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52-662: When the Europeans arrived in Venezuela, various ethnic groups inhabited the region that would constitute Guárico. Among these were the Caribs Tamanacos, Palenques and Cumanagotos, as well as groups of Guamos and Otomacos. The latter were in permanent confrontation with the Caribs. The colonization of the region only began in the 17th century and above all in the 18th century. The cacique Chiparara managed to organize Carib and Otomac groups in

104-512: A Commission for the Police System (Comsipol) was created to implement CONAREPOL's recommendations. These included the creation of a National Police, which was done in 2009. Other recommendations were that the police should be specifically trained in human rights , and have a greater emphasis on crime prevention. The Experimental Security University was set up to provide such training with branches in various Venezuelan cities. On 7 December 2009,

156-403: A class and race war against the landed and urban classes of Venezuela, fulfilling the latter's fear, since 1810, that the revolution could devolve into another Haitian Revolution . (Compare Hidalgo's assault on Guanajuato .) Boves's army became feared for its liberal use of pillage and summary executions , which became notorious even in this period when such actions were common on both sides of

208-589: A further 1,400 in training. Now it has grown into an estimated 20,000-strong national police force. In 2001, the Venezuelan National Assembly gave the government one year to create a national police force. President Hugo Chávez then attempted to create a centralized national police force, announcing his plans in August 2002. However, the Venezuelan public, academics, NGOs and municipal governments rejected

260-729: A police tactical unit in 2011. While Article 34 of the Police Organic Law states the similarities of the National Police with the state, municipal, city and township police forces and the Venezuelan National Guard , Article 39 of the said law states the following services to be rendered only by personnel of the National Police: The National Police is headed by, as of 2016, the Director General of

312-472: A thermo-mineral spring with a capacity of 6800 L/h. They are surrounded by a dry tropical forest, with very arid vegetation. It has bathrooms, pools and various services. They are located northwest of San Juan de Los Morros, 58 km from Maracay. These are waters that flow from galleys, forming four wells or springs. It has pools and bathing rooms. They are located between the towns of Ortiz and San Francisco de Cara, 60 km from San Juan de Los Morros. It

364-617: Is flat and occupies the Central Plains of the country. To the northwest, it has low mountains, also known as Morros, and hills of the Cordillera de la Costa. The mountainous part of Guárico includes the Fila de los Suspiros, bordering the state of Cojedes to the northwest, continues with the Fila de La Raya, also called La Escalera, until reaching the city of San Juan de los Morros, some of which can reach 2000 meters above sea level. Other mountains to

416-497: Is manually backed up if it does not work. Morros de Macaira Natural Monument is a natural monument located in the State of Guárico[1] in Venezuela. It was created in 1978. It covers an area of 99 hectares. Throughout the region, it is common to find limestone massifs, caves furrowed by small watercourses, and deep vertical peaks. Morros de Macaira Natural Monument is located in the municipality of José Tadeo Monagas. The western boundary of

468-532: Is supported and complemented by the National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard . The state legislature is the responsibility of the Legislative Council of the State of Guárico, a unicameral parliament, elected by the people through a universal direct and secret vote every four years. It can be reelected for two consecutive periods, under a system of proportional representation of the population of

520-403: Is the main economic activity in this state. Guárico also occupies a significant place in the cultivation of cereals such as rice,8 corn and sorghum. This activity is linked to the agro-industrial sector, both supported by the existence of 16 reservoirs and three risk systems (Guárico, Orituco, and Tiznados rivers). With respect to livestock, the production of cattle and pigs stands out. And within

572-717: The Battle of Coplé between the federalist and central government troops took place near Calabozo. The battle itself did not give clear results, but the continuation of the guerrilla warfare after this episode led to the signing of a peace agreement on April 23, 1863 between the Federalists and the Government. In 1879 the state became part of the Gran Estado Miranda with what is now Bolívar (present-day Miranda), Guzmán Blanco (present-day Aragua), Apure and Nueva Esparta. In 1889 this state

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624-666: The Bolivarian National Police was officially raised with the full enactment of the Police Service Organic Law of 2009 and the Police Service Statutes Law, published on the Official Gazette on the same day. These laws formally marked the founding of what is now South America's youngest national police force, which took place formally on December 20 the same year. The Special Actions Force of

676-459: The llanos, he amassed a large army of llaneros , known as the Legions of Hell, most of whom were Indigenous, pardo (mixed-race), and formerly enslaved, that dominated the south of the country for the next two years until his death. He lived among his soldiers, and exposed himself to the same risks in battle as them, thereby gaining their extreme loyalty. Although nominally royalist, Boves turned

728-568: The Bolivarian National Police ( Spanish : Fuerza de Acción Especial de la Policía Nacional Bolivariana , FAES) was created by President Nicolás Maduro to "combat crime and terrorism" in 2017. It has around 1,300 officers and includes the Unidad de Operaciones Tácticas Especiales (UOTE) a police tactical unit . It was accused by PROVEA , a Venezuelan human rights group, of having killed more than 100 people in low-income neighborhoods in

780-587: The Guárico River, which in the Caribbean dialect means cacique. Built in 1976, it supplies approximately 300 liters per second to San Juan de los Morros and is also a recreational park with activities planned and directed by groups based on government programs. This festivity generally takes place in February in the city of Zaraza, being the main tourist attraction in that season in the whole llanoriental region, one of

832-466: The Guárico area in 1946. The fields of El Carrizal and El Sombrero began to attract many workers. In 1957 the construction of the Guárico reservoir began. With 230 km, it is one of the largest irrigation reservoirs in Venezuela and has been contributing to the development of the country. Guárico is known as "the gateway" to the Central Plains, with a geography of contrasts between mountainous areas near

884-553: The Llanos de Guárico to counter-attack the Spanish colonizing forces.4 After they were defeated, around 1653, the Carib and Otomac groups would retreat southward or lose cohesion and would be gradually assimilated. Many of the settlers who settled in the area were Basque missionaries and encomenderos who founded Altagracia de Orituco on March 1, 1676. Miguel de Urbés, a lieutenant of Joan Orpí, founded

936-603: The Spanish troops again under the command of Boves defeated the troops of Simón Bolívar and Santiago Mariño on the same battlefield. On August 2, 1816 the battle of Quebrada Honda near El Socorro took place. The royalists were defeated by the Republican army led by the Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor. The Plains troops led by José Antonio Páez defeated the Royalist forces of Marshal Pablo Morillo on February 12, 1818. However, Morillo

988-543: The State of Guárico is the Chief Executive of that State located in the center of Venezuela. According to Article 160 of the Venezuelan Constitution of 1999, the governor must be: Venezuelan, over twenty-five years old and from a secular state. The governor is elected for four years by simple majority and can be re-elected for additional periods. The governor appoints a group of trusted secretaries to assist him in

1040-557: The Venezuelan coastal range. It was created on November 11, 1949 and its area is 1,630 hectares. Its main attraction are the "morros", geological formations of peculiar shapes. They are populated by hill and forest savannas. It is located 5 km northwest of San Juan de Los Morros. The name and current boundaries of the province are the result of the political organization defined in the Ley de División Político Territorial (Political Territorial Division Law) of April 28, 1856. The name comes from

1092-422: The border of the state of Cojedes, galleys (because of their hat shape) or hills that accompany the course of the river Guárico and an equally wide area of flat land. Guárico State is bounded on the north by Miranda, Aragua and Carabobo States, on the south by Bolívar and Apure, on the east by Anzoátegui State and on the west by Cojedes and Barinas States. The average annual temperature is 26 °C. Most of it

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1144-502: The city of Zaraza in 1645 with the name of San Miguel de la Nueva Tarragona del Batey. El Sombrero was founded in 1720. Four years later they founded Calabozo. In 1728 they established the town of Chaguaramas in a place where there were settlements of cumanagotos. Fray Anselmo Isidro de Ardales established the town of Tucupido in 1760 with groups of cumanagotes and palenques. San Juan de los Morros would be founded much later, around 1780. Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland passed through

1196-656: The conflict. (See Simón Bolívar's " Decree of War to the Death ".) Throughout the second half of 1813, Boves and his army assailed the Second Republic in a series of battles, but without any clear gains until the Battle of La Puerta on June 15, 1814. He captured Valencia and Caracas the following month. He died at the age of 32 on December 5, 1814, at the Battle of Urica , which his troops nevertheless won. Command of his troops passed on to Francisco Tomás Morales . His actions laid

1248-467: The creation of a national police force was originally unpopular among the public and organizations. The creation of a National Police was one of the recommendations of a 2006 National Commission on Police Reform (CONAREPOL). At the time that the force was set up, the wage rate for officers in the new force was three times higher than that in existing forces. As of July 2010, the PNB had around 2,400 officers, with

1300-501: The different police agencies makes it evident that many do not have adequate infrastructure, and they are lacking in basic services or the spaces that are necessary for police activities (e.g., holding cells). In other cases, they do not even have their own building. Higher level technological resources (phones, fax, internet connection, computers, software) are relatively rare or, if present, are found only at central headquarters. Lack of, or deficiencies in, infrastructure are most marked for

1352-454: The districts of Independencia, Lander and Acevedo in the state of Miranda and the district of Monagas in the state of Guarico. Main source of water supply and treatment for the Orituco, especially for the valleys, and which is revealed in the area where the population of Guanape once existed. The dam is built with cement, stone, and sand; its gates are constantly monitored by a control point, which

1404-647: The east of the state include Cerro de las Minas, the Serranía de Guatopo strip on the sides of the Orituco River Valleys. The state of Guarico is crossed by several rivers, streams and morichals that remain even during the dry months. The rivers of the Unare Basin from Valle de la Pascua head towards the Caribbean Sea and include the main rivers: Unare, Quebrada Honda, Morichito, Ipire and Agua Amarilla. The rest of

1456-549: The functions of the government who are freely appointed and removed. The governor is accountable for his actions to the Guarico State Legislative Council The current governor is José Manuel Vásquez Aranguren of the ruling PSUV party. There have been nine people in the Llanera entity who have held the post of governor. Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the State maintains its own police force, which

1508-559: The groundwork for Pablo Morillo's expeditionary force to easily occupy Venezuela and to spend its massive resources in neighboring New Granada . Royalists would continue to control Venezuela until 1821. One of the more well-known biographical portraits of Boves's life is the historical novel Boves el Urogallo ("Boves, the Capercaillie ") (1972) by Venezuelan novelist Francisco Herrera Luque . In it Herrera Luque describes Boves as: That fabulous Asturian warrior, who between 1813 and 1814

1560-607: The hands of the pardos , mestizos , and Indigenous rather than the landowning elite. Having lost his father at age 4, he was raised by his single mother, who worked as a seamstress and maid . At the age of 16 Boves was licensed to be a pilot in the merchant marine , later joining the Pla y Portal company , which traded between Spain and the Americas . He was convicted of smuggling in Venezuela and sentenced to prison, but because of

1612-410: The idea with Alfredo Peña stating that the police would possibly be used to repress protesters, resulting with the Venezuelan government canceling the creation of a national police force. In 2006 a National Commission on Police Reform (CONAREPOL, from the Spanish name) conducted studies aimed at reforming the police, in consultation with police and local communities. It found that "Careful study of

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1664-455: The intercession of fellow Asturian residents in Venezuela, who also worked for Pla y Portal, his sentence was commuted to internal exile in Calabozo . There he became a merchant, and once his sentence was finished, he dealt in livestock , a business which allowed him to become very familiar with the vast Venezuelan grasslands and its people. As with most residents of Venezuela at the time, Boves

1716-487: The main and most important carnivals in Venezuela, capable of attracting exorbitant numbers of tourists compared to other festivities of the same nature. Characterized by the majesty with which large, illuminated and colorful floats and groups are made, besides that on the same date the "Agro-industrial Fairs of the Unare River Basin" are held in the city, placing Zaraza as one of the most important tourist destinations in

1768-412: The monument is determined by the road that connects Altagracia de Orituco with San Francisco de Macaira. Its main attraction is the limestone formation of great paleontological and environmental value. It is made up of three massifs, which house numerous caves crossed by river torrents. The vegetation is mainly composed of semi-deciduous forests and semi-deciduous shrubs in the mountainous forest region of

1820-472: The mountainous region of the Interior Range, between Santa Teresa del Tuy and Altagracia de Orituco. It has an extension of 92,640 ha. The vegetation is tropical rainforest and semi-wet formations. The fauna is wild and very rich in mammals. It has three important recreational facilities: Agua Blanca, Santa Crucecita and Quebrada de Guatopo. Excursions and long walks can be made in them. It is located between

1872-510: The municipal police.… [T]he majority of [all] police agencies are unable to assign a firearm to each officer on duty; neither are there sufficient handcuffs or bullet-proof vests. Some agencies have only one firearm for the whole force." In general, the Commission found, "bureaucracy is weakly developed: three-quarters of state and municipal forces do not have a manual for procedures and two-thirds lack an organizational manual". In November 2008

1924-497: The old colonial order on its head. He ignored Cajigal, who by 1814 was captain general , even when they were campaigning together, and appointed political and military commanders of his own choosing. Further still from his mind was the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , which should have been in effect in Venezuela during this time. Most striking to his contemporaries, however, was that he allowed his llanero soldiers to engage in

1976-480: The political situation in which only a few elites held all the power. The protests continued until May 1847. The creation with the name of Guárico Province dates from 1848 when the province of Caracas was divided into three. In 1856 Guárico became part of the 21 provinces of Venezuela until 1864 when it was declared an independent state, and an integral part of the United States of Venezuela. On February 17, 1860,

2028-764: The region in March 1800 on their way to the Orinoco and its tributaries. During the time of Spanish rule, Guarico was part of the Province of Caracas, which belonged to the Captaincy General of Venezuela. During the war of independence, several battles took place in the region of Guárico. The military chief José Tomás Boves defeated Vicente Campo Elías in La Puerta, near San Juan de los Morros, on February 3, 1814. A few months later, in June,

2080-598: The six months leading up to January 2019 during the protests in Venezuela . On 5 July 2019 the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet , released a report presenting evidence of the murdering of at least 6,800 Venezuelans from January 2018 to May 2019 by various security forces including the FAES. The report included documentation of instances of torture, including waterboarding and electric shocks. The regime deemed it as "biased". The PNB originally formed

2132-557: The south-central part of Guárico State there are 8 oil blocks and reserves estimated at 489 billion barrels. In the Junín Field located in the Southeast of Guárico State and the Southwest of Anzoátegui State there are 10 blocks with reserves estimated at 557,000 million barrels. These are sulphurous, alkaline, borate waters, with a blue colour and an average temperature of 33.5 °C. It is

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2184-432: The state and its municipalities. It is important to mention that because the last census was conducted in 2011, the population in the cities has changed significantly over the past few years. It is currently estimated that the capital, San Juan de los Morros is the most populated city in the state of Guarico, with 160,248 inhabitants. According to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was: Agriculture

2236-715: The state and the country. Jos%C3%A9 Tom%C3%A1s Boves José Tomás Boves ( Oviedo , Asturias , September 18, 1782 – Urica , Venezuela , December 5, 1814), was a royalist caudillo of the Llanos during the Venezuelan War of Independence , particularly remembered for his brutality and atrocities against those who supported Venezuelan independence. Though nominally pro-Spanish, Boves showed little deference to any superior authority and independently carried out his own military campaign and political agenda, even challenging Royalist norms by arguing for land ownership to pass into

2288-581: The state has rivers that are tributaries of the Orinoco River, including the Apure River in its lower basin, Chirgua, Espino, Guárico, Macaira, Manapire, Memo, Tamanaco, Tiznados, Tucupido, Orituco and Zuata. It is an autonomous and equal state in political terms, organizing its administration and public powers through a Constitution of the Guárico State, dictated by the Legislative Council. The Governor of

2340-473: The timber activity, the production of wood in rola is located in the seventh place of the national total. We can find: Aceituno, araguaney, ceiba, cherry, drago, jobo, puy, saqui-saqui, among others. Silica sands, barite, gravel, vanadium, gypsum, zinc and gravel. The state of Guárico also has vast oil reserves concentrated mainly in the south in the so-called Orinoco Oil Belt. In the Boyacá Field located in

2392-443: Was able to defeat the troops of General Simón Bolívar in the third battle of La Puerta. After independence, Guárico became the scene of numerous battles in the civil wars that plagued the country in the 19th century. Venezuela entered into a deep crisis from 1842 onwards. In 1846 an uprising took place that was particularly felt in Guárico. Peasants and other poor people complained about social injustice and numerous groups criticized

2444-481: Was champion of the anti-republic, feverish destroyer of the colonial order and the first caudillo of democracy in Venezuela . The novel was adapted into the film Taita Boves in 2010 by Venezuelan director Luis Alberto Lamata . Venezuelan police The Policía Nacional Bolivariana ( Spanish : Bolivarian National Police , PNB ) is Venezuela 's national police force, created in 2009. Law enforcement in Venezuela has historically been highly fragmented, and

2496-417: Was created on March 7, 1974. It covers an area of 596,000 ha, making it the second largest national park in Venezuela. Its area is covered by savannahs and forests, rivers, lagoons and a rich flora of great color and beauty and a varied fauna. It is located in the south of Guárico State, between the municipalities of Sebastián Francisco de Miranda and Las Mercedes. It was created on March 31, 1958. It comprises

2548-638: Was named commander of Calabozo in January 1813. Alongside Monteverde , Boves would be one of the first to mobilize castas , Indigenous, and enslaved into functioning militias fighting against the revolutionary forces. He participated in the unsuccessful attempts to stop Santiago Mariño 's invasion of eastern Venezuela, and after the royalist government collapsed, he was granted temporary permission to act at his own discretion by his superior, Field Marshal Juan Manuel Cajigal . From this point on, he never recognized any superior authority. Making use of his knowledge of

2600-467: Was ratified by presidential decree. From this date on, it remained an independent state even though it suffered changes in its territory. Its boundaries with the state of Aragua were established by a protocol signed in 1933. General Juan Vicente Gómez defeated near San Juan de los Morros the troops of General Luciano Mendoza, who was fighting on the side of the so-called Liberating Revolution against Cipriano Castro. Foreign companies began to exploit oil in

2652-405: Was renamed Miranda. On March 11, 1892, the caudillo Joaquín Crespo rose up against the president of that time, Raimundo Andueza Palacio, who had wanted to change the constitution at the beginning of 1892 in order to supposedly govern for two more years. Joaquín Crespo marched from his hacienda in Guárico to Caracas, where he took power. In 1898, Guárico acquired its autonomy again and in 1899 it

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2704-553: Was supportive of the juntas established in Venezuela in 1810, which were created after news arrived that the reigning Supreme Central Junta in Spain had dissolved itself due to French advances in southern Spain . His activities against the Republic began only after Domingo de Monteverde 's incursions into central Venezuela. He joined Monteverde's forces when they took over Calabozo in May 1812 and

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