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74-406: The name Guairá comes from the guarani words: guay + ra . The suffix ra means place but there is a dispute on the actual meaning of the term guay . The first theory claims it is a contraction of the expression guara´ira that means ` a person who will become a warrior ` The second says guay is just similar to the ones of Uruguay , Paraguay or Gualeguay which all mean ´ someone from

148-490: A group of uncontacted guaranis and settled with them the mission of Ytapé in 1682. Later that same year, the pilgrims of the city of Villa Rica also settled nearby. These people called themselves guaireños because their city was originally founded in the extinct Spanish province of Guayra . In 1773, Paraguay Spanish Governor Agustin de Pinedo founded a town named Hyaty to the northwest of Villarrica and in 1778, another Spanish Governor Pedro Melo de Portugal founded

222-429: A language "so copious and elegant that it can compete with the most famous [of languages]". The name "Guarani" is generally used for the official language of Paraguay. However, this is part of a dialect chain , most of whose components are also often called Guarani. While Guarani, in its Classical form , was the only language spoken in the expansive missionary territories, Paraguayan Guarani has its roots outside of

296-455: A medicinal drug) comes from a homonymous Tupi–Guarani name that can be rendered as ipe-kaa-guené , meaning a creeping plant that makes one vomit. " Cougar " is borrowed from Guarani guazu ara . Caazap%C3%A1 Department Caazapá ( Spanish pronunciation: [ka(a)saˈpa] ) is a department in Paraguay . The capital is the city of Caazapá . Among Paraguayans, the department

370-487: A nasal vowel, and if the consonant is voiced, it takes its nasal allophone. If a stressed syllable is nasal, the nasality spreads in both directions until it bumps up against a stressed syllable that is oral. This includes affixes , postpositions , and compounding. Voiceless consonants do not have nasal allophones, but they do not interrupt the spread of nasality. For example, However, a second stressed syllable, with an oral vowel, will not become nasalized: That is, for

444-476: A predicative possessive reading. Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal. Negation is indicated by a circumfix n(d)(V)-...-(r)i in Guarani. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is nd- for oral bases and n- for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an epenthetic -e- is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic -a-

518-450: A vowel. The glottal stop , called puso in Guarani, is only written between vowels, but occurs phonetically before vowel-initial words. Because of this, some words have several glottal stops near each other that consequently undergo a number of different dissimilation techniques. For example, "I drink water" ʼaʼyʼu is pronounced hayʼu . This suggests that irregularity in verb forms derives from regular sound change processes in

592-501: A word with a single stressed vowel, all voiced segments will be either oral or nasal, while voiceless consonants are unaffected, as in oral /ᵐbotɨ/ vs nasal /mõtɨ̃/ . Guarani is a highly agglutinative language , often classified as polysynthetic . It is a fluid-S type active language , and it has been classified as a 6th class language in Milewski's typology . It uses subject–verb–object (SVO) word order usually, but object–verb when

666-449: A written language relatively recently. Its modern alphabet is a subset of the Latin script (with "J", "K" and "Y" but not "W"), complemented with two diacritics and six digraphs . Its orthography is largely phonemic , with letter values mostly similar to those of Spanish . The tilde is used with many letters that are considered part of the alphabet. In the case of Ñ/ñ , it differentiates

740-414: Is a present somewhat aorist : Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry , "that day you got out and you went far". These two suffixes can be added together: ahátama , "I'm already going". This suffix can be joined with -ma , making up -páma : ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimoʼã , "now we came to know all your thought". These are unstressed suffixes: -ta, -ma, -ne, -vo, -mi ; so the stress goes upon

814-474: Is a friend and trusts the human beings who live there, or the ones who are attracted by its fame for being a paradise and who decide to wander about its geography, to know its history and to drink from its culture. One of the most widely visited places in the city is the Manuel Ortiz Guerrero Park, which before 1936 was known as Ycua Pyta. Here you can feel the soul of Villarica like no other place in

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888-553: Is a much visited place by the tourists. Also, the Ykua Bolaños, which is a spring with a particular legend. The legend tells that a Priest, Luis de Bolaños , wanting to convince the natives of the existence of God, hit the rock and the water surged; creating a miracle that would convince them. In the city Maciel , there is an old train station. The hills Mbatovi, Ñu Cañy, Pacuri and the Serranía del Rosario, are also very attractive for

962-458: Is a predominantly agricultural department. It is the country's largest sugar cane producer, with 41% of the national output. It is also the main producer of grapes and wine and the second producer of yerba mate . Other relevant crops are soybeans , maize and onions . Guaira also produces 8.5 kg of gold per month which is exported mainly to the US and Canada . Deforestation has affected

1036-515: Is a typical colonial style house, and the zone's landscape, which includes the Ybyturuzu hills, grapes and sugar cane which are the main crops. There is also a book, with the Roman numerals corresponding to the number of the department of Guaira. In the center of the shield there is a butterfly that represents a poem of Manuel Ortiz Guerrero. At the bottom of the shield says "Culture of Traditions". Guairá

1110-463: Is divided in 11 districts : Its history is linked to the first franciscan religious missionaries in Paraguay , who founded several mission-towns ( reducciones ), where they accomplished to exempt the natives of 10 years of patronage. It is one of the first missions established in Río de la Plata . The central region of the country, such as Caazapá is the region that helped the most to consolidate and form

1184-637: Is inserted. The postverbal portion is -ri for bases ending in -i , and -i for all others. However, in spoken Guarani, the -ri portion of the circumfix is frequently omitted for bases ending in -i . The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by moʼã , resulting in n(d)(V) -base- moʼã-i as in Ndajapomoʼãi , "I won't do it". There are also other negatives, such as: ani , ỹhỹ , nahániri , naumbre , naʼanga . The verb form without suffixes at all

1258-502: Is often translated as "ex-", "former", "abandoned", "what was once", or "one-time". These morphemes can even be combined to express the idea of something that was going to be but did not end up happening. So for example, paʼirãgue is "a person who studied to be a priest but didn't actually finish", or rather, "the ex-future priest". Some nouns use -re instead of -kue and others use -guã instead of -rã . Guarani distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive pronouns of

1332-417: Is one of the official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish ), where it is spoken by the majority of the population, and where half of the rural population are monolingual speakers of the language. Variants of the language are spoken by communities in neighboring countries including parts of northeastern Argentina , southeastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil , and is a second official language of

1406-780: Is the Institute of Guaraní Linguistics, Idelguap, which teaches the Guarani language, literature, and folklore. There is also, with similar goals, the Ateneo of Guaraní Language and Culture and Guaraní Roga. The main city, Villarrica , is considered the largest city in the department. Among the social, cultural and sports entities, there are "The Porvenir Guaireño," " El Centro Español," "El Club de Leones," " Instituto de Cultura Hispánica," "Teatro Municipal," "Orquesta de Cámara," "Escuela Municipal de Danzas, Declamación, Oratoria, Guitar ," "Asociación de Productores de Caña de Azúcar," "Liga Guaireña de Fútbol " y " Liga Guaireña de Basquetbol ." In 1970,

1480-558: Is well known for its orange and mandarin trees, and for its forest hills. The eastern part of Caazapá is relatively undeveloped and consists of rolling hills and large swaths of Brazilian Atlantic interior rainforest between the San Rafael mountains to the south and the Ybytyruzú mountains to the north. The western part is an area of low-lying marshes and swampland area, and consists of wetlands and tributaries to eastern Paraguay's largest river,

1554-517: The Argentine province of Corrientes since 2004. Guarani is also one of the three official languages of Mercosur , alongside Spanish and Portuguese . Guarani is the most widely spoken Native American language and remains commonly used among the Paraguayan people and neighboring communities. This is unique among American languages; language shift towards European colonial languages (in this case,

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1628-523: The Chaco War , a collection of coins and Paraguayan bills, and arrows and axes made by the native peoples. In the museum one can see, among others, very old objects, old furniture, old machines, paintings, photographs, and different sacred art donated by the Church of Villarica. In the district of Itape there is a sacred place named the "Paso de la Virgen," whose festival is celebrated on December 18. Its sanctuary on

1702-570: The Jesuit Reductions . Modern scholarship has shown that Guarani was always the primary language of colonial Paraguay, both inside and outside the reductions. Following the expulsion of the Jesuits in the 18th century, the residents of the reductions gradually migrated north and west towards Asunción , a demographic shift that brought about a decidedly one-sided shift away from the Jesuit dialect that

1776-569: The Mbocayaty and Yataity districts. Guarani language Guarani ( / ˌ ɡ w ɑːr ə ˈ n iː , ˈ ɡ w ɑːr ən i / GWAR -ə- NEE , GWAR -ə-nee ), specifically the primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani ( avañeʼẽ [ʔãʋãɲẽˈʔẽ] "the people's language"), is a South American language that belongs to the Tupi–Guarani branch of the Tupian language family . It

1850-618: The Spanish but they had been unsuccessful in their colonization attempts due to the hostility of the Paranaygua. One of the first Christians to enter the current territory of Guairá under Paranaygua rule was Mestizo franciscan friar Juan Bernardo Colman. Colman was thought to be a spy for the Spaniards and was executed that same year by the natives. In 1607, another franciscan priest named Luis de Bolaños had better results and managed to settle

1924-684: The Tebicuary . Many indigenous groups make their home in what remains of the rainforest, especially south of the unpaved highway between San Juan Nepomuceno and Tavaí . Mby'a and Guayaki people, who practice farming corn, cassava and yerba mate under the canopy of the forest live in small bands and travel mainly by foot. They are technically protected and their land is a national reserve, but illegal loggers, ranchers, and more recently, Brazilian soybean growers have encroached upon their territory. With Paraguay's weak legal infrastructure, little can be done by way of enforcement or sanctions. The department

1998-490: The nasalising tilde . The letter G̃/g̃ , which is unique to this language, was introduced into the orthography relatively recently during the mid-20th century and there is disagreement over its use. It is not a precomposed character in Unicode , which can cause typographic inconveniences – such as needing to press "delete" twice in some setups – or imperfect rendering when using computers and fonts that do not properly support

2072-716: The wood industry , nevertheless, there are still several sawmills and workshops for furniture making. The main industries are a sugar factory in Tebicuary, an alcohol distillery in Troche, footwear and scale manufacturers in Villarrica and yerba mate producers in Paso Yobai and Independencia . The Department contains the Number 8 Blas Garay Road, which starts in Coronel Oviedo from

2146-461: The Guarani spoken outside of the missions was characterized by a free, unregulated flow of Hispanicisms; frequently, Spanish words and phrases were simply incorporated into Guarani with minimal phonological adaptation. A good example of that phenomenon is found in the word "communion". The Jesuits, using their agglutinative strategy, rendered this word " Tupârahava ", a calque based on the word " Tupâ ", meaning God. In modern Paraguayan Guarani,

2220-516: The Number 2 and 7 Roads, and is paved until Caazapa . From the Ñumi district there is another paved part that connects to San Juan Nepomuceno. It also has other paved roads: Villarica–Paraguari, through Felix Perez Cardozo and Coronel Martinez , Mbocayati- Independencia , with an extension of 50 km, and another way that connects the Number 7 Road through Natalicio Talavera , Troche and Colonia Blas Garay. Guaira also has aerial communication, telephones and telegraphs. There are many roads that cross

2294-702: The Oriental Región of Paraguay, between parallels 25° 30' and 26° 45' of latitude South, and between the meridians 55° 15' and 56° 45' of longitude West. To the North, it limits with the Guairá and Caaguazú departments To the South with Itapúa , To the East with Alto Paraná and To the West with Misiones and Paraguarí . The highest temperatures reach 37 °C and

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2368-573: The Socioeconomical Development Center of Guaira was created, formed by public and private entities, which supports the department's economic, social and cultural development. The Ybyturuzu Foundation, an environmental organization, attempts to spread consciousness throughout Guairá's population to keep, protect and defend the important ecosystem of the area. In the city there are a few radio stations, closed circuit television, cable TV and channel 8. In terms of their intangible culture,

2442-565: The Spanish and IPA equivalents, although sometimes the open-mid allophones [ ɛ ] , [ ɔ ] are used more frequently. The grapheme ⟨y⟩ represents the vowel / ɨ / (as in Polish ). Considering nasality, the vowel system is perfectly symmetrical, each oral vowel having its nasal counterpart (most systems with nasals have fewer nasals than orals). Guarani displays an unusual degree of nasal harmony . A nasal syllable consists of

2516-620: The Tebiacuary River, in the center area of the department. In Caazapá are the sources of two streams, Capiíbary and Ypety. The streams Iñaro, Guazú and Charará are located in the territory of Caazapá as well. The natural environment of the region and all along the Caaguazú Cordillera is great example of the vast vegetation in the country. The whole department is in the Central Forest Region. The wooded landscape has suffered

2590-573: The Ybyturuzu hills, we can also find the hills of Pelado, Polilla, Itape, Leon, Cerrito and Tres Kandú , with 848 m, the highest peak in the country. Guaira is mainly irrigated by the Tebicuarymi River , a tributary of the Paraguay River and by a network of tributary streams such as Yhaca Guazu, Aguapety, Guazu, Yhu, Mitay, Cristalino and Tacuaras. The department has mild and good weather, with an average temperature of 21 degrees Celsius. In

2664-507: The blind. Guarani syllables consist of a consonant plus a vowel or a vowel alone; syllables ending in a consonant or two or more consonants together do not occur. This is represented as (C)V . In the below table, the IPA value is shown. The orthography is shown in angle brackets below, if different. The voiced consonants have oral allophones (left) before oral vowels, and nasal allophones (right) before nasal vowels . The oral allophones of

2738-467: The city. The calm nature of the place helps one to forget the activities of daily life. It is an ideal place for the soul and the body. The Manuel Oritz Guerrero Park is located in the northeast area of the city, between the Ybaroty and San Miguel neighborhoods. At the beginning of the 1960s a sculpture was made by Javier Baez Rolon to commemorate a Villariquean poet. On May 8, 1983, for the 50th anniversary of

2812-471: The commerce and helped with the development of small industries. In 1906, the new department of Guaira was created including the municipalities of Villarrica, Mbocayaty, Yataity and Hyaty. The department is in the center and slightly to the south of the Eastern Region of Paraguay. It borders Caaguazu department to the north, Caazapa department to the south and to the east and Paraguari department to

2886-430: The complex layout feature of glyph composition. Only stressed nasal vowels are written as nasal. If an oral vowel is stressed, and it is not the final syllable, it is marked with an acute accent: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý . That is, stress falls on the vowel marked as nasalized, if any, else on the accent-marked syllable, and if neither appears, then on the final syllable. Guarani Braille is the braille alphabet used for

2960-509: The consequences of being used for breeding cattle and the abused of technology that affects the soil, being both situations a problem for the natural environment in this area. There are some vegetable species that are in danger, such as yvyra paje, yvyra asy and nandyta. Among the animal species in danger are the tiririca, margay, lobopé and aira’y. The protected areas are: – Caaguazú National Park, with 16,000 hectares. – Golondrina Private Reserve, with 24,077 hectares. The Franciscan Museum

3034-525: The department from East to West, with some hills of medium high such as Mbatovi, Ñú Cañy, Pacurí and Morotí. This cordillera separates the land in two different regions, to the north-east, there are meadows, lagoons, swamps and fields for agriculture; to the south-east there are hills and forests. The Tebicuary River crosses the department from East to West, also the South of the department and serves as limit with Itapúa department. The Tebicuary-mi River serves as limit with Paraguarí. The Pirapó River flows into

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3108-555: The department, 5.765 in the urban area and 22.511 in the rural area. The percentage of which count with basic facilities are the following: Electrical power: 16,1% Running water: 5,8% Trash recollection: 0,3% Caazapá has 205 educational institutions, 402 elemental schools and 51 high schools. The education in the department includes education about the natives of the country. There are 48 health institutions in Caazapá, including hospitals and health care facilities. In this, are not included

3182-838: The direction of the Franciscan , Dominican , Merced , and Jesuit priests The first teaching center, sustained by the state of Villarica, dates back to 1859, and was named Escuela La Patria. Nowadays, the superior education in the department is represented by Universidad Católica "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción ," and Universidad Nacional de Asunción in the north. In Guairá, there are many schools and institutes, private as well as public, such as Colegio Nacional, Colegio Ortiz Guerrero, Colegio Tecnico Vocacional, Seminario Diocesano, Escuela Regional de Agricultura, Instituto Professional Femenino, Escuela de Artes and Oficios Pio XII . There are also various pre-school centers and Humanistic high schools, as well as Technical ones. Another educational entity

3256-410: The first person plural. Reflexive pronoun: je : ahecha ("I look"), ajehecha ("I look at myself") Guarani stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called areal (with the subclass aireal ) and chendal . The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular. The areal conjugation is used to convey that

3330-468: The guireños keep a repertoire of different popular myths and legends, such as pora, pombero, jasy jatere, kurupi, urutau, karau, and jakare, among others. Among the European traditions, they have the patronal parties, day of the cross, corridas de toros, horse races, and riñas de gallos. Guairá has one of the most emblematic and representative cities of the Paraguayan culture: Villarica. In Villarica, nature

3404-424: The history of Guarani. There also seems to be some degree of variation between how much the glottal stop is dropped (for example aruʼuka > aruuka > aruka for "I bring"). It is possible that word-internal glottal stops may have been retained from fossilized compounds where the second component was a vowel-initial (and therefore glottal stop–initial) root. /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ correspond more or less to

3478-586: The history of Paraguay. The presence of the Franciscans in the Missions Yuty and Caazapá is a process that started in 1607 and continued through the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1786, the Mission San Juan Nepomuceno was founded, which helped, along with other localities, to work and exploit the land. In 1906, by law, Caazapá was constituted as the department No. 6 of Paraguay, being the city of

3552-484: The last syllable of the verb or the last stressed syllable. The close and prolonged contact Spanish and Guarani have experienced has resulted in many Guarani words of Spanish origin. Many of these loans were for things or concepts unknown to the New World prior to Spanish colonization . Examples are seen below: English has adopted a small number of words from Guarani (or perhaps the related Tupi ) via Portuguese, mostly

3626-526: The later years. There are not much industries in the region, but the ones that are, dedicate to processing of food, honey, sweet cane and starch. The most important way of access to the department is Route No. 8 “Dr. Blas Garay”, which joins the routes No 2 and 7 in Coronel Oviedo. It communicates Caazapá with the rest of the country. The railway Carlos Antonio López used to cross the department from North to South, 96 kilometers of extension, and included

3700-537: The lowest drop to 1 °C, the average is 21 °C. It is one of the departments with more quantity of precipitation. The soil is composed by sandstone from the Carboniferous period , of fluvial and glacial origin. The land form low hills with no more than 200 meters in height and rise towards the Ybyturuzú Cordillera. The Caazapá Cordillera, Monte Rosario and San Rafael chain of mountains cross throughout

3774-465: The missionaries had curated in the southern and eastern territories of the colony. By and large, the Guarani of the Jesuits shied away from direct phonological loans from Spanish. Instead, the missionaries relied on the agglutinative nature of the language to formulate new precise translations or calque terms from Guarani morphemes. This process often led the Jesuits to employ complicated, highly synthetic terms to convey European concepts. By contrast,

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3848-519: The names of animals or plants. " Jaguar " comes from jaguarete and " piraña " comes from pira aña ("tooth fish" Tupi: pirá 'fish', aña 'tooth'). Other words are: " agouti " from akuti , " tapir " from tapira , " açaí " from ĩwasaʼi ("[fruit that] cries or expels water"), " warrah " from aguará meaning "fox", and " margay " from mbarakaja'y meaning "small cat". Jacaranda , guarana and mandioca are words of Guarani or Tupi–Guarani origin. Ipecacuanha (the name of

3922-460: The nasal allophone is always [ ɲ ] . The dorsal fricative is in free variation between [ x ] and [ h ] . ⟨g⟩ , ⟨gu⟩ are approximants, not fricatives, but are sometimes transcribed [ ɣ ] , [ ɣʷ ] , as is conventional for Spanish. ⟨gu⟩ is also transcribed [ɰʷ] , which is essentially identical to [ w ] . All syllables are open, viz. CV or V, ending in

3996-549: The other official language of Spanish ) has otherwise been a nearly universal phenomenon in the Western Hemisphere , but Paraguayans have maintained their traditional language while also adopting Spanish. Jesuit priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya , who in 1639 published the first written grammar of Guarani in a book called Tesoro de la lengua guaraní (Treasure/ Thesaurus of the Guarani Language) , described it as

4070-506: The palatal nasal from the alveolar nasal (as in Spanish), whereas it marks stressed nasalisation when used over a vowel (as in Portuguese ): ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ, ỹ . (Nasal vowels have been written with several other diacritics: ä, ā, â, ã .) The tilde also marks nasality in the case of G̃/g̃ , used to represent the nasalized velar approximant by combining the velar approximant G with

4144-665: The participant is actively involved , whereas the chendal conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the undergoer . However, the areal conjugation is also used if an intransitive verb expresses an event as opposed to a state , for example manó 'die', and even with a verb such as ké 'sleep'. In addition, all borrowed Spanish verbs are adopted as areal as opposed to borrowed adjectives, which take chendal . Intransitive verbs can take either conjugation, transitive verbs normally take areal , but can take chendal for habitual readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as chendal . This conveys

4218-635: The poet's death, his ashes were moved to the park, fulfilling the citizens' dream. From that day on, under the shadow of a tree, the poet rests in peace in the land of his soul. His poetry still vibrates under the look of his beloved Ybytyruzu. Other cultural centers that one must visit are the Maestro Fermin Lopez Museum and the Library, where one can find the personal belongings of Natalicio Talavera, Fermin Lopez , and Manuel Ortiz, as well as weapons from

4292-406: The river ´ Spanish conquistador Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca reported that Guayra was the name of an indigenous chief. Before the arrival of the first Spanish explorers , what is now Guairá was populated by an indigenous tribe named Paranaygua. The Paranaygua were a warlike tribe of keen fishermen within the larger Tupi-Guarani family . The first Europeans to explore the territory of Guaira were

4366-493: The road San Salvador – Abaí . The rivers that bathe Caazapá are navigable for small ships. The department also has airstrips for small and medium planes. Caazapá also has several television and radio stations, such as Hechizo SRL, in AM and Yeruti Comunicaciones, Itacurú SRL, La Voz de Bolaños, Caazapá Poty, Tupa Renda, La Victoria SA, Aguaí Poty and 94.3 in FM. There are 28.276 housings in

4440-489: The same name, its capital. Since 1973 the limits haven't been modified and stay the same nowadays. In late 19th century, Australian colonists settled in this department to found a socialist colony. Until now, descendants of those colonists live in the town. One of the most notorious personalities that are descendant of these colonists is the comic book writer Robin Wood . Other famous people from Caazapá are: Located south-east in

4514-646: The same word is rendered " komuño ". Following the out-migration from the reductions, these two distinct dialects of Guarani came into extensive contact for the first time. The vast majority of speakers abandoned the less colloquial, highly regulated Jesuit variant in favor of the variety that evolved from actual use by speakers in Paraguay. This contemporary form of spoken Guarani is known as Jopará , meaning "mixture" in Guarani. Widely spoken, Paraguayan Guarani has nevertheless been repressed by Paraguayan governments throughout most of its history since independence. It

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4588-456: The second and third most populated places with over 20,000 people each. The flag is divided in two horizontal zones of similar dimensions. The upper zone, light blue, is related to the water and the sky; the lower zone, purple, represents the grapes and wine produced in the region but also the color purple represents the Catholic Church . The shield is divided into four parts, where there

4662-721: The side of the Tebicuary-mi River is visited by thousands of pilgrims during the year. Another tourist attraction is the Cristal Waterfalls, which are 43 meters high. Below the waterfalls there are many different colored fish, and a beautiful forest surrounding them. On the Tororo hill one can see runic inscriptions, said to be from the Vikings from the Pre-Columbian times. Lovers of the ao poi embroideries can enjoy beautiful samples in

4736-597: The subject is not specified. The language lacks gender and has no native definite article but, due to influence from Spanish, la is used as a definite article for singular reference and lo for plural reference. These are not found in Classical Guarani ( Guaraniete ). Guarani exhibits nominal tense: past, expressed with -kue , and future, expressed with -rã . For example, tetã ruvichakue translates to "ex-president" while tetã ruvicharã translates to "president-elect." The past morpheme -kue

4810-414: The summer, the maximum temperature is 38 degrees, and in the winter, the temperature goes down to 1 degree. It rains a lot during October and November. During the year, there is a total of 1,537 millimetres of rain. Out of a total of 209,000 people in 2012, 41.4% lived in the urban area and 58.6% in the rural area. The only city with more than 50,000 people is Villarrica. Independencia and Paso Yobai are

4884-660: The surrounding areas looking for wood and more land to grow yerba mate . By this efforts new populated places emerged such as Mbocayaty , Yataity and Potrero Cosme . After the end of the Paraguayan War in 1870, the region was briefly occupied by the Brazilian Army and in 1889 the first railway passengers arrived to the area in stations built in Villarrica , Borja and a number of unexplored sites that later became towns such as Fassardi and Garay . The railway increased

4958-467: The territory in all directions. From the founding of the city of Villarrica del Espíritu Santo, work on education began and hasn't stopped since. Starting in 1585, the Franciscans opened a convent that they named Santa Barbara, and elementary and secondary schools were attached. In the 17th century, the Paraguay province had free courses in grammar, Philosophy and Sanctity in Asunción and Villarica, under

5032-481: The tourists. The rivers Tebicuary, Tebicuary-mi, Pirapó and Capiibary are interesting recreational places to go swimming. Caazapá produces cotton , soy , sweet , cane , corn and manioc . The production of soy grains is so abundant that this department is called “The Farm of the Oriental Region”. The forestall exploit was a great part of the department's economic activity 30 years ago, but has diminished in

5106-444: The town of Caazapá as an Indian mission . With this achievement, the area of what is now Guairá became part of the large region of Caazapá that used to comprise most of the south of Paraguay. From 1617 to 1678 there was not much progress in the settlement of new towns in the area until friar Buenaventura de Villasboa, apprentice of Bolaños, makes an expedition towards the east looking for more Indians to Christianize. Villasboa gathered

5180-416: The town of Yhacanguazu this time to the southwest of Villarrica. By 1785, relatives of governor Juan Ortiz de Zarate owned land in what is now the town of Tebicuary and another Spaniard named Francisco del Monge started the settlement of current Coronel Martinez by donating part of his property to his former employees. After the independence of Paraguay (1811), pioneers from Villarrica began to explore

5254-405: The voiced stops are prenasalized . There is also a sequence /ⁿt/ (written ⟨nt⟩ ). A trill /r/ (written ⟨rr⟩ ), and the consonants /l/ , /f/ , and /j/ (written ⟨ll⟩ ) are not native to Guarani, but come from Spanish. Oral /ᵈj/ is often pronounced [ dʒ ] , [ ɟ ] , [ ʒ ] , [ j ] , depending on the dialect, but

5328-530: The west. The department is divided in the following 18 municipalities. In the department there are three natural zones that are very well differentiated. The first zone, near the Villarica or Ybyturuzu, hills, there are high lands and forests that are woody with steep slopes. The second zone, the central west, has fertile lands. In the southwest part one can find the third zone, the most fertile and populated area. Its large plains are good for raising cattle. Besides

5402-539: Was established in the new constitution as a language equal to Spanish. Jopará, the mixture of Spanish and Guarani, is spoken by an estimated 90% of the population of Paraguay. Code-switching between the two languages takes place on a spectrum in which more Spanish is used for official and business-related matters, and more Guarani is used in art and in everyday life. Guarani is also an official language of Bolivia and of Corrientes Province in Argentina. Guarani became

5476-423: Was prohibited in state schools for over 100 years. However, populists often used pride in the language to excite nationalistic fervor and promote a narrative of social unity. During the autocratic regime of Alfredo Stroessner , his Colorado Party used the language to appeal to common Paraguayans although Stroessner himself never gave an address in Guarani. Upon the advent of Paraguayan democracy in 1992, Guarani

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