28-594: Gruene may refer to: Gruene, Texas Variation of Grün , surname Die Grünen , German for " The Greens " Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gruene . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruene&oldid=1246026298 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
56-493: A German surname, (pronounced "Green") is now a district within the city limits of New Braunfels , and much of it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 21, 1975. The city is known for its German-Texan heritage and architecture and many residents of Gruene and New Braunfels are descendants of the first German settlers. German farmers arriving in the mid 1840s became the first European settlers of what
84-569: A barrier to the insect's further spread, until it was detected in Brazil in 1983. An estimated 90% of the cotton farms in Brazil are now infested. During the 1990s, the weevil spread to Paraguay and Argentina . The International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) has proposed a control program similar to that used in the U.S. During early years of the weevil's presence, growers sought relatively warm soils and early-ripening cultivars. Following World War II,
112-619: A parasitoid wasp, Catolaccus grandis . The weevils sometimes emerge from diapause before cotton buds are available. The insect crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas , to enter the United States from Mexico in 1892 and reached southeastern Alabama in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., traveling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Since
140-605: A thriving tourist business. Many original structures from the town's heyday still exist, including the Gruene Family Home , a Victorian -style edifice built in 1872 which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and today operates as the Gruene Mansion Inn. A historic water tower rises above Gruene Hall, and other buildings at the heart of the district have been renovated into shops and restaurants. There
168-410: Is also a wine-tasting room. Boll weevil The boll weevil ( Anthonomus grandis ) is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae . The boll weevil feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and
196-519: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gruene, Texas Gruene ( / ˈ ɡ r iː n / GREEN ) is a German-Texan town in Comal County in the U.S. state of Texas . Once a significant cotton -producing community along the Guadalupe River , the town has now shifted its economy to one supported primarily by tourism . Gruene,
224-539: Is now known as Gruene, Texas. Ernst Gruene, one such German immigrant, arrived in New Braunfels in 1845, but acreage was scarce there. With his two sons he then purchased land along the Guadalupe River , and he built the first home in Gruene in early Fachwerk , German timber framing house style. Ernst Gruene's second son, Heinrich (Henry) D. Gruene, built his own house ( Gruene Family Home ) and planted cotton . As cotton
252-633: The Great Migration of the time, although not the only one. Thereby it was one of the factors in the birth of the Harlem Renaissance - including the culture of the Cotton Club . A 2009 study found "that as the weevil traversed the American South [in the period 1892-1932], it seriously disrupted local economies, significantly reduced the value of land (at this time still the most important asset in
280-466: The University of Missouri indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at −15 °C (5 °F). The insulation offered by leaf litter , crop residues, and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels. Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. The weevil's natural predators include fire ants , other insects, spiders, birds, and
308-472: The screwworm program of the 1950s are among the biggest and most successful insect control programs in history. The Library of Congress American Memory Project contains a number of oral history materials on the boll weevil's impact. It devastated black Americans disproportionately because most were directly financially dependent on cotton as a cash crop. Because they were more likely to labor as tenant farmers or sharecroppers on cotton plantations in
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#1732885047682336-632: The American South), and triggered substantial intraregional population movements." A 2020 Journal of Economic History study found that the boll weevil spread between 1892 and 1922 had a beneficial impact on educational outcomes, as children were less likely to work on cultivating cotton. A 2020 NBER paper found that the boll weevil spread contributed to fewer lynchings, less Confederate monument construction, less KKK activity, and higher non-white voter registration. The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in
364-597: The Southern United States - the epicenter of the Boll Weevil infestation, black farmers, suffered disproportionately. Additionally, Government intervention such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 , resulted in the abandonment and loss of cropland for black farmers. By 1922 it was taking 8% of the cotton in the country annually. This failure of the south's primary crop became a major impetus for
392-438: The boll weevil entered the United States, insecticides have always remained the main control methods. In the 1980s, entomologists at Texas A&M University pointed to the spread of another invasive pest, the red imported fire ant , as a factor in the weevils' population decline in some areas. Other avenues of control that have been explored include weevil-resistant strains of cotton, the parasitoid wasp Catolaccus grandis ,
420-523: The boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost U.S. cotton producers about $ 13 billion, and in recent times about $ 300 million per year. The boll weevil contributed to Southern farmers' economic woes during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the Great Depression in the 1930s. The boll weevil appeared in Venezuela in 1949 and Colombia in 1950. The Amazon Rainforest was thought to present
448-412: The community did possess two freight rail stations by the 1910s. In 1922, the original cotton gin burned and was replaced by a modern electric model down the road (now Adobe Verde). Gruene was decimated, however, by the boll weevil blight of the 1920s, and further doomed by the effects of the Great Depression . By 1930, the population had fallen to 75, and post- World War II highway construction bypassed
476-557: The cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period. The oviposition leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger buds before flowering), feed for 8 to 10 days, and then pupate . The pupal stage lasts another 5 to 7 days. The lifecycle from egg to adult spans about three weeks during the summer. Under optimal conditions, 8 to 10 generations per season may occur. Boll weevils begin to die at temperatures at or below −5 °C (23 °F). Research at
504-453: The development of new pesticides such as DDT enabled U.S. farmers again to grow cotton as an economic crop. DDT was initially extremely effective, but U.S. weevil populations developed resistance by the mid-1950s. Methyl parathion , malathion , and pyrethroids were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT, and control strategies changed. While many control methods have been investigated since
532-509: The exception of Texas, and most of this state is free of boll weevils. Problems along the southern border with Mexico have delayed eradication in the extreme southern portions of this state. Follow-up programs are in place in all cotton-growing states to prevent the reintroduction of the pest. These monitoring programs rely on pheromone-baited traps for detection. The boll weevil eradication program, although slow and costly, has paid off for cotton growers in reduced pesticide costs. This program and
560-607: The feasibility of eradication. Based on the success of this test, area-wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions. These are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Research methods were developed. The ability to distinguish between individuals which had eaten certain substances and those which had not
588-503: The fungus Beauveria bassiana , and the Chilo iridescent virus . Genetically engineered Bt cotton is not protected from the boll weevil. Although it was possible to control the boll weevil, the necessary insecticide was costly. The goal of many cotton entomologists was to eventually eradicate the pest from U.S. cotton. In 1978, a large-scale test was begun in eastern North Carolina and in adjacent Southampton County, Virginia, to determine
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#1732885047682616-824: The people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions. The adult insect has a long snout , a grayish color, and is usually less than 6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4 in) in length. Adult weevils overwinter in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields, and farms after diapause . They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls. The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of
644-481: The time the International-Great Northern Railroad was built across Comal County in the 1880s, the small community was bustling with commercial and farming activity, and officially took the name "Gruene" after its founding father and most prominent citizen. By 1900, Gruene was a prominent banking, ginning, and shipping center for area cotton farming. Though it never had a post office of its own,
672-534: The town benefited by its location along the stagecoach route between Austin and San Antonio , the store thrived for many years and stimulated local commercial growth. A cotton gin (now Gristmill River Restaurant and Bar) powered by the Guadalupe River was added soon after. Gruene Hall , which opened in 1878, is one of the oldest dance halls in Texas. The Thorn Hill School and three large cotton gins soon followed. By
700-489: The town. By 1950, Gruene had become a ghost town . In 1974, Chip Kaufman, a UT Austin architecture student, began working to get Gruene on the National Register of Historic Places and sought new owners for properties in the historic district. Among the new owners was Pat Molak, who purchased Gruene Hall in 1975. Molak and his friend Mary Jane Nalley purchased and repaired several of the town's notable structures and transformed them into thriving businesses. Mary Jane Nalley
728-461: Was a top crop it lured up to 30 families to Henry D.'s lands. In addition to his Victorian-style home (now Gruene Mansion Inn), Henry D. was responsible for several buildings in various styles, many still standing: a Victorian cottage, a large brick home, and, for his farm foreman, a frame house (now Gruene Haus). In 1878, Gruene opened a mercantile store to serve the several dozen or so families sharecropping on his land. Originally known as "Goodwin",
756-555: Was later given the Besserung Award by the New Braunfels Chamber of Commerce. As a result of the restoration of area structures, such as Gruene Hall and the old mercantile store, Gruene began a rebirth of sorts in the early 1970s. Redevelopment and restoration of the area continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s and today, and though no longer an autonomous community (it was annexed by New Braunfels in 1979 ), Gruene maintains
784-426: Was needed, to determine effectiveness of the active ingredients used. Lindig et al. 1980 studied several dietary dyes as markers. They find Calco Oil Red N-1700 to persist from larval feeding to adulthood, and for females to their eggs, although the resulting first instar was too faintly pink to be distinguishable. The program has been successful in eradicating boll weevils from all cotton-growing states with
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