On August 11, 2006, an oil spill occurred in Panay Gulf when the oil tanker , MT Solar 1 , sank off the coasts of Guimaras and Negros in the Philippines , causing what is considered to be the worst oil spill in the country's history.
79-461: The MT Solar 1 , carrying more than two million liters of bunker fuel , sank during a violent storm approximately 20.5 kilometres (12.7 mi) off the southern coast of Guimaras around midnight on August 11, 2006, causing an unknown amount of oil to pour into the gulf, that traveled up through the Guimaras Strait and Iloilo Strait . Only 9000 L of oil was siphoned from the sunken tanker, at
158-414: A backup fuel for peaking power plants in case the supply of natural gas is interrupted or as the main fuel for small electrical generators . In Europe, the use of diesel is generally restricted to cars (about 40%), SUVs (about 90%), and trucks and buses (over 99%). The market for home heating using fuel oil has decreased due to the widespread penetration of natural gas as well as heat pumps . However, it
237-404: A bunker fuel as the fuel that powers the engine of a ship or aircraft. Bunker A is No. 4 fuel oil, bunker B is No. 5, and bunker C is No. 6. Since No. 6 is the most common, "bunker fuel" is often used as a synonym for No. 6. No. 5 fuel oil is also called Navy Special Fuel Oil ( NSFO ) or just navy special ; No. 5 or 6 are also commonly called heavy fuel oil ( HFO ) or furnace fuel oil ( FFO );
316-788: A convenient seaport does not exist, inland transport may be achieved with the use of barges . Lighter fuel oils can also be transported through pipelines . The major physical supply chains of Europe are along the Rhine River . Emissions from bunker fuel burning in ships contribute to climate change and to air pollution levels in many port cities, especially where the emissions from industry and road traffic have been controlled. The switch of auxiliary engines from heavy fuel oil to diesel oil at berth can result in large emission reductions, especially for SO 2 and PM . CO 2 emissions from bunker fuels sold are not added to national GHG emissions. For small countries with large international ports, there
395-690: A depth of more than 600 metres (2,000 ft), in March 2007. The oil spill adversely affected marine sanctuaries and mangrove reserves in three out of five municipalities in Guimaras Island and reached the shores of Iloilo and Negros Occidental . The oil spill occurred in the Guimaras Strait that connects the Visayan Sea with the Sulu Sea , and is considered a rich fishing ground that supplies most of
474-458: A high percentage of overall deaths from transport sector air pollution. In Taiwan, shipping accounts for 70% of all transport-attributable air pollution deaths in 2015, followed by Morocco at 51%, Malaysia and Japan both at 41%, Vietnam at 39%, and the UK at 38%. As well as commercial shipping, cruise ships also emit large amounts of air pollution, damaging people's health. Up to 2019, it was reported that
553-579: A marine sanctuary for feeding and breeding ground for fish and other species. The oil slick also posed a threat to the blue crab industry in the municipality of Enrique B. Magalona in Negros Occidental . Dr. Jose Ingles, eco-region coordinator of the World Wide Fund for Nature in the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia, said that the damage may be felt by at least two generations. He warned that
632-404: A river or ocean, residual oil tends to break up into patches or tarballs – mixtures of oil and particulate matter such as silt and floating organic matter – rather than form a single slick. An average of about 5-10% of the material will evaporate within hours of the release, primarily the lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The remainder will then often sink to the bottom of the water column. Because of
711-411: A simpler one such as gas or No. 2 oil. The high sulfur content of No. 6 oil—up to 3% by weight in some extreme cases—had a corrosive effect on many heating systems (which were usually designed without adequate corrosion protection in mind), shortening their lifespans and increasing the polluting effects. This was particularly the case in furnaces that were regularly shut down and allowed to go cold, because
790-543: A tarry semisolid. The flash point of most blends of No. 6 oil is, incidentally, about 65 °C (149 °F). Attempting to pump high-viscosity oil at low temperatures was a frequent cause of damage to fuel lines, furnaces, and related equipment which were often designed for lighter fuels. For comparison, BS 2869 Class G heavy fuel oil behaves in similar fashion, requiring storage at 40 °C (104 °F), pumping at around 50 °C (122 °F) and finalizing for burning at around 90–120 °C (194–248 °F). Most of
869-624: A total area of 604.57 square kilometres (233.43 sq mi) occupying the southeastern section of the Western Visayas region. Sibunag River is the longest river in Guimaras with a total length of 28.8 km (17.9 mi) in municipality of Sibunag , followed by Cabano River 23.7 km (14.7 mi) long in San Lorenzo , Mantangingi River 17.4 km in Buenavista . Mount Bontoc
SECTION 10
#1732913570721948-442: Is ISO 8217: 2017. The standard divides fuels into residual and distillate fuels. The most common residual fuels in the shipping industry are RMG and RMK. The differences between the two are mainly the density and viscosity, with RMG generally being delivered at 380 centistokes or less, and RMK at 700 centistokes or less. Ships with more advanced engines can process heavier, more viscous, and thus cheaper, fuel. Governing bodies around
1027-427: Is a distillate home heating oil . Trucks and some cars use similar diesel no. 2 with a cetane number limit describing the ignition quality of the fuel. Both are typically obtained from the light gas oil cut. The name gasoil refers to the original use of this fraction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—the gas oil cut was used as an enriching agent for carbureted water gas manufacture . Number 3 fuel oil
1106-639: Is a high-viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 104–127 °C (219–261 °F). Residual means the material remaining after the more valuable cuts of crude oil have boiled off. The residue may contain various undesirable impurities, including 2% water and 0.5% mineral oil . This fuel may be known as residual fuel oil (RFO), by the Navy specification of Bunker C , or by the Pacific Specification of PS-400. The British Standard BS 2869, Fuel Oils for Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial Engines , specifies
1185-403: Is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77–104 °C (171–219 °F) for proper atomization at the burners. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut, or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped without preheating. This fuel is sometimes known by the Navy specification of Bunker B . Number 6 fuel oil
1264-711: Is also a Ferry plying from Sibunag Port to Pulupandan in Negros Occidental. The Governor of Guimaras is Joaquin Carlos Rahman A. Nava, a member of the National Unity Party . The province's Vice Governor is John Edward G. Gando, a member of PDP–Laban . Guimaras is represented in the Philippine House of Representatives by Lucille Nava, also a member of PDP–Laban . Guimaras attracts tourists particularly in May, when
1343-583: Is also a growing destination for ecotourism . Talkong Island , off Guimaras' south coast, is a area of natural beauty recognized by the Philippine government. Tourists frequently visit areas such as the Guisi, Alubihod, Tatlong Pulo, and Natago beaches. Ave Maria Island is another ecological destination near Jordan. Some tourists also choose to visit the San Lorenzo Wind Farm, a series of turbines located near
1422-413: Is also possible to purify oil with a density of 1010 kg/m3. The first British standard for fuel oil came in 1982. The latest standard is ISO 8217 issued in 2017. The ISO standard describe four qualities of distillate fuels and 10 qualities of residual fuels. Over the years the standards have become stricter on environmentally important parameters such as sulfur content. The latest standard also banned
1501-543: Is an important difference between the emissions in territorial waters and the total emissions of the fuel sold. At the 1997 Third Conference of the Parties in Kyoto, Japan, countries agreed to exempt bunker fuels, and multilateral military operations, from national emissions totals after insistence from the U.S. climate change delegation for such exemptions. Guimaras province Guimaras ( [ɡimaˈɾas] ), officially
1580-728: Is burned in a furnace or boiler to generate heat ( heating oils ), or used in an engine to generate power (as motor fuels ). However, it does not usually include other liquid oils, such as those with a flash point of approximately 42 °C (108 °F), or oils burned in cotton- or wool-wick burners. In a stricter sense, fuel oil refers only to the heaviest commercial fuels that crude oil can yield, that is, those fuels heavier than gasoline (petrol) and naphtha . Fuel oil consists of long-chain hydrocarbons , particularly alkanes , cycloalkanes , and aromatics . Small molecules, such as those in propane , naphtha, gasoline, and kerosene , have relatively low boiling points , and are removed at
1659-555: Is either blended with lighter petroleum fractions or burned directly in specialized boilers and furnaces. It is also used as a petrochemical feedstock. In the Russian practice, though, "mazut" is an umbrella term roughly synonymous with the fuel oil in general, that covers most of the types mentioned above, except US grades 1 and 2/3, for which separate terms exist ( kerosene and diesel fuel /solar oil respectively — Russian practice doesn't differentiate between diesel fuel and heating oil). This
SECTION 20
#17329135707211738-428: Is fishery, which includes growing seaweed. Infrastructure, capacity-building initiatives, more favorable legislation, and higher investments are just a few examples of local variables that have boosted the potential growth of these industries. Guimaras is well known for its agricultural crops, particularly the mangoes , half of all exported mangoes come from this island. The island province is famous for producing one of
1817-460: Is further separated in two grades, "naval mazut" being analogous to US grades 4 and 5, and "furnace mazut", a heaviest residual fraction of the crude, almost exactly corresponding to US Number 6 fuel oil and further graded by viscosity and sulfur content. In the maritime field another type of classification is used for fuel oils: Marine diesel oil contains some heavy fuel oil, unlike regular diesels. CCAI and CII are two indexes which describe
1896-522: Is its high initial viscosity, particularly in the case of No. 6 oil, which requires a correctly engineered system for storage, pumping, and burning. Though it is still usually lighter than water (with a specific gravity usually ranging from 0.95 to 1.03) it is much heavier and more viscous than No. 2 oil, kerosene, or gasoline. No. 6 oil must, in fact, be stored at around 38 °C (100 °F) heated to 65–120 °C (149–248 °F) before it can be easily pumped, and in cooler temperatures it can congeal into
1975-584: Is still estimated to account for around 250,000 deaths each year, and around 6.4 million childhood asthma cases each year. The hardest hit countries by air pollution from ships are China, Japan, the UK, Indonesia, and Germany. In 2015, shipping air pollution killed an estimated 20,520 people in China, 4,019 people in Japan, and 3,192 people in the UK. According to an ICCT study, countries located on major shipping lanes are particularly exposed, and can see shipping account for
2054-476: Is still the primary fuel for cruise ships , a tourism sector that is associated with a clean and friendly image. In stark contrast, the exhaust gas emissions - due to HFO's high sulfur content - result in an eco balance significantly worse than that for individual mobility. The term " bunkering " broadly relates to storage of petroleum products in tanks (among other, disparate meanings). The precise meaning can be further specialized depending on context. Perhaps
2133-467: Is the city and province of Iloilo and to the southeast is Negros Occidental . The whole island is part of the Metro Iloilo – Guimaras , one of the twelve metropolitan areas of the Philippines . The province consists primarily of Guimaras Island, and also includes Inampulugan , Guiwanon (or Guiuanon), Panobolon, Natunga, Nadulao, and many surrounding islets. Guimaras, formerly known as Himal-os ,
2212-480: Is the highest point in the province of Guimaras with an elevation of 892 ft (272 m) above sea level, located in municipality of Sibunag. Mount Dinulman is the second highest mountain with an elevation of 879 ft (268 m) also located in Sibunag. The province has 5 municipalities. There is only one legislative district of Guimaras which encompasses all five towns. The population of Guimaras in
2291-469: Is very common in some areas, such as the Northeastern United States . Residual fuel oil is less useful because it is so viscous that it has to be heated with a special heating system before use and it may contain relatively high amounts of pollutants , particularly sulfur , which forms sulfur dioxide upon combustion. However, its undesirable properties make it very cheap. In fact, it is
2370-682: The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church). The St. Paul's Theological Seminary (SPTS) in Jordan is the regional seminary of the Philippine Independent Church serving its Visayas and Mindanao dioceses. Poverty incidence of Guimaras Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The sectors having the most potential to support Guimaras' economic development are mangoes, tourism, cashew cultivation, and food processing. Another expanding sector
2449-548: The Manggahan Festival takes place. In the festival, locals wear mango-inspired costumes and design mango-themed floats in a parade that makes its way around the island. Pastries and confectionery with mango ingredients, as well unprepared mangoes, are also sold in relatively large quantities. Tourism also includes visits to agricultural areas across the island, such as the Oro Verde Mango Plantation. The island
Guimaras oil spill - Misplaced Pages Continue
2528-557: The Province of Guimaras ( Hiligaynon : Kapuoran sang Guimaras ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Guimaras ), is an island province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region . The capital is Jordan , while the largest local government unit is the municipality of Buenavista . The province is situated in Panay Gulf , between the islands of Panay and Negros . To the northwest
2607-586: The U.S. Coast Guard arrived on August 23 to assist in determining the exact location of the tanker. Fuel oil#Bunker fuel Fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum (crude oil). Such oils include distillates (the lighter fractions) and residues (the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil (bunker fuel), marine fuel oil (MFO), furnace oil (FO), gas oil (gasoil), heating oils (such as home heating oil), diesel fuel , and others. The term fuel oil generally includes any liquid fuel that
2686-597: The yellowfin tuna , prized by the towns of southern Negros Occidental province as an important source of income for the communities. The oil slick may damage this thriving local industry. On August 22, 2006, the Philippine Coast Guard stated that the spill has affected 20 communities in 4 municipalities in Guimaras. It also threatened 27 communities in Iloilo province and 17 others in Negros Occidental . A villager from Barangay Lapaz, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras , became
2765-526: The 1% of its buildings that burned fuel oils No. 4 and No. 6 were responsible for 86% of the soot pollution generated by all buildings in the city. New York made the phase out of these fuel grades part of its environmental plan, PlaNYC, because of concerns for the health effects caused by fine particulates, and all buildings using fuel oil No. 6 had been converted to less polluting fuel by the end of 2015. Residual fuel's use in electrical generation has also decreased. In 1973, residual fuel oil produced 16.8% of
2844-476: The 2020 census was 187,842 people, with a density of 310 inhabitants per square kilometre or 800 inhabitants per square mile. The people of the province, called Guimarasnon , speak Hiligaynon as the primary language, as it was once a sub-province of Iloilo . Filipino and English are widely spoken and understood. The two predominant religions in the municipality are the Roman Catholic Church and
2923-530: The Apostle , and Igang with Saint Anne as patroness. Evangelization of Guimaras occurred around the same time the friars were making inroads in Panay. The Augustinians established the visitas ( chapelries ) of Nayup and Igang as subordinate to Oton, Iloilo . Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas , the 7th Spanish Governor-General , noted in a June 20, 1591, report to King Philip II that the friars of Oton made regular visits to
3002-523: The FAME content meets the requirements of the BS EN 14214 standard. Classes E to H are residual oils for atomizing burners serving boilers or, with the exception of Class H, certain types of larger combustion engines. Classes F to H invariably require heating prior to use; Class E fuel may require preheating, depending on ambient conditions. Mazut is a residual fuel oil often derived from Russian petroleum sources and
3081-625: The International Marine Organization (IMO) all marine shipping vessels will require the use of very low sulfur fuel oil (0.5% Sulfur) or to install exhaust gas scrubber systems to remove the excess sulfur dioxide. The emissions from ships have generally been controlled by the following sulfur caps on any fuel oil used on board: 3.50% on and after 1 January 2012 and 0.50% on and after 1 January 2020. Further removal of sulfur translates to additional energy and capital costs and can impact fuel price and availability. If priced correctly
3160-699: The Japanese and defeating them in the Battle of Guimaras, which led to the liberation of the island. Guimaras gained its status as a sub-province of Iloilo through Republic Act 4667 , which was enacted by Congress on June 18, 1966. It was proclaimed as a regular and full-fledged province on May 22, 1992, after a plebiscite was conducted to ratify the approval of its conversion pursuant to Section 462 of R.A. 7160 . Shortly after Guimaras acquired its provincial status, President Fidel V. Ramos appointed Emily Relucio-López as its first Governor. The province of Guimaras
3239-667: The Philippines and Hawaii. The U.S. Forces needed these islands to run aircraft to and from the Philippines, while denying Japan usage. The U.S. Army and Navy planned indirect attacks that would eventually lead them to Luzon . In 1945, 10 U.S. divisions and 5 independent regiments would battle for Luzon, making it the largest campaign of the war and involving more troops than the United States had used in North Africa, Italy or southern France. The combined United States and Philippine Commonwealth forces landed on Guimaras Island, attacking
Guimaras oil spill - Misplaced Pages Continue
3318-616: The Santo Rosario Wharf, presently named MacArthur's Wharf, which are still in use today. In November 1903, while working on Guimaras, he was ambushed by a pair of Filipino brigands or guerrillas; he shot and killed both with his pistol. In 1942, Japanese Imperial forces landed on Guimaras Island as the Empire of Japan began its occupation of the country during the Second World War . The Japanese controlled almost every island between
3397-487: The adding of used lubricating oil (ULO). Some parameters of marine fuel oils according to ISO 8217 (3. ed 2005): Bunker fuel or bunker crude is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard water vessels . Its name is derived from coal bunkers, where the fuel was originally stored. In 2019, large ships consumed 213 million metric tons of bunker fuel. The Australian Customs and the Australian Tax Office defines
3476-497: The central Philippines. Arroyo also ordered the Justice Department to join a special task force heading an investigation and cleanup on the island of Guimaras, where some 300 kilometers (190 mi) of coastline, including stretches of pristine beaches, had been affected by the oil slick from the sunken tanker. "We shall do everything in our power to right the wrongs caused by this unfortunate incident," Arroyo said after visiting
3555-429: The cheapest liquid fuel available. Since it requires heating before use, residual fuel oil cannot be used in road vehicles, boats or small ships, as the heating equipment takes up valuable space and makes the vehicle heavier. Heating the oil is also a delicate procedure, which is impractical on small, fast moving vehicles. However, power plants and large ships are able to use residual fuel oil. Use of residual fuel oil
3634-471: The cleanup. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo created Task Force Guimaras on August 22 in order to oversee both the cleanup of the oil spill and the retrieval of the 1.5 million liters of fuel oil still remaining inside the tanker. The government also ordered the creation of the Special Board of Marine Inquiry to determine who and what caused the spill. Guimaras Governor JC Rahman Nava has objected to
3713-499: The context of the oil industry in Nigeria , bunkering has come to refer to the illegal diversion of crude oil (often subsequently refined in makeshift facilities into lighter transportation fuels) by the unauthorized cutting of holes into transport pipelines, often by very crude and hazardous means and causing spills . As of 2018, some 300 million metric tons of fuel oil is used for ship bunkering. On January 1, 2020, regulations set by
3792-419: The demand for the entire country. (NDCC, August 2006) Haribon sent two biologists to Guimaras to assess the damage and talk to the affected communities regarding their immediate needs. Haribon provided assistance particularly for the long-term rehabilitation of the area. The government evacuated the affected families who had been exposed to the toxic elements of the crude oil . According to reports gathered in
3871-480: The disaster may have damaged the reefs and mangroves, scarring the ecosystem and causing seafood yields to significantly decrease. According to him, the worst hit would be the shorelines, the coasts and the swamplands with mangroves. This will greatly impact the livelihood of the fisherfolk, mostly living in poor conditions. In the south-southeast of the spill site is located the Sulu Sea , a deep-water area frequented by commercially valued fish such as blue marlin and
3950-490: The electricity in the US. By 1983, it had fallen to 6.2%, and as of 2005 , electricity production from all forms of petroleum, including diesel and residual fuel, is only 3% of total production. The decline is the result of price competition with natural gas and environmental restrictions on emissions. For power plants, the costs of heating the oil, extra pollution control and additional maintenance required after burning it often outweigh
4029-467: The excess cheap yet dirty fuel would find its way into other markets, including displacing some onshore energy production in nations with low environmental protection . Fuel oil is transported worldwide by fleets of oil tankers making deliveries to suitably sized strategic ports such as Houston , US; Singapore ; Fujairah , United Arab Emirates ; Balboa, Panama , Cristobal , Panama; Sakha, Egypt ; Algeciras , Spain and Rotterdam , Netherlands. Where
SECTION 50
#17329135707214108-448: The facilities which historically burned No. 6 or other residual oils were industrial plants and similar facilities constructed in the early or mid 20th century, or which had switched from coal to oil fuel during the same time period. In either case, residual oil was seen as a good prospect because it was cheap and readily available. Most of these facilities have subsequently been closed and demolished, or have replaced their fuel supplies with
4187-453: The field, people contracted skin diseases associated with these elements. Several causes for the oil spill have been cited, including bad weather and human error . Allegations have been made that the tanker only had a capacity of 1.2 million liters, implying the possibility of overloading. Other investigations have claimed that the ship's captain was not qualified to sail the vessel. The spill damaged Taklong Island National Marine Reserve ,
4266-612: The first appointed mayor of Sibunag and Arsenio Zambarrano was also appointed mayor of San Lorenzo. The temporary seat of government of the Municipality of Sibunag is at Barangay Dasal while the temporary seat of Government of the Municipality of San Lorenzo is at Barangay Cabano. In August 2006, the Guimaras oil spill occurred. The 998-ton MT Solar 1 , chartered by Petron (the Philippines' largest oil refiner), carrying 2.4 million litres of bunker fuel , sank 17 kilometres (11 mi) off
4345-481: The first casualty directly affected by the spill. He died after inhaling the fumes of the oil sludge caused him to contract cardio-respiratory disease. Two sailors from the ship were also reported missing. Due to the extent of the disaster, the cleanup was expected to reach three years. On August 19, the Philippine government has asked the governments of Indonesia , Japan and the United States to help assist with
4424-599: The following fuel oil classes: Class C1 and C2 fuels are kerosene-type fuels. C1 is for use in flueless appliances (e.g. lamps ). C2 is for vaporizing or atomizing burners in appliances connected to flues. Class A2 fuel is suitable for mobile, off-road applications that are required to use a sulfur-free fuel . Class D fuel is similar to Class A2 and is suitable for use in stationary applications, such as domestic, commercial, and industrial heating. The BS 2869 standard permits Class A2 and Class D fuel to contain up to 7% (V/V) biodiesel ( fatty acid methyl ester , FAME), provided
4503-448: The fuels most frequently quoted are listed below in order of cost, the least expensive first. The density is also an important parameter for fuel oils since marine fuels are purified before use to remove water and dirt from the oil. Since the purifiers use centrifugal force , the oil must have a density which is sufficiently different from water. Older purifiers work with a fuel having a maximum of 991 kg/m3; with modern purifiers it
4582-503: The heaviest oil must be heated for it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases. Number 1 fuel oil is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners and high-performance/clean diesel engines. It is the kerosene refinery cut that boils off immediately after the heavy naphtha cut used for gasoline . This fuel is commonly known as diesel no. 1 , kerosene , and jet fuel . Former names include: coal oil, stove oil, and range oil. Number 2 fuel oil
4661-537: The high viscosity requires heating, usually by a recirculated low pressure steam system, before the oil can be pumped from a bunker tank. Bunkers are rarely labeled this way in modern maritime practice. Since the 1980s the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been the accepted standard for marine fuels (bunkers). The standard is listed under number 8217, with recent updates in 2010 and 2017. The latest edition of bunker fuel specification
4740-452: The ignition quality of residual fuel oil, and CCAI is especially often calculated for marine fuels. Despite this, marine fuels are still quoted on the international bunker markets with their maximum viscosity (which is set by the ISO 8217 standard - see below) due to the fact that marine engines are designed to use different viscosities of fuel. The unit of viscosity used is the centistoke (cSt) and
4819-458: The internal condensation produced sulfuric acid . Environmental cleanups at such facilities are frequently complicated by the use of asbestos insulation on the fuel feed lines. No. 6 oil is very persistent, and does not degrade rapidly. Its viscosity and stickiness also make remediation of underground contamination very difficult, since these properties reduce the effectiveness of methods such as air stripping . When released into water, such as
SECTION 60
#17329135707214898-472: The island was given its municipal status with a seat of government at Tilad (today Buenavista ). Under American rule , the Guimarasnons were given the opportunity to elect their municipal president in 1908. Douglas MacArthur , a fresh graduate from West Point as a Second Lieutenant at the age of 23, came to Iloilo as the head of the company of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . They constructed roads and
4977-498: The island's eastern coast. Guimaras is also a site for religious tourism . The Balaan Bukid Shrine hosts twelve markers of the Way of the Cross as individuals make an ascent towards a hilltop where the main shrine rests. Navalas Church, built between 1880 and 1885, bears one of the few remaining sites of Roman Catholic Spanish heritage on the island. The Trappist Monastery is located near
5056-597: The island's southern coast, contaminating 24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi). The Philippine Coast Guard called this the worst oil spill in the country's history. According to officials, 1,100 hectares (2,700 acres) of mangroves were affected, including parts of the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve . Guimaras comprises primarily of Guimaras Island, and numerous minor islets, prominent among which are Inampulugan, Guiwanon (or Guiuanon ), Panobolon, Natunga and Nadulao. The province covers
5135-426: The island, adding that she was deeply pained by the disaster that she declared a "national calamity". On August 17, British oil experts, sent by SMDC's foreign insurer, arrived in Guimaras to assess the situation. SMDC stated that the experts will check the extent of the oil pollution. The Britons conducted an aerial survey over Guimaras Island and made recommendations based on their findings. A four-man team from
5214-687: The island. In 1742, the island came under the jurisdiction of Dumangas – now known as Iloilo , until 1751 when the Augustinian Order was replaced by the Jesuits , after which the Dominican order took over Guimaras. The Jesuits, who had established a school in Iloilo and had missions in Molo and Arevalo, took charge of the island. By 1755, it was organized into a regular parish. When the population increased considerably,
5293-457: The low cost of the fuel. Burning fuel oil, particularly residual fuel oil, produces uniformly higher carbon dioxide emissions than natural gas. Heavy fuel oils continue to be used in the boiler "lighting up" facility in many coal-fired power plants. This use is approximately analogous to using kindling to start a fire. Without performing this act it is difficult to begin the large-scale combustion process. The chief drawback to residual fuel oil
5372-496: The low quality of bunker fuel, when burnt it is especially harmful to the health of humans, causing serious illnesses and deaths. Prior to the IMO's 2020 sulfur cap, shipping industry air pollution was estimated to cause around 400,000 premature deaths each year, from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, as well as 14 million childhood asthma cases each year. Even after the introduction of cleaner fuel rules in 2020, shipping air pollution
5451-399: The most common, more specialized usage refers to the practice and business of refueling ships. Bunkering operations are located at seaports, and they include the storage of bunker (ship) fuels and the provision of the fuel to vessels. Alternatively "bunkering" may apply to the shipboard logistics of loading fuel and distributing it among available bunkers (on-board fuel tanks). Finally, in
5530-410: The proposal of disposing the oil wastes within the province. Clemente Cancio, President of Sunshine Maritime Development Corporation (SMDC), the company which owned MT Solar I , said that their foreign insurer was willing to pay the cost of damage brought about by the oil spill. President Gloria Arroyo ordered a full investigation into the country's worst oil spill that devastated marine ecosystems in
5609-434: The ships of the single largest cruise company, Carnival Corporation & plc , emitted ten times more sulfur dioxide than all of Europe's cars combined. Although the following trends generally hold true, different organizations may have different numerical specifications for the six fuel grades. The boiling point and carbon chain length of the fuel increases with fuel oil number. Viscosity also increases with number, and
5688-414: The start of the fractional distillation process. Heavier petroleum-derived oils like diesel fuel and lubricating oil are much less volatile and distill out more slowly. Oil has many uses; it heats homes and businesses and fuels trucks , ships , and some cars . A small amount of electricity is produced by diesel, but it is more polluting and more expensive than natural gas . It is often used as
5767-517: The sulfur content requirement outside the ECAs to 0.5% m/m by 2020. This is where Marine Distillate Fuels and other alternatives to use of heavy bunker fuel come into play. They have similar properties to diesel #2, which is used as road diesel around the world. The most common grades used in shipping are DMA and DMB. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the use of international bunker fuels are currently included in national inventories. Heavy fuel oil
5846-1142: The sweetest mangoes in the world, thus earning the nickname " Mango Capital of the Philippines " from local and foreign tourists. Guimaras mangoes are reportedly served at the White House and Buckingham Palace . Guimaras' largest event of the year is the Manggahan Festival (the Mango Festival). The variety of mangoes produced are also best for making dried mangoes, jam and other special delicacies. They also produce other fruits and vegetables such as bananas, tomatoes, and eggplants among others. Steel or Fiberglass Ferry boats ply regularly from Iloilo-Guimaras Ferry Terminal in Iloilo City Proper to Jordan, Guimaras and Buenavista, Guimaras, taking about 15 to 20 minutes per journey. RORO or roll-on/roll-off vessels sail from Lapuz, Iloilo City to Jordan Port in Jordan, Guimaras, every 30 minutes to one hour starting at 4:30AM to 6:30PM, taking about 30mins per way. There
5925-493: The world, e.g. , California, European Union, have established Emission Control Areas (ECA) that limit the maximum sulfur of fuels burned in their ports to limit pollution, reducing the percentage of sulfur and other particulates from 4.5% m/m to as little as 0.10% as of 2015 inside an ECA. As of 2013 3.5% continued to be permitted outside an ECA, but the International Maritime Organization has planned to lower
6004-465: Was a sub-province of Iloilo until it was made an independent province on May 22, 1992. About 1581, Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa , Spanish governor and Captain-General of the Philippine Islands, established a settlement in Guimaras for the purpose of Christianizing the island's natives. He and his subordinates organized the pueblicitos or villages of Nayup under the patronage of Saint Peter
6083-426: Was a distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fuel. ASTM merged this grade into the number 2 specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid-20th century. Number 4 fuel oil is a commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with preheaters. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut. This fuel is sometimes known by the Navy specification of Bunker A . Number 5 fuel oil
6162-615: Was more common in the past. It powered boilers , railroad steam locomotives , and steamships . Locomotives, however, have become powered by diesel or electric power; steamships are not as common as they were previously due to their higher operating costs (most LNG carriers use steam plants, as "boil-off" gas emitted from the cargo can be used as a fuel source); and most boilers now use heating oil or natural gas. Some industrial boilers still use it and so do some old buildings, including in New York City . In 2011 New York City estimated that
6241-402: Was originally composed of three municipalities: Buenavista, Jordan, and Nueva Valencia . In 1995, through Republic Act No. 7896 and Republic Act No. 7897 , the municipalities of Sibunag and San Lorenzo were created. The two new municipalities officially acquired their municipal status after the May 8, 1995, plebiscite held simultaneously with the local election. Ernesto L. Gedalanga was
#720279