Ingush ( / ˈ ɪ ŋ ɡ ʊ ʃ / ; Гӏалгӏай мотт , Ghalghai mott , pronounced [ˈʁəlʁɑj mot] ) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 350,000 people, known as the Ingush , across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia , Chechnya , North Ossetia , as well as the countries Turkey , Kazakhstan , Jordan , Syria , Lebanon , et al.
13-602: Guloykhi , or Guloy-khi ( Ingush : ГӀулой-Хий , romanized: Ghuloy-Khiy ) is a river in the Dzheyrakhsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia , a right tributary of the Assa River . The Guloykhi river originates in the eastern part of mountainous Ingushetia. It flows west along a mountain valley near several medieval tower settlements, most notably Gul, Läzhg, Qoyrakh, Abali, Vovnushki , Koki , and flows into
26-642: A vigesimal system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty. In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, verb-second order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause". Muusaa Musa vy V . PROG hwuona 2S . DAT telefon telephone jettazh strike. CVsim Muusaa vy hwuona telefon jettazh Musa V .PROG 2S.DAT telephone strike. CVsim It's Musa on
39-403: A few exceptions. In particular, German , Dutch , and Afrikaans revert to VF (verb final) word order after a complementizer ; Yiddish and Icelandic do, however, allow V2 in all declarative clauses: main, embedded, and subordinate. Kashmiri (an Indo-Aryan language) has V2 in 'declarative content clauses' but VF order in relative clauses. The example sentences in (1) from German illustrate
52-712: Is common in the Germanic languages and is also found in Northeast Caucasian Ingush , Uto-Aztecan O'odham , and fragmentarily in Romance Sursilvan (a Rhaeto-Romansh variety) and Finno-Ugric Estonian . Of the Germanic family, English is exceptional in having predominantly SVO order instead of V2, although there are vestiges of the V2 phenomenon. Most Germanic languages do not normally use V2 order in embedded clauses, with
65-531: Is not divided into dialects with the exception of Galanchoz [ ru ] (native name: Галай-Чӏож/Галайн-Чӏаж), which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush. Ingush is a nominative–accusative language in its syntax , though it has ergative morphology . The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language shows eight cases: absolutive , ergative , genitive , dative , allative , instrumental , lative and comparative . Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses
78-562: Is spoken by about 350,000-400,000 people (2020) in Russia , primarily in the North Caucasian republics of Ingushetia , North Ossetia and Chechnya . Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Belgium , Norway , Turkey and Jordan . Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia , a federal subject of Russia . It is possible that during
91-670: The Assa near Puy and Tkhaba-Yerdy . A forest mainly covers the left bank of the river. The speed of the flow is 2.2 m/s. The mouth of the river is located 103 km along the right bank of the Assa at an altitude of 1112 meters above sea level. Ingush language Ingush and Chechen , together with Bats , constitute the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family . There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen. Ingush
104-417: The V2 principle, which allows any constituent to occupy the first position as long as the second position is occupied by the finite verb. Sentences (1a) through to (1d) have the finite verb spielten 'played' in second position, with various constituents occupying the first position: in (1a) the subject is in first position; in (1b) the object is; in (1c) the temporal modifier is in first position; and in (1d)
117-549: The beginning of the 20th century. After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet , which was later replaced by Cyrillic . The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа /oɑ/ , ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/. The consonants of Ingush are as follows, including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols : Single consonants can be geminated by various morphophonemic processes. Ingush
130-565: The locative modifier is in first position. Die The- NOM - PL Kinder child- NOM - PL spielten play- PRET - 3PL vor before der the- DAT - SG Schule school- DAT - SG im in the- DAT - SG Park park- DAT - SG Fußball. football/soccer- ACC - SG . Die Kinder spielten vor der Schule im Park Fußball. The-NOM-PL child-NOM-PL play-PRET-3PL before the-DAT-SG school-DAT-SG {in the-DAT-SG} park-DAT-SG football/soccer-ACC-SG. The children played football/soccer in
143-543: The park before school. Fußball Football/soccer- ACC - SG spielten play- PRET - 3PL die the- NOM - PL Kinder child- NOM - PL vor before der the- DAT - SG Schule school- DAT - SG im in the- DAT - SG Park. park- DAT - SG . Fußball spielten die Kinder vor der Schule im Park. Football/soccer-ACC-SG play-PRET-3PL the-NOM-PL child-NOM-PL before the-DAT-SG school-DAT-SG {in the-DAT-SG} park-DAT-SG. The children played football/soccer in
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#1732886821750156-546: The period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like Tkhaba-Yerdy emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a Georgian script emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non- Georgian name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy. Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered. Ingush became a written language with an Arabic -based writing system at
169-564: The phone for you. (After answering the phone.) V2 word order In syntax , verb-second ( V2 ) word order is a sentence structure in which the finite verb of a sentence or a clause is placed in the clause's second position, so that the verb is preceded by a single word or group of words (a single constituent ). Examples of V2 in English include (brackets indicating a single constituent): If English used V2 in all situations, then it would feature such sentences like: V2 word order
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