and small conventual churches are referred to by this term. A collegiate church

22464-541: Was a time of constant change in Eschenau. In 1502, the village was still under Hans von Ramberg's ownership, but by 1554 it was held by the Prince of Stromberg – whose wife was Annette von Ramberg. Thereafter it passed into the Mauchenheims' ownership, and then Philipp Franz gave it back to the Waldraves and Rhinegraves of Grumbach. In 1596, these counts bought many of their fiefs back from those whom they had enfeoffed, and until

22620-587: Was also the vicar at the Offenbach Monastery. That brought along consequences in the time after the Reformation when the Steward of Offenbach wanted to force Sankt Julian's pastor into the Zweibrücken Church Order , even though he was a Rhinegravial subject. The problem was settled only after the French Revolution , when Sankt Julian had become Bavarian . Both the County Palatine of Zweibrücken and

22776-504: Was found in the bed of the Grundbach. Another stone hatchet of similar quality was found near the graveyard and is today still in private ownership. While digging work was being done at the Klosterflur (rural cadastral area), workers struck some old walling made of limestone mortar, some thick bits of tile and a great number of potsherds and artefacts from Roman times. A Gallo-Roman settlement likely stood here, which may have some link with

22932-527: Was halted in 1473, and was not resumed until 1842. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the changes in ethics and society due to the Renaissance and the Reformation also influenced the building of churches. The common style was much like the Gothic style but simplified. The basilica was not the most popular type of church anymore, but instead, hall churches were built. Typical features are columns and classical capitals . In Protestant churches , where

23088-499: Was initially used to describe a Roman public building usually located in the forum of a Roman town. After the Roman Empire became officially Christian , the term came by extension to refer to a large and influential church that has been given special ceremonial rights by the Pope . The word thus retains two senses today, one architectural and the other ecclesiastical. A cathedral is

23244-482: Was mentioned in a 1290 document as " apud Sanctam Julianam " ( Latin for "at Saint Juliana's"), and therefore, despite the name's masculine appearance and sound, the village is in fact named after a saint named Juliana, who is worshipped at the village's church. There are several saints named Juliana, but the old patronage for Sankt Julian's church could only have referred to Juliana of Nicomedia , who during her long martyrdom had molten lead poured over her. According to

23400-483: Was neighbouring Obereisenbach. The merged municipality was called Sankt Julian-Obereisenbach. The mayoralty was united with the one in Ulmet in 1861, but became separate again in 1887. In 1878, a new church was built. In this rural community with a goodly share of workers among its population, there was a noticeable shift towards polarization of political groupings in the wake of the First World War . Quite early on,

23556-447: Was nevertheless time and again transferred by the territorial lords to subordinate castle lords and officials. While in the 14th century the village was held by the Lords of Montfort, in the late 15th century it passed in equal shares to Heinrich of Ramberg, Emerich of Löwenstein and Rudolf of Alben. On the other hand, personages from Eschenau can be named who were in foreign service, such as the young nobleman Kunz von Eschenau, who served

23712-457: Was now ready to take on half the tithe payments, while the provost was now to pay the other half. Territorially, Eschenau then belonged to the Vierherrengericht ("Four-Lord Court") of Sankt Julian within the Hochgericht auf der Heide ("High Court on the Heath"). The responsible feudal lords were the Lords of Steinkallenfels, the Lords of Kyrburg (Kirn) and the Rhinegraves of Grumbach. Eschenau

23868-574: Was obliged to pay a tithe through the Church of Sankt Julian to the monastery on the Remigiusberg amounting to two Malter of wheat , two Malter of corn (possibly meaning rye ), four Malter of oats and six Logel of wine . The payments might well have been missed for several years. Sophie then showed herself ready to comply with the requirements. According to a 1366 document, though, the Church of Sankt Julian now had some paying of its own to do. Sophie

24024-433: Was replaced in 1878 with a Gothic Revival structure. The old Romanesque churchtower has been preserved. Also during the Middle Ages, Sankt Julian was a parish seat, and belonging to the parish were not only the villages of the Vierherrengericht ("Four-Lord Court"), but also Niedereisenbach and Offenbach , as well as a few villages that lay within what is now the Baumholder troop drilling ground. The pastor of Sankt Julian

24180-408: Was spared the ravages of French King Louis XIV's wars of conquest. In 1694, the church partly burnt down. The fire damage was repaired in 1698 and 1699, and Baroque stylistic elements now characterized the church. The little pilgrimage chapel was torn down in 1776. The 19th century brought further serious changes to the building. The nave was replaced in 1880-1881 with a new Classicist one, while

24336-473: Was still Steinkallenfels until Count Philipp Heinrich's death in 1778. Then came a disagreement between the Counts of Salm-Salm (Hunoltstein), the Counts of Salm-Kyrburg and the Rhinegraves at Grumbach over who owned the two villages of Sankt Julian and Obereisenbach. The dispute was eventually settled in the Rhinegraves' favour, but they were considered the overlords anyway. In the time of the French Revolution and

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