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54-466: Guînes ( French pronunciation: [ɡin] ; West Flemish : Giezene ; Picard : Guinne ) is a commune in the northern French department of Pas-de-Calais . Historically, it was spelt Guisnes . On 7 January 1785, Jean-Pierre Blanchard , a French pioneer in hydrogen-balloon flight, completed the first aerial crossing of the English Channel , landing in the woods south of Guînes, where

108-497: A crane were bought from the CF Guise-Hirson. A further 29 freight wagons would be purchased at a later date. Responding to complaints of late running in 1922, VFIL's departmental engineer stated that this was due to locomotive maintenance issues caused by the war. In 1924, three more 2-6-0T locomotives were bought. Also in that year, two railcars with 45 horsepower (34 kW) Renault-Scemia petrol engines entered service. RS1

162-470: A column was erected to commemorate Jean-Pierre Blanchard 's crossing of the English Channel by hydrogen balloon on 7 January 1785. ( 50°50′31″N 1°52′02″E  /  50.841997365°N 1.86734124246°E  / 50.841997365; 1.86734124246  ( Jean-Pierre Blanchard ) ). The inscription reads as follows, here translated into English: The Chemin de fer d'Anvin à Calais opened

216-498: A counter-attack would be costly, arranged the marriage of his daughter Elstrude, to Sigfrid , the Danish leader, bestowing upon him the title of Count of Guînes but as vassal to him, the Count of Flanders. Under Sigfrid's successors, the county of Guînes acquired considerable importance. At the beginning of the 11th century, Count Manassès founded a convent of the order of St Benedict . This

270-408: A dog kennel. In 1912, four more bogie composite carriages were bought from Blanc-Misseron . Two were tri-composites, the others were second and third class only. Four flat wagons were capable of being converted to passenger carriages as required. Eight luggage vans were purchased for the opening of the line. Twelve bogie carriages and two luggage vans were bought from the CF Guise-Hirson in 1921. By

324-532: A line was constructed by the British Army from Tournehem-sur-la-Hem to Saint-Momelin . It saw little use, but was still being maintained by the British Army in March 1919. At the end of the war, the railway was suffering from locomotives that were under maintained, and some of its rolling stock having been moved to other lines during the war. On the other hand, it had gained some rolling stock from other lines and there

378-630: A long ie ( [i] ). Like for the ui , the long o ( [o] ) can be replaced by an [ø] ( eu ) for some words but a [uo] for others. That often causes similarities to ranchers English. Here are some examples showing the sound shifts that are part of the vocabulary: Plural forms in Standard Dutch most often add -en , but West Flemish usually uses -s , like the Low Saxon dialects and even more prominently in English in which -en has become very rare. Under

432-572: A major supply camp was established at Vendroux, occupying land between the Anvin-Calais line at the adjacent Chemin de fur du Nord lines between Coulogne and Écluse-Carrée, and the Canal de Guînes . In 1918, facilities were provided to allow for the transhipment of timber between both lines just north of Écluse-Carrée. The timber was brought in from Balinghem. The railway in this area was made dual gauge with standard gauge for 1.7 kilometres (1.06 mi) from

486-508: A memorial column stands today. Guînes is located on the border of the two territories of the Boulonnais and Calaisis , at the edge of the now-drained marshes, which extend from there to the coast. The Guînes canal connects with Calais. Historically, Guînes was the capital of a small county of the same name . After the Romans left, in the 5th century, there is little known about the town . In

540-450: A minimum, although the highest embankment was 9.53 metres (31 ft 3 in) and the deepest cutting was 8.14 metres (26 ft 8 in). Almost all road crossings were on the level. There were seven bridges and 161 level crossings . Most of the curves were greater than 130 metres (430 ft) radius, except for those at Lumbres and Fruges. Crossings with the CF du Nord railways were also on

594-425: A paper mill at Vedringhem and a sandpit at Zutkerque . The following steam locomotives operated on the railway. The following diesel locomotives operated on the railway. The following railcars and trailers operated on the railway. An initial purchase of 32 four-wheel carriages and one bogie carriage was made for the commencement of services in 1881. The four-wheelers cost from ₣3,650 to ₣5,725 each and

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648-529: A railway station at Guînes in 1881. The railway was closed in 1955. West Flemish language West Flemish is spoken by about a million people in the Belgian province of West Flanders , and a further 50,000 in the neighbouring Dutch coastal district of Zeelandic Flanders (200,000 if including the closely related dialects of Zeelandic ) and 10-20,000 in the northern part of the French department of Nord . Some of

702-511: A short u ( [ɐ] ), a phenomenon also occurring in Russian and some other Slavic languages , called akanye . That happens spontaneously to some words, but other words keep their original short o sounds. Similarly, the short a ( [ɑ] ) can turn into a short o ( [ɔ] ) in some words spontaneously. The diphthong ui ( /œy/ ) does not exist in West Flemish and is replaced by a long u ( [y] ) or

756-464: A small trumpet to indicate that he agreed the train was ready to depart, and the mécanicien then started the train. No through ticketing arrangement existed with the CF du Nord. There were many accidents and incidents on the line. Most were of a minor nature, but a few were more serious. Type 1 stations were located in the chief towns of cantons which did not have a standard gauge railway. These were of

810-402: A standard design with a two-storey main building and a single story wing for freight. Type 2 stations were similar to type 1 but smaller. These were located at smaller towns. Halts just had a single storey building, all of which were later extended. Arrêts were provided with a small shelter. Other industries served by the line were a sandpit at Berthem, a quarry between Bonningues and Journy,

864-705: A zone of special control, administered by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht in Brussels , Belgium. Along the coast was the "red zone". It was said that French law did not apply in this zone. Under the terms of the armistice , France was to hand over its railways to the Germans undamaged and was to work with the German authorities to restore them to serviceable condition. In 1942, the Marine Verpflegungsamt (MVA) took control of

918-564: Is now the Parc naturel régional des Caps et Marais d'Opale , crossing many river valleys and having summits of 131 metres (430 ft) between Équirre and Verchin, and 177 metres (581 ft) at Alques-Buisson halte. Construction started from Anvin and Calais at the same time. the first section, from Calais Saint-Pierre to Guînes opened on 1 October 1881. Anvin to Fruges opened on 1 January 1881, followed by Fruges to Lumbres on 1 April. Guînes to Ardres on 1 July and Lumbres to Ardres on 10 August, giving

972-404: Is pronounced only if the next word begins with a vowel sound. Another feature of West Flemish is the conjugation of ja and nee ("yes" and "no") to the subject of the sentence. That is somewhat related to the double subject, but even when the rest of the sentence is not pronounced, ja and nee are generally used with the first part of the double subject. This conjugation can be negated with

1026-535: The /h/ sounds to a /x/ or /ɣ/ . Standard Dutch also has many words with an -en ( /ən/ ) suffix (mostly plural forms of verbs and nouns). While Standard Dutch and most dialects do not pronounce the final n , West Flemish typically drops the e and pronounces the n inside the base word. For base words already ending with n , the final n sound is often lengthened to clarify the suffix. That makes many words become similar to those of English: beaten , listen etc. The short o ( [ɔ] ) can also be pronounced as

1080-667: The Dark Ages , according to legend, the territory of Guînes became the property of one Aigneric, Mayor of the Palace of the Burgundian king Théodebert II . In 928, when the Danes invaded and seized the place, it was probably a defenceless village. A fenced mound and a double ditch would soon have been created by the Danes . This is the origin of the castle of Guînes. Arnulf I, Count of Flanders , realizing

1134-680: The Tramways d'Ille-et-Vilaine . On 31 September 1952, the Anvin-Fruges section was closed to all traffic. In 1945-55, railcar CGL1 was rebuilt at Lumbres. It re-entered service in February 1955. The last trains ran on 28 February 1955 with the remainder of the line closing on 1 March. Bus services would replace passenger trains and the SNCF provided a freight service using lorries. Many steam locomotives were scrapped at Lumbres in 1956. The railcars were sold. CGL1

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1188-513: The Calais end to Vendroux. During 1918, various minor works were carried out at a number of stations. Some loops which had been removed were reinstated and various sidings and passing loops were added. Between May and July 1918, a Metre gauge line was laid alongside the Standard gauge line from Anvin to Teneur , a distance of 2 kilometres (1.24 mi) where a transhipment depôt was constructed. in 1918,

1242-705: The MVA. Only two railcars were in use, one of which had been converted to run on gas . The other was one of the diesel engined railcars. A shortage of fuel prevented the others from being uses and a shortage of materials prevented further conversions to gas. Eight steam locomotives were out of service, with five, including the Mallet, deemed "probably not repairable". By August 1943, a further three steam locomotives were out of service, having been damaged by machine gun fire in Allied air attacks. Civilian passenger services had been reduced by half

1296-547: The Reserved Zone, a sauf-conduit ( identity card ) was required. Civilian passengers had to leave their train and go into the station building to have their papers checked when crossing Cantons. A procedure which led to complaints as some passengers missed their train when it departed whilst their papers were being checked. Military personnel had their papers checked on board the train. Services were reduced in frequency, with military and freight traffic taking priority. In 1917,

1350-705: The VFIL Flandres network. They were numbered 351 and 352. They are also preserved at the CFBS. In 1948, several stations became unstaffed on Sundays, with the tokens being altered to take this into account. In 1949/50, two Billard A80D1 railcars were bought from the CF Dordogne , with a third, engineless, railcar for use as a trailer. In 1951, a Billard A80D2 railcar was bought from the Chemin de fer de la Vendée . In 1951/52 two Billard A150D6 railcars and three trailers were bought from

1404-579: The best known traits are the replacement of Standard Dutch (pre-)velar fricatives g and ch in Dutch ( /x, ɣ/ ) with glottal h [h, ɦ] ,. The following differences are listed by their Dutch spelling, as some different letters have merged their sounds in Standard Dutch but remained separate sounds in West Flemish. Pronunciations can also differ slightly from region to region. The absence of /x/ and /ɣ/ in West Flemish makes pronouncing them very difficult for native speakers. That often causes hypercorrection of

1458-442: The bogie carriage cost ₣8,000. The four-wheelers consisted 20 third class (24 seats) and 12 composite (5 first, second and third class, (19 seats) and 7 first and second class (22 seats)). The bogie coach seated 56. Three more bogie third carriages were purchased in 1886. By 1893, the railway had acquired at least one, and maybe three more bogie carriages. These seated 16 first class and 20 second class, plus baggage space which included

1512-880: The building of railways was controlled by the Government . This avoided the duplication of routes that was seen in the United Kingdom and meant that the large cities and towns were connected. The citizens of the smaller towns and villages also wanted railways to be built to connect them to the network. The departments were given authority to oversee the construction of these minor lines, some of which were built to standard gauge and others were built to metre gauge or less. The Loi Migneret of 12 July 1865 established that railways in France were to be classified as of Intérêt Général or Intérêt Local . The former were deemed to be of sufficient importance that they could be partly charged to

1566-549: The capture of Calais by Edward III , the castle of Guînes was delivered up to the English. In 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny surrendered the city and its county to England and they eventually became part of the Pale of Calais , the last English possession in mainland France. The " Field of the Cloth of Gold ", where Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France met in 1520, was at Balinghem in

1620-532: The end of the 11th century, Baldwin I, Count of Guînes, built a huge stone castle on top of Sigfrid's old keep and enclosed the town within a stone wall, with defensive towers at each of the entrances. His brother Fulk was a participant in the First Crusade . In 1180, Guînes was passed together with Ardres, Arras and Saint-Omer to the French crown as part of the dowry of Isabel of Hainaut when she married Philip II of France . On 22 January 1351, three years after

1674-460: The extra word, toet ( [tut] ), or strenght strengthened by adding mo- or ba- (or both). Chemin de fer d%27Anvin %C3%A0 Calais The Chemin de fer d'Anvin à Calais was a 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) metre gauge railway from Calais to Anvin , in the Pas-de-Calais department of France. It opened in 1881 and closed in 1955. In France ,

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1728-505: The immediate neighbourhood. When the French captured the port of Calais in January 1558, Guînes held out, by the courageous efforts of the English commander, William Grey, 13th Baron Grey de Wilton . After a few days of desperate fighting, however, Grey was wounded and his soldiers refused to fight on. The French gave honourable terms of surrender and English rule of the area came to an end. The inhabitants are called Guinois . On 25 May 1785

1782-417: The influence of Standard Dutch, -s is being used by fewer people, and younger speakers tend to use -en . The verbs zijn ("to be") and hebben ("to have") are also conjugated differently. West Flemish often has a double subject. Standard Dutch has an indefinite article that does not depend on gender, unlike in West Flemish. However, a gender-independent article is increasingly used. Like in English, n

1836-622: The level. On 3 December 1882, a party of senators and deputies of the National Assembly spent the day inspecting the railway. In 1891, the Aire-Rimeux-Berck railway opened, connecting with the Anvin-Calais line at Gourgesson and Rimeux-Gournay. By 1893, both systems were being run interchangeably, with locomotives and stock from one line being used on the other. In 1902, the Tramway à vapeur d'Ardres à Pont d'Ardres (TvAPA), operated by

1890-405: The line a length of 94 kilometres (58.41 mi). A final 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) extension from Calais Saint-Pierre to Calais-Ville was made in 1900, which enabled the closure of Saint-Pierre station. The line cost an average of ₣77,000 per kilometre to build. Rails were Vignole rails, 20 kilograms per metre (40 lb/yd) laid on oak sleepers. Wherever possible, earthworks were kept to

1944-519: The line. The railway was the first line in Pas-de-Calais constructed under the Plan Freyciney . Anvin and Calais are 62 kilometres (38.53 mi) apart, but the railway was to be much longer due to the need to avoid heavy engineering and also to serve local communities. The line had a maximum gradient of 17mm/metre and curves of 100 metres (330 ft) minimum radius. In part, it ran through what

1998-547: The main cities where West Flemish is widely spoken are Bruges , Dunkirk , Kortrijk , Ostend , Roeselare and Ypres . West Flemish is listed as a "vulnerable" language in UNESCO 's online Red Book of Endangered Languages . West Flemish has a phonology that differs significantly from that of Standard Dutch, being similar to Afrikaans in the case of long E, O and A. Also where Standard Dutch has sch , in some parts of West Flanders, West-Flemish, like Afrikaans, has sk . However,

2052-482: The matter dropped. Total passenger volume in 1911 was 720,474 passengers. The area remained behind Allied lines during World War I . A major British Army base was established at Calais in 1915. Most of the railway line fell within a security zone known as the Reserved Zone: civilians living within this zone had free travel within the canton in which they lived, but to travel beyond their canton, or in and out of

2106-462: The previous month. In November, the MVA further strengthened its control over the railway. The line was used to transport materials for the construction of V-1 flying bomb launch sites. A storage tunnel for V1s at Bergueneuse was connected by rail, almost certainly with a branch to the Anvin-Calais system. On 25 June 1944 the V1 launch site at Rimieux was heavily bombed. Over 200 metres (220 yd) of track

2160-401: The railway, was opened between Ardres and Pont d'Ardres. Serving Messrs Sat et Compagnie's sugar refinery at Pont d'Ardres. In 1906, it was recommended that a halt be provided at Berthem, where there was a sand quarry. The commune offered to finance it, but the company did not want to provide a stop. The department authorities stated that the railway could not be forced to provide a station and

2214-658: The same day. In 1921, the VFIL acquired five locomotives from the CF Guise-Hirson , which had been converted to Standard gauge during the war and a decision had been made that it would remain so. Thus its rolling stock was available. Three 2-6-0T locomotives and two 2-10-0T locomotives were bought. The 2-10-0T locomotives required that various bridges were strengthened before they could be brought into service. They were restricted to working between Lumbres and Bonningues. Twelve bogie carriages, 62 wagons, 22 vans, 40 open or flat wagons and

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2268-405: The same direction, a paper token was issued to all but the last train, which carried the brass token. Trains had a crew of three: the conducteur or chef de train ( guard ), who was in overall charge of the train, the chauffeur ( fireman ) and the mécanicien ( driver ). At stations, the departure of a train would be signalled by the station master blowing a whistle. The conducteur then blew

2322-443: The state. The latter were charged to the department. The railway came under the control of the Pas-de-Calais department. In 1874, M. Émile Level proposed to build a railway from Calais to Anvin , Pas-de-Calais . Following the usual procedure, hearings in public would have been held before the proposed railway would have been declared to be of utilité publique (in the public interest) and permission granted to construct

2376-434: The workshops at Lumbres, which it used for the maintenance of requisitioned rolling stock. Work on requisitioned stock was given priority over non-requisitioned stock In the spring of 1943, the Germans constructed a branch line at Verchin. It was capable of handling 750 tonnes of traffic a day. In the summer of 1943, the railway applied to the department to reduce its services as some of its locomotives had been requisitioned by

2430-438: Was bought. It was restricted to operating between Anvin and Guînes. In 1932, VFIL built a railcar at Lumbres. It was fitted with a 65 horsepower (48 kW) De Dion JMH petrol engine. Numbered ARB2, it seated 28 with twelve standing. Another railcar, numbered CGL1 was built at about this time. In 1933 railcars RS1 and RS2 were rebuilt at Lumbres. RS1 was shortened and fitted with at 65 horsepower (48 kW) Unic diesel engine. It

2484-711: Was captured German rolling stock which had been declared a prize of war available. Locomotive deficiences due to the war would affect the company until 1925. In 1919, the line was acquired by the Compagnie Générale des Voies Ferrées d'Intérêt Local ( VFIL ), along with the TvAPA, the Aire-Ribeux-Berck and the Flanders railways in the Nord department. It was at about this time that the line from Tournehem-sur-la-Hem to Saint-Momelin

2538-513: Was damaged and the hamlet was destroyed. The Allies liberated Calais between 27 and 30 September 1944. Calais-Ville station had been severely damaged in 1940, and further damaged in 1944. The remaining station building were demolished and temporary buildings erected to serve until the station was rebuilt. This would occur until 1955, by which point the Anvin-Calais railway had closed. Services in 1945 were very restricted even worse than they had been in 1944. The through service from Anvin to Calais

2592-513: Was dismantled. Reasons for it not being absorbed into the VFIL network were probably a lack of civilian infrastructure, and the fact that it linked with lines under the control of the Société Général des Chemins de Fer Economiques (SE), which showed little interest in the line either. In 1919, all passenger services were provided by mixed trains. At that time, it was not possible to make a return journey between Anvin and Calais or vice versa on

2646-570: Was not reinstated post-war. In 1947, locomotive No. 13 was transferred to the VFIL Oise network. It is preserved at the MTVS , Butry-sur-Oise , Oise. In 1948, the workshops at Lumbres built an 0-6-0 diesel locomotive using the chassis of a steam locomotive. Fitted with a 180 horsepower (130 kW) Willème engine, it was numbered 301. It is preserved on the Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme (CFBS). Two 6-wheeled diesel locomotives were built in 1948 for

2700-477: Was owned by VFIL, and RS2 was owned by the department. Both seated 25, with 15 standing. One of them was initially put into service on the TvAPA but by 1926 both were in use between Anvin and Fruges. The 1924-25 sugar beet season saw an abundant crop. The 2-10-0T locomotives were of great use in taking beet to the sucreries . In 1930, the VFIL abolished third class. Third class carriages were reclassified as second class. In 1931, an 0-6-0+0-6-0T Mallet locomotive

2754-473: Was placed under the jurisdiction of the nearby abbey of Saint Léonard . At that time, Guînes comprised three parishes within its walls, whose churches were dedicated to Saint Bertin , Saint Pierre and Saint Médard . Outside the town ramparts were the abbey of Saint Léonard, the church of Saint-Blaise, in the hamlet of Melleke, and the leper-house of Saint Quentin, in the hamlet of Spelleke in Tournepuits. At

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2808-583: Was renumbered CGL11. RS2 was fitted with an 85 horsepower (63 kW) Berliot diesel engine. It was renumbered PdC101. In 1934-35, five more railcars were built at Lumbres. These were fitted with 65 horsepower (48 kW) Unic M24 diesel engines. Numbered ARB3-5 and CGL6-7, they seated 29 with eleven standing. All railcars were second class only. By 1939, the line was almost breaking even, despite increased competition from road transport. World War II broke out on 3 September, with Calais falling into German hands on 25 May 1940. The Pas-de-Calais department became

2862-699: Was sold to the SE for use on the Réseau des Bains de Mer (RBM) and is now preserved on the CFBS. M41 went to the VFIL Oise, M42-43 went to the VFIL Flandres. The Billard A80D1s went to the CF de Corrèze whilst the Billard A80D2 went to the VFIL Oise. The Billard A150D6s and the R210 trailers went to the CFD du Tarn . Locomotive 301 was sold to the CF Ardennes . When that line closed in 1961, it

2916-555: Was sold to the SE for use on the RBM and is now preserved on the CFBS. Locomotives 650-52 were also sold to the CF Ardennes. On closure, two were sold to a cement works at Haubourdin , Nord and the other to a steel works at Isbergues . All three were scrapped in 1975. The line was operated on a token system. Unusually for France, where a paper token was the norm for minor lines, brass tokens were in use. If two or more trains were to travel in

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