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41-725: The town is located on the Odra Wschodnia, the eastern branch of the Oder river, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) south of Szczecin in Poland. The western branch of the Oder, 2 km (1 mi) away from the town center, marks the border with Germany . There is a direct road link between Gryfino and the German town of Mescherin across the river. The Crooked Forest is located in the village of Nowe Czarnowo , just outside Gryfino. The territory became part of

82-547: A Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Despite the existence of the old Polish name Gryfów , the town was first renamed to Gryfin , and in 1946 to Gryfino by replacing the German suffix -hagen by the Polish suffix -ino. After the war, the town's life was reestablished, in 1945 the first schools began teaching, in 1946 the Gryf cinema

123-410: A large coal-fired power station, went in service. The main local sports team are handball team KPR Gryfino, which competes in the I liga (as of 2023–24), and football team Energetyk Gryfino  [ pl ] , which competes in the lower divisions. There are also various youth clubs dedicated to athletics , gymnastics , swimming, chess, etc. There is a railway station in the town, located on

164-455: A passenger station, despite the construction of the platform. For technical reasons trains were not allowed to handle passengers due to the position of the Overhead Wire masts on the platforms. In 2011 a new stop Wrocław Stadion was built next to the city stadium and in 2023 Szczecin Łasztownia. Since 2015 PKP PLK has been carrying out modernization work along the line. The line is used by

205-610: A period of refusal, confirmed the inviolability of the border in 1970 in the Treaty of Warsaw . In 1990 newly reunified Germany and the Republic of Poland signed a treaty recognizing the Oder–Neisse line as their border. On 11 August 2022, it was discovered that the Oder river had been contaminated and at least 135 tonnes of dead fish washed up on its shores. Water samples taken on 28 July indicated possible mesitylene contamination, although

246-441: A publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Oder ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–3. Wroc%C5%82aw%E2%80%93Szczecin railway The Wrocław–Szczecin railway is 356-kilometer long, double tracked, electrified railway line in Poland, connecting Wrocław with Zielona Góra , Rzepin , Kostrzyn and Szczecin . The line

287-763: Is Poland's second-longest river and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and its largest tributary the Warta . The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres (461 mi) through western Poland, later forming 187 kilometres (116 mi) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder–Neisse line . The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches (the Dziwna , Świna and Peene ) that empty into

328-609: Is designated by Polish national railway infrastructure manager PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe as rail line number 273 ( Polish : linia kolejowa nr 273 ), and commonly referred to as the Odra River trunk line ( magistrala nadodrzańska or nadodrzanka for short) as its course roughly follows the flow of the Odra river . Since 1991 it is part of the European TEN-T route E 59 from Scandinavia to Vienna, Budapest and Prague. The line

369-643: Is only a narrow channel (Świna) going to the Bay of Pomerania , which forms a part of the Baltic Sea. The largest city on the Oder is Wrocław , in Lower Silesia . The Oder is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Koźle , where the river connects to the Gliwice Canal . The upstream part of the river is canalized and permits larger barges (up to CEMT Class IV ) to navigate between

410-528: Is the second longest river overall taking into account its total length, including parts in neighbouring countries. The Oder drains a basin of 119,074 square kilometres (45,975 sq mi), 106,043 km (40,943 sq mi) of which are in Poland (89%), 7,246 km (2,798 sq mi) in the Czech Republic (6%), and 5,587 km (2,157 sq mi) in Germany (5%). Channels connect it to

451-740: The Allies decided that the new eastern border of Germany would run along the Oder. After World War II, the former German areas east of the Oder and the Lusatian Neisse passed to Poland by decision of the victorious Allies at the Potsdam Conference (at the insistence of the Soviets). As a result, the so-called Oder–Neisse line formed the border between the Soviet occupation zone (from 1949 East Germany ) and Poland. The final border between Germany and Poland

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492-457: The Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea . The Oder is known by several names in different languages, but the modern ones are very similar: English and German: Oder ; Czech, Polish, and Lower Sorbian : Odra , Upper Sorbian : Wódra ; Kashubian : Òdra ( pronounced [ˈwɛdra] ); Medieval Latin : Od(d)era ; Renaissance Latin : Viadrus (invented in 1534). Ptolemy knew

533-596: The Havel , Spree , Vistula system and Kłodnica . It flows through Silesian , Opole , Lower Silesian , Lubusz , and West Pomeranian voivodeships of Poland and the states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany. The main branch empties into the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland . The Szczecin Lagoon is bordered on the north by the islands of Usedom (west) and Wolin (east). Between these two islands, there

574-473: The 10th century, almost the entire course of the Oder River found itself within the borders of the newly formed Polish state, with the exception of the area around the source of the river, which was under Bohemian rule. Several important cities of medieval Poland developed along the Oder, including Opole which became the capital of Upper Silesia , Wrocław which became the capital of Lower Silesia and one of

615-585: The 1960s or 1970s are Krzydłowice between Rudna Gwizdanów and Grębocice, around the same time closing a station near Orzeszków near Wołów. In the mid 1970s, after opening the Głógów Copper Smelter and Refinery , the station Głogów Huta was opened and with the opening of the Dolna Odra Power Station the Nowe Czarnowo railway station was closed and a new one called Dolna Odra was built closer to

656-570: The Austrian railways and north to the port of Świnoujście on the Baltic Sea to create a transport corridor between the Baltic and the Adriatic , however the northward expansion was blocked by the state which feared it will compete with the, by then nationalized, Lower Silesian-Mark Railway on the route to Berlin. The company only received permission at the end of 1860s when the line between Berlin and Wrocław

697-765: The Berlin waterways again. Near its mouth the Oder reaches the city of Szczecin , a major maritime port. The river finally reaches the Baltic Sea through the Szczecin Lagoon and the river mouth at Świnoujście . Under Germania Magna , the river was known to the Romans as the Viadrus or Viadua in Classical Latin , as it was a branch of the Amber Road from the Baltic Sea to the Roman Empire . In Germanic languages, including English, it

738-457: The Oder and Havel. After completion of the more straight Oder–Havel Canal in 1914, its economic relevance decreased. The earliest important undertaking to modify the river to improve navigation was initiated by Frederick the Great , who recommended diverting the river into a new and straight channel in the swampy tract known as Oderbruch near Küstrin ( Kostrzyn nad Odrą ). The work was carried out in

779-665: The Wrocław directorate of the Prussian state railways . Between 1912 and 1941 the line was upgrade to two tracks. In the 1940s the Regalica bridge in Szczecin was destroyed, trains took a detour via Dąbie station, where the locomotive had to run around to change direction unit the bridge was restored in 1949. After Germany's defeat in World War II as a result of the land being returned to Poland

820-586: The company. The final stations were originally the today defunct Wrocław Świebodzki railway station German : Breslau-Freiburger Bahnhof ) and Szczecin Dworzec Wrocławski ( German : Stettin-Breslauer Bahnhof originally under the name of Stettin-Breslau-Freiburger Bahnhof ), today part of the Szczecin Port Centralny cargo station. In 1884 the company was nationalized and dissolved shortly afterwards in 1886 with its lines transferred to

861-469: The emerging Polish state under Mieszko I around 967. Following the fragmentation of Poland into smaller duchies it formed part of the Duchy of Pomerania . There are archaeological traces of Slavic settlement dating back to the 12th century. The settlement was built in 1230, and was raised to the rank of a town by Duke Barnim I in 1254. In 1271 Barnim I granted guild privileges modelled after Szczecin. In 1281

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902-626: The industrial sites around the Wrocław area. Further downstream the river is free-flowing, passing the towns of Eisenhüttenstadt (where the Oder–Spree Canal connects the river to the Spree in Berlin) and Frankfurt upon the Oder . Downstream of Frankfurt the river Warta forms a navigable connection with Poznań and Bydgoszcz for smaller vessels. At Hohensaaten the Oder–Havel Canal connects with

943-684: The main cities and ports of the Pomerania region and the entire southern coast of the Baltic Sea. From the 13th century on, the Oder valley was central to German Ostsiedlung , making the towns on its banks German-speaking over the following centuries. Over time, control over parts of the river was taken from Poland by other countries, including the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Kingdom of Bohemia , and later also by Hungary , Sweden , Prussia and Germany . The Finow Canal , first built in 1605, connects

984-521: The main cities of the entire Kingdom of Poland (Latin: sedes regni principales ), and Lubusz (now Lebus) which became the capital of the Lubusz Land , nicknamed "the key to the Kingdom of Poland" in medieval chronicles. Wrocław and Lubusz became seats of some of the oldest Catholic bishoprics of Poland, founded in 1000 ( Wrocław ) and 1125 ( Lubusz ). Located near the mouth of the river, Szczecin became one of

1025-603: The modern Oder as the Συήβος ( Suebos ; Latin Suevus ), a name apparently derived from the Suebi , a Germanic people. While he also refers to an outlet in the area as the Οὐιαδούα Ouiadoua (or Οὐιλδούα Ouildoua ; Latin Viadua or Vildua ), this was apparently the modern Wieprza , as it was said to be a third of the distance between the Suebos and Vistula . The name Suebos may be preserved in

1066-456: The modern name of the Świna river (German Swine ), an outlet from the Szczecin Lagoon to the Baltic. The Oder is 840 kilometres (522 miles) long: 112 km (70 miles) in the Czech Republic, 726 km (451 miles) in Poland (including 187 km (116 miles) on the border between Germany and Poland). It is the third longest river located within Poland (after the Vistula and Warta); however, it

1107-490: The plant. In the mid 1980s Czerna Mała station was built in the village of Czerna . The end of the communist era brought the closure of the Wrocław Świebodzki railway station by then used as freight-yard and Chyrzyno station. In approximately 1991 Będów station was opened between Czerwieńsk and Rzepin. The last station closed was Szczecin Klucz in 1997. Due to the high popularity of freight traffic, Kostrzyn freight yard has never been

1148-498: The railway became part of the Polish State Railways (PKP). In 1945 soviets dismantled the second track a supposed war reparations despite the line belonging to Poland, however PKP gradually restored it in the 1970s. In 1979 electrification of the line was started. The dates for electrification are: In the years 1945 to 2007, several stations on the route have been closed, with a few new stations opened. Station closed in

1189-687: The rivers Albis (Elbe) , Oder, and Vistula . Centuries later, after Germanic tribes, the Bavarian Geographer (ca. 845) specified the following West Slavic peoples: Sleenzane , Dadosesani, Opolanie , Lupiglaa, and Golensizi in Silesia and Wolinians with Pyrzycans in Western Pomerania . A document of the Bishopric of Prague (1086) mentions Zlasane, Trebovyane, Poborane, and Dedositze in Silesia. In

1230-468: The significant Wrocław–Szczecin railway . Gryfino is located on the intersection of the national road 31 and voivodeship road 120 . Gryfino is twinned with: Oder The Oder ( / ˈ oʊ d ər / OH -dər , German: [ˈoːdɐ] ; Czech , Lower Sorbian and Polish : Odra ; Upper Sorbian : Wódra [ˈwʊtʁa] ) is a river in Central Europe . It

1271-683: The town to build a bridge and a dam over the Oder and collect customs duties on it like Szczecin. In the Thirty Years' War , the town was hit by epidemics in 1625 and 1638, and was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire in 1627–1630 and by Sweden in 1630–1640. After the war, it remained in Swedish possession. In 1675 it was captured by the Brandenburgers , into whose possession it came finally in 1679. In 1709 Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński stopped in

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1312-509: The town was exempted from customs duties and declared a free port. In 1284 it obtained a permission to build defensive walls and was one of the Pomeranian towns that guaranteed a peace treaty between the Duchy of Pomerania and the Margraviate of Brandenburg . The town was in conflict with the town of Gartz across the Oder (current twin town ), which was resolved in 1304. In 1306 Duke Otto I allowed

1353-720: The town. In 1723, French Huguenots settled in the town. During the Seven Years' War , the town was plundered by the Russians. From 1871 it formed part of the German Empire . Two labour camps of the Reich Labour Service were located in the town under Nazi Germany . In the final months of World War II , in March 1945, it was captured by Allied Polish and Russian forces. Afterwards, the region became again part of Poland, although with

1394-485: The toxin was not present in samples taken after 1 August. Main section: Szczecin Lagoon : east: Dziwna (German: Dievenow ) branch (between Wolin Island and mainland Poland): middle: Świna (German: Swine ) branch (between Wolin and Usedom islands): west: Peenestrom ( Peene ) (Polish: Piana ) branch (between Usedom Island and mainland Germany): [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

1435-487: The years 1746–53, a large tract of marshland being brought under cultivation, a considerable detour cut off and the mainstream successfully confined to a canal. In the late 19th century, three additional alterations were made to the waterway: By the Treaty of Versailles , navigation on the Oder became subject to International Commission of the Oder. Following the articles 363 and 364 of the Treaty Czechoslovakia

1476-592: Was and still is called the Oder , written in medieval Latin documents as Odera or Oddera . Most notably, it was mentioned in the Dagome iudex , which described territory of the Duchy of Poland under Duke Mieszko I in A.D. 990, as a part of Poland's western frontier, however, in most sections the border ran west of the river. Before Slavs settled along its banks, the Oder was an important trade route, and towns in Germania were documented along with many tribes living between

1517-583: Was constructed during the 19th century when western Poland was part of the German Kingdom of Prussia by the privately owned Wrocław-Świdnice-Świebodzice Railway Company ( German : Breslau–Schweidnitz–Freiburger Eisenbahngesellschaft ). The company was established in 1841 with the original goal of connecting the regional capital of Silesia with the foothills of the Sudety mountains which were rich with natural resources. It sought to expand south to connect to

1558-627: Was deemed sufficiently developed. The first section of the line opened on 1 October 1871 originally extending from a preexisting branch line between Jaworzyna Śląska on the line to Świebodzice and a junction with the Lower Silesian-Mark Railway in Legnica (west of Wrocław) to Rudna and Głogów . From the late 1860s the line was extended as follows: In August 1874 the line between Wrocław and Rudna, via Brzeg opened, bypassing Legnica. Plans to reach Świnoujście were ultimately abandoned by

1599-532: Was entitled to lease in Stettin (now Szczecin) its own section in the harbor, then called Tschechoslowakische Zone im Hafen Stettin . The contract of lease between Czechoslovakia and Germany , and supervised by the United Kingdom , was signed on 16 February 1929, and would end in 2028, however, after 1945 Czechoslovakia did not regain this legal position, de facto abolished in 1938–39. At the 1943 Tehran Conference

1640-443: Was opened, and in 1947 the municipal library was opened. A new hospital and culture center were opened in 1955 and 1958, respectively. From 1975 to 1998 Gryfino was administratively located in the Szczecin Voivodeship . Underground anti-communist press was published in Gryfino from 1982 to 1984. In 2021, a mural to Polish resistance hero Witold Pilecki was unveiled in Gryfino. In 1974 the first unit of Dolna Odra Power Station ,

1681-449: Was to be determined at a future peace conference. A part of the German population east of these two rivers was evacuated by the Nazis during the war or fled from the approaching Red Army . After the war, the remaining 8 million Germans were expelled from these territories by the Polish and Soviet administrations. East Germany confirmed the border with Poland under Soviet pressure in the Treaty of Zgorzelec in 1950. West Germany , after

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