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20-524: Guelatao, as it is often called, is in the foothills of the Sierra de Juárez , a mountain range in the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca System. It is about 55 km north of the city of Oaxaca . Guelatao is the birthplace of President Benito Juárez , whose parents were Zapotec peasants. He was the first indigenous president of Mexico. When he was born, Guelatao had a population of fewer than 100 people, and fell under

40-409: A trunk elevating the fronds above ground level, making them trees . Many extant tree ferns are members of the order Cyatheales , to which belong the families Cyatheaceae (scaly tree ferns), Dicksoniaceae , Metaxyaceae , and Cibotiaceae . It is estimated that Cyatheales originated in the early Jurassic, and is the third group of ferns known to have given rise to tree-like forms. The others are

60-489: A few, however, were of some economic application, chiefly as sources of starch. These include the Sphaeropteris excelsa of Norfolk Island that was threatened with extinction for the sake of its sago -like pith , which was eaten by pigs. It is now widely cultivated as an ornamental tree, although there is only one small wild population on Norfolk Island. Sphaeropteris medullaris (mamaku, black tree fern) also furnished

80-605: A kind of sago to people living in New Zealand, Queensland and the Pacific islands. A Javanese species of Dicksonia ( D. chrysotricha ) furnishes silky hairs, which were once imported as a styptic , and the long silky or wooly hairs, abundant on the stem and frond-leaves in the various species of Cibotium have not only been put to a similar use, but in the Hawaiian Islands furnished wool for stuffing mattresses and cushions, which

100-640: A metre tall. Fern species with short trunks in the genera Blechnum , Cystodium and Sadleria from the order Polypodiales , and smaller members of Cyatheales like Calochlaena , Cnemedaria , Culcita (mountains only tree fern), Lophosoria and Thyrsopteris are also considered tree ferns. Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, as well as cool to temperate rainforests in Australia , New Zealand and neighbouring regions (e.g. Lord Howe Island , etc.). Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores formed on

120-509: Is based in Guelatao. In 2005 San Pablo Guelatao had 111 households, with a population of about 476 people. It is largely rural. The majority of the population are indigenous Zapotec . The Municipality of Guelatao de Juárez (named for the president) has governing jurisdiction over the communities of Llano de la Cheta and Río Grande. It is part of the Ixtlán District . San Pablo Guelatao is

140-444: Is damaged, it will inevitably die because that is where all the new growth occurs. But other clump-forming tree fern species, such as D. squarrosa and D. youngiae , can regenerate from basal offsets or from "pups" emerging along the surviving trunk length. Tree ferns often fall over in the wild, yet manage to re-root from this new prostrate position and begin new vertical growth. Tree-ferns have been cultivated for their beauty alone;

160-430: Is potentially threatened by hydroelectric dams. There is no official plan to establish nature reserves. However, the region promotes ecotourism to help preserve the biosphere with various enterprises offering cabins, camping, access and guides for hiking and mountain-biking trails, horseback riding, bird-watching, and cave exploration. Tree ferns The tree ferns are arborescent (tree-like) ferns that grow with

180-566: Is regular frost in the higher mountains. Annual rainfall, fed by the trade winds from the Caribbean Sea , ranges from 700 to 4,000 mm (28 to 157 in) or more. The Valle Nacional River originates in the Sierra de Juárez, one of the major tributaries of the Papaloapan River . The Sierra Juárez is one of Oaxaca State's wettest areas and richest in forest diversity, with perhaps 2,000 of

200-516: Is sometimes much higher. The dominant trees are 20–30 m (66–98 ft) tall and include evergreen and deciduous species, palms, tree ferns , heather shrubs, vines, and moisture-loving herbs. The tropical evergreen forest is dominated by evergreen trees 30–40 m (98–131 ft) tall, with abundant lianas and tropical epiphytes . Pine and pine-oak forests, at a height from 1,600–2,800 m (5,200–9,200 ft) have evergreen trees 25–40 m (82–131 ft) tall, with grasses dominating

220-748: Is the land of the Sierra Zapotecs , of whom President Benito Juárez was one of the most famous. The Zapotecs of the Sierra Norte, who call themselves the bene xon, are one of three major Zapotec regions in southern Mexico. The other three reside in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , the Valles Centrales region and the Sierra Madre Oriental . The bene xon divide into four sub-cultures: Cajonos, El Rincón, Ixtlán and Choapan. Other indigenous people include

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240-501: The Chinantec , Mixe and Mixtec . The Sierra Juárez is home to threatened mammals such as jaguar ( Panthera onca ), ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ), and brocket deer (genus Mazama ). It is also a habitat for the threatened dwarf jay ( Cyanloyca nanus ), and is the richest region in Mexico for butterflies . It is under stress from logging, agriculture, grazing, and colonization, and

260-473: The 8,000 or more plant species that are found in the state. It is mostly covered by montane cloud forest , but includes tropical evergreen forests and forests of pine, pine-oak and oak. The cloud forest forms a band from 1,000–1,400 m (3,300–4,600 ft) in height, up to 2,250 m (7,380 ft) along the northern and eastern slopes. The climate is cool, 14–20 °C (57–68 °F), and has mean annual rainfall that exceeds 2,000 mm (79 in) and

280-584: The Tecomavaca Canyon. It stretches south-eastward to the Cajones River and the Sierra de Villa Alta . The mountains are in the district of Ixtlán de Juárez in the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca region. The range is named after Mexico's only indigenous president, Benito Juárez , who was born here in 1806 in the small village of San Pablo Guelatao . The heavily wooded area is about 62 km (39 mi) from

300-586: The city of Oaxaca on Federal highway 175, heading towards Tuxtepec . The mountains climb from 500 to 3,250 m (1,640 to 10,660 ft), with many large and deep ravines. They are formed of folded sedimentary rocks with series of younger granitic intrusions that date from the Palaeozoic to Cenozoic , with the majority being Mesozoic . The climate is subtropical in the lower regions and temperate and subhumid above 1,000 m (3,300 ft), with average temperature from 16 to 20 °C (61 to 68 °F). There

320-553: The extinct Tempskya of uncertain position, and Osmundales where the extinct Guaireaceae and some members of Osmundaceae also grew into trees. In addition there were the Psaroniaceae including Tietea in the Marattiales , which is the sister group to most living ferns including Cyatheales. Other ferns which are also tree ferns, are Leptopteris and Todea in the family Osmundaceae, which can achieve short trunks under

340-484: The jurisdiction of the larger neighbouring town of Ixtlán . Juárez was baptised in the parish church at Ixtlán, which is now known as Ixtlán de Juárez in his honour. Guelatao became an independent municipality in 1824, after Mexico gained independence from Spain. The town has a small museum dedicated to Juárez. XEGLO , a government-run indigenous community radio station that broadcasts in Zapotec , Mixe and Chinantec ,

360-518: The lower stratum. Oak forests at a height from 2,000–2,500 m (6,600–8,200 ft) grow in areas with relatively lower rainfall that have a dry season in summer. The oak forests are found in the western, inland part of the sierra to the Rio Grande Basin. A species of alligator lizard, Abronia juarezi , is endemic to and named after the Sierra Juárez mountain range. The Sierra Juárez

380-530: The seat of the municipality. Sierra Ju%C3%A1rez, Oaxaca The Sierra Juárez is a range of mountains in Oaxaca state, Mexico between latitudes 17°20'-17°50'N and longitudes 96°15'-97°00'W, with an area of about 1,700 km (660 sq mi). It is part of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca . The range is separated from the Sierra de Zongólica to the north by the Santo Domingo River , flowing through

400-428: The undersides of the fronds. The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple- pinnate . Their trunk is actually a vertical and modified rhizome , and woody tissue is absent. To add strength, there are deposits of lignin in the cell walls and the lower part of the stem is reinforced with thick, interlocking mats of tiny roots. If the crown of Dicksonia antarctica (the most common species in gardens)

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