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91-483: Volodymyr Borysovych Groysman ( Ukrainian : Володимир Борисович Гройсман ; born 20 January 1978), is a Ukrainian statesman, politician, and businessman. He served as the 16th Prime Minister of Ukraine from 14 April 2016, to 29 August 2019. From 2006 to 2014, he was the mayor of Vinnytsia and served as Vice-President of the Association of Ukrainian Cities on Housing and Communal Services (2010–2014). In 2014, he became

182-416: A Memorandum of Understanding between the governments of Switzerland and Ukraine , Groysman promoted cooperation between Vinnytsia and Zurich . From 2007 to 2011, Vinnytsia received 116 decommissioned Zurich trams from the late 1950s and 1960s, which were repaired and came with warranties. Later, free Wi-Fi was installed on these trams. In 2012, he led reforms of the city’s transportation system, reducing

273-414: A weak yer vowel that would eventually disappear completely, for example Old East Slavic котъ /kɔtə/ > Ukrainian кіт /kit/ 'cat' (via transitional stages such as /koˑtə̆/, /kuˑt(ə̆)/, /kyˑt/ or similar) or Old East Slavic печь /pʲɛtʃʲə/ > Ukrainian піч /pitʃ/ 'oven' (via transitional stages such as /pʲeˑtʃʲə̆/, /pʲiˑtʃʲ/ or similar). This raising and other phonological developments of the time, such as

364-610: A body of national literature, institute a Ukrainian-language educational system, and form an independent state (the Ukrainian People's Republic , shortly joined by the West Ukrainian People's Republic ). During this brief independent statehood the stature and use of Ukrainian greatly improved. In the Russian Empire Census of 1897 the following picture emerged, with Ukrainian being the second most spoken language of

455-536: A competitive process. Additionally, the government transitioned to an electronic document management system between the government, central executive bodies, and regional administrations. Sixteen electronic services were introduced in construction, registration, and environmental sectors. On 13 March 2017, Groysman became the first Ukrainian politician to communicate with Elon Musk on Twitter . On 30 March Groysman sent an official letter to Musk regarding discussions on establishing energy infrastructure. On 1 April 2017,

546-581: A mechanic at "Shkolyar" (Schoolboy) in 1992. After graduating from school, he became the commercial director of the small private enterprise "OKO" in August 1994, and in November 1994, he assumed the role of commercial director at the Vinnytsia market "Yunist" (Youth). In 1999, he graduated from Vinnytsia Institute of Regional Economy and Management with a junior specialist degree in law. In 2003, Groysman graduated from

637-637: A policy of defending Ukraine's interests within the Soviet Union. He proudly promoted the beauty of the Ukrainian language and developed plans to expand the role of Ukrainian in higher education. He was removed, however, after only a brief tenure, for being too lenient on Ukrainian nationalism. The new party boss from 1972 to 1989, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , purged the local party, was fierce in suppressing dissent, and insisted Russian be spoken at all official functions, even at local levels. His policy of Russification

728-555: A result of close Slavic contacts with the remnants of the Scythian and Sarmatian population north of the Black Sea , lasting into the early Middle Ages , the appearance of the voiced fricative γ/г (romanized "h"), in modern Ukrainian and some southern Russian dialects is explained by the assumption that it initially emerged in Scythian and related eastern Iranian dialects, from earlier common Proto-Indo-European *g and *gʰ . During

819-538: A result, communities received significantly more for their land than in traditional auctions. As part of a large-scale government medical reform, the National Health Service of Ukraine began operations. It became the primary contractor for medical services in Ukraine, distributing budget funds among hospitals with which it signs contracts. Hospitals are paid for the medical services and drugs they provide. In 2018,

910-624: A self-aware Ukrainian nation would threaten the unity of the empire. In 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools. In 1811, by order of the Russian government, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was closed. In 1847 the Brotherhood of St Cyril and Methodius was terminated. The same year Taras Shevchenko was arrested, exiled for ten years, and banned for political reasons from writing and painting. In 1862 Pavlo Chubynsky

1001-601: A trade blockade with the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, Groysman announced the need to revise the 3% economic growth target. On 25 January 2017, Groysman stated that the Cabinet was working on a four-year development plan for the country from 2017 to 2020. By early 2017, 950 km of roads had been repaired at a cost of UAH 6.3 billion. The civil service reform allowed for the selection of heads of regional and district state administrations, central executive bodies, and ministries based on

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1092-883: A variant name of the Little Russian language . In a private letter from 1854, Taras Shevchenko lauds "our splendid Ukrainian language". Valuyev's decree from 1863 derides the "Little Russian" language throughout, but also mentions "the so-called Ukrainian language" once. In Galicia, the earliest applications of the term Ukrainian to the language were in the hyphenated names Ukrainian-Ruthenian (1866, by Paulin Święcicki ) or Ruthenian-Ukrainian (1871, by Panteleimon Kulish and Ivan Puluj ), with non-hyphenated Ukrainian language appearing shortly thereafter (in 1878, by Mykhailo Drahomanov ). A following ban on Ukrainian books led to Alexander II 's secret Ems Ukaz , which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned

1183-625: Is based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments, and he further subdivides the Middle period into three phases: Ukraine annually marks the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language on 9 November, the Eastern Orthodox feast day of Nestor the Chronicler . The era of Kievan Rus' ( c. 880–1240) is the subject of some linguistic controversy, as

1274-465: Is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian , and a closer lexical distance to West Slavic Polish and South Slavic Bulgarian . Ukrainian is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language spoken in the medieval state of Kievan Rus' . In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the language developed into Ruthenian , where it became an official language, before a process of Polonization began in

1365-820: Is one of the East Slavic languages in the Indo-European languages family, and it is spoken primarily in Ukraine . It is the first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians . Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet , a variant of the Cyrillic script . The standard language is studied by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Potebnia Institute of Linguistics . Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian , another East Slavic language, yet there

1456-555: Is referred to as "Old Ukrainian", but elsewhere, and in contemporary sources, is known as the Ruthenian language, and from the end of the 18th century to the present what in Ukraine is known as "Modern Ukrainian", but elsewhere is known as just Ukrainian. Decentralisation in Ukraine The decentralization reform had the following provisions: The reform consists of three key components: After Ukraine gained independence in 1991 ,

1547-584: The Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine and Minister of Regional Development, Construction, and Communal Services (27 February to 2 December 2014). He was also the 12th Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (27 November 2014, to 14 April 2016), elected through the Petro Poroshenko Bloc list. In 1994, Groysman graduated from Vinnytsia Secondary School No. 35. At 14, he began working as

1638-714: The Donbas region , working with international donors. Groysman was elected to the Verkhovna Rada as a member of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc . On 27 November 2014, he was elected Speaker of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine , and on 15 December 2014, he was appointed to the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine . Groysman initiated the Legislative Reform Support Plan, which outlined tasks for parliament members for one or two quarters. According to Groysman,

1729-601: The European Parliament , he signed a Memorandum of Understanding between the Verkhovna Rada and the European Parliament. This document launched a Needs Assessment Mission, led by former European Parliament President Pat Cox , which resulted in a proposal for reforming the Ukrainian parliament. During " Ukrainian Week " in Brussels in 2016, a roadmap for internal reform and strengthening the institutional capacity of

1820-616: The Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kyiv in May 2017. The government's plans included increasing income for Ukrainians, reducing the Pension Fund deficit, and encouraging economic recovery. The IMF praised the budget and expressed willingness to provide Ukraine with the next loan tranche to support ongoing reforms. In Q4 of 2016, Ukraine’s economic growth reached 4.7%. In March 2017, following

1911-719: The Latin language. Much of the influence of Poland on the development of the Ukrainian language has been attributed to this period and is reflected in multiple words and constructions used in everyday Ukrainian speech that were taken from Polish or Latin. Examples of Polish words adopted from this period include zavzhdy (always; taken from old Polish word zawżdy ) and obitsiaty (to promise; taken from Polish obiecać ) and from Latin (via Polish) raptom (suddenly) and meta (aim or goal). Significant contact with Tatars and Turks resulted in many Turkic words, particularly those involving military matters and steppe industry, being adopted into

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2002-557: The Novgorod Republic did not call themselves Rus ' until the 14th century; earlier Novgorodians reserved the term Rus ' for the Kiev , Pereyaslavl and Chernigov principalities. At the same time as evidenced by contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes and kings of Galicia–Volhynia and Kiev called themselves "people of Rus ' " (in foreign sources called " Ruthenians "), and Galicia–Volhynia has alternately been called

2093-613: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 18th century, Ruthenian diverged into regional variants, and the modern Ukrainian language developed in the territory of present-day Ukraine. Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire , and continued in various ways in the Soviet Union . Even so, the language continued to see use throughout

2184-399: The law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" was approved by the parliament, formalizing rules governing the usage of the language and introducing penalties for violations. The literary Ukrainian language, which was preceded by Old East Slavic literature, may be subdivided into two stages: during the 12th to 18th centuries what in Ukraine

2275-459: The "Affordable Medicines" program began, allowing for free or low-cost access to a number of medications, including treatments for cardiovascular disease , type 2 diabetes , and bronchial asthma . On 14 April 2017, marking his first year in office, Groysman highlighted his priorities, including stable economic growth, increased defense spending, decentralization, energy independence, and healthcare, pension, land, and education reforms. On 3 April

2366-425: The 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around the 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorod dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus', whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky denies

2457-451: The 13th century, eastern parts of Rus (including Moscow) came under Tatar rule until their unification under the Tsardom of Muscovy , whereas the south-western areas (including Kyiv ) were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . For the following four centuries, the languages of the two regions evolved in relative isolation from each other. Direct written evidence of the existence of

2548-666: The 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, German words began to appear in the language spoken in Ukraine. Their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts. Examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh ("roof"), rura ("pipe"), rynok ("market"), kushnir ("furrier"), and majster ("master" or "craftsman"). In

2639-412: The Cabinet finalized its 2020 action plan, consisting of five key points: 1) economic growth; 2) effective governance; 3) human capital development; 4) rule of law and anti-corruption efforts; and 5) security and protection. The government’s plan aimed for a competitive economy and sustainable GDP growth of 4-5% per year, poverty reduction, and continued decentralization. During Groysman's two-year tenure,

2730-589: The Cossack motherland, Ukrajina , as a self-appellation for the nation of Ukrainians, and Ukrajins'ka mova for the language. Many writers published works in the Romantic tradition of Europe demonstrating that Ukrainian was not merely a language of the village but suitable for literary pursuits. However, in the Russian Empire expressions of Ukrainian culture and especially language were repeatedly persecuted for fear that

2821-491: The Groysman government managed to improve the economic situation in the country. Ukraine's gross domestic product grew by 3.2% over the year. The national currency and prices in the country remained stable, and for the first time since 2014, inflation was kept within 10%. At the end of the year, foreign reserves reached $ 20.8 billion, the highest level in five years. State budget revenues for 2018 amounted to 928.1 billion UAH, which

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2912-475: The NHSU contracted with hospitals only for primary care – family doctors. As a result, doctors’ and nurses' salaries increased two- to threefold. A complete transition to the new funding model for medical institutions was planned for 2020, when medical reform would be implemented across all levels. Ukrainian language Ukrainian ( українська мова , ukrainska mova , IPA: [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔʋɐ] )

3003-544: The Orthodox church spoke Ruthenian. The 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement between Cossack Hetmanate and Alexis of Russia divided Ukraine between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. During the following century, both monarchies became increasingly intolerant of Ukrainian own cultural and political aspirations. Ukrainians found themselves in a colonial situation. The Russian centre adopted

3094-559: The Polish nobility. Many Ukrainian nobles learned the Polish language and converted to Catholicism during that period in order to maintain their lofty aristocratic position. Lower classes were less affected because literacy was common only in the upper class and clergy. The latter were also under significant Polish pressure after the Union with the Catholic Church . Most of the educational system

3185-530: The Principality or Kingdom of Ruthenia. Also according to Andrey Zaliznyak, the Novgorodian dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus during the 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorodian dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus, whereas

3276-552: The Russian Empire. According to the Imperial census's terminology, the Russian language ( Русскій ) was subdivided into Ukrainian (Малорусскій, ' Little Russian '), what is known as Russian today (Великорусскій, ' Great Russian '), and Belarusian (Бѣлорусскій, 'White Russian'). The following table shows the distribution of settlement by native language ( "по родному языку" ) in 1897 in Russian Empire governorates ( guberniyas ) that had more than 100,000 Ukrainian speakers. Although in

3367-460: The Soviet Union and a special term, "a language of inter-ethnic communication", was coined to denote its status. After the death of Stalin (1953), a general policy of relaxing the language policies of the past was implemented (1958 to 1963). The Khrushchev era which followed saw a policy of relatively lenient concessions to development of the languages at the local and republic level, though its results in Ukraine did not go nearly as far as those of

3458-509: The Soviet policy of Ukrainianization in the 1920s. Journals and encyclopedic publications advanced in the Ukrainian language during the Khrushchev era, as well as transfer of Crimea under Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction. Yet, the 1958 school reform that allowed parents to choose the language of primary instruction for their children, unpopular among the circles of the national intelligentsia in parts of

3549-543: The USSR, meant that non-Russian languages would slowly give way to Russian in light of the pressures of survival and advancement. The gains of the past, already largely reversed by the Stalin era, were offset by the liberal attitude towards the requirement to study the local languages (the requirement to study Russian remained). Parents were usually free to choose the language of study of their children (except in few areas where attending

3640-564: The Ukrainian language dates to the late 16th century. By the 16th century, a peculiar official language formed: a mixture of the liturgical standardised language of Old Church Slavonic , Ruthenian and Polish . The influence of the latter gradually increased relative to the former two, as the nobility and rural large-landowning class, known as the szlachta , was largely Polish-speaking. Documents soon took on many Polish characteristics superimposed on Ruthenian phonetics. Polish–Lithuanian rule and education also involved significant exposure to

3731-470: The Ukrainian language held the formal position of the principal local language in the Ukrainian SSR . However, practice was often a different story: Ukrainian always had to compete with Russian, and the attitudes of the Soviet leadership towards Ukrainian varied from encouragement and tolerance to de facto banishment. Officially, there was no state language in the Soviet Union until the very end when it

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3822-465: The Ukrainian language. Examples include torba (bag) and tyutyun (tobacco). Because of the substantial number of loanwords from Polish, German, Czech and Latin, early modern vernacular Ukrainian ( prosta mova , " simple speech ") had more lexical similarity with West Slavic languages than with Russian or Church Slavonic. By the mid-17th century, the linguistic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages had become so significant that there

3913-409: The Ukrainian school might have required a long daily commute) and they often chose Russian, which reinforced the resulting Russification. In this sense, some analysts argue that it was not the "oppression" or "persecution", but rather the lack of protection against the expansion of Russian language that contributed to the relative decline of Ukrainian in the 1970s and 1980s. According to this view, it

4004-512: The Verkhovna Rada was approved. Unfortunately, the reform was not implemented due to a lack of support from President Petro Poroshenko . That same year, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution recognizing the European Parliament Mission’s recommendations as a basis for internal reform. After the leadership change in the Verkhovna Rada in 2016, the reform's implementation slowed. However, the reform initiated by Groysman continued in

4095-454: The average wage increased by 22.1%, with the dollar equivalent rising from $ 193 to $ 300. Despite the emigration of the workforce, real GDP growth of 2% was achieved. On 3 October 2017, the parliament passed a government pension reform law, increasing pensions for 9 million pensioners by UAH 200-1,000. Following the bill's approval, Groysman explained that the minimum pension, according to the new calculations, would be 1,452 hryvnias. According to

4186-403: The budget as "people-centered," with provisions for major road repairs, support for the agricultural sector, and a 50% salary increase for teachers and a 30% increase for doctors. UAH 6 billion was allocated for medications, and the budget continued decentralization efforts. The budget projected a 3% GDP growth, doubling the minimum wage to UAH 3,200, and allocated nearly UAH 500 million to host

4277-407: The chancellery and gradually evolved into the Ruthenian language. Polish rule, which came later, was accompanied by a more assimilationist policy. By the 1569 Union of Lublin that formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a significant part of Ukrainian territory was moved from Lithuanian rule to Polish administration, resulting in cultural Polonization and visible attempts to colonize Ukraine by

4368-454: The city launched the first "Transparent Office" to provide administrative services to the public. This system, later expanded across Ukraine, served as a model. The central bridge in Vinnytsia was also repaired. Between 2007 and 2013, Groysman attracted over 736 million UAH in external investments to Vinnytsia. For the first time under his administration, Vinnytsia was recognized as the best regional city to live in Ukraine. During his tenure,

4459-561: The city opened diagnostic and perinatal centers, reconstructed the riverside, opened a fountain in Central Park, expanded the Vinnytsia Oil and Fat Plant, and established "Bastion-2009" and the waste recycling company "Ekovin." On 27 February 2014, Groysman was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine and Minister of Regional Development, Construction, and Communal Services at the invitation of Prime Minister Yatsenyuk . His primary focus

4550-571: The country, and remained particularly strong in Western Ukraine . Specific developments that led to a gradual change of the Old East Slavic vowel system into the system found in modern Ukrainian began approximately in the 12th/13th century (that is, still at the time of the Kievan Rus') with a lengthening and raising of the Old East Slavic mid vowels e and o when followed by a consonant and

4641-604: The economic decline and initiate economic recovery, aiming to accelerate this growth. He considered judicial reform to be a key mechanism in combating corruption . On 13 December he announced that the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine had approved a healthcare reform concept and announced pay raises for healthcare workers. On 21 December 2016, the Verkhovna Rada approved the government-proposed 2017 State Budget with 274 votes from five factions: BPP, People’s Front, Lyashko's Radical Party , Revival, and People’s Will. Groysman described

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4732-407: The existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko , Vsevolod Hantsov , Olena Kurylo , Ivan Ohienko and others. According to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language

4823-534: The first 100 days of Groysman’s government, there was partial stabilization of the political and economic situation. One of the government's main priorities was road repairs , with a planned increase in road repair funding from UAH 4 billion to UAH 19 billion. In the first 100 days, Groysman met with European Council President Donald Tusk , German Chancellor Angela Merkel , U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry , and other Western political leaders. On 8 June Groysman stated that nearly 54 billion UAH had been allocated to

4914-542: The format of the Jean Monnet Dialogues and a mediation process involving joint efforts from the Ukrainian and European parliaments to develop political dialogue and consensus among political parties. On 14 April 2016, Groysman was appointed Prime Minister of Ukraine , receiving support from 257 deputies of the BPP , People's Front , Revival , and People's Will factions. During his early months as Prime Minister, Groysman

5005-475: The general fund of local budgets over five months, adding that this amount exceeded the figure for the same period by 17 billion UAH. By 9 December he stated that local budgets had increased by 60% (UAH 44 billion) compared to the previous year, and that during the reform period in Ukraine, 184 consolidated territorial communities were established. By 2017, UAH 9 billion was earmarked for decentralization reforms. On 19 October, Groysman claimed he had managed to halt

5096-417: The language of much of the literature was purely or heavily Old Church Slavonic . Some theorists see an early Ukrainian stage in language development here, calling it Old Ruthenian; others term this era Old East Slavic . Russian theorists tend to amalgamate Rus' to the modern nation of Russia, and call this linguistic era Old Russian. However, according to Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak (2012), people from

5187-608: The law, by the end of 2017, everyone who reached the age of 60 and had paid contributions to the Pension Fund for at least 15 years could retire. Starting from 1 January 2018, for those who reached 65 years of age and had 30–35 years of service, the minimum pension would be set at 40% of the minimum wage established in the state budget law. From January 2018, to retire at 60, one would need at least 25 years of service; in 2019, 26 years; and by 2028, it would require 35 years of service to retire at 60. On 8 October , President Poroshenko signed

5278-528: The merger of the Old East Slavic vowel phonemes и /i/ and ы /ɨ/ into the specifically Ukrainian phoneme /ɪ ~ e/, spelled with и (in the 13th/14th centuries), and the fricativisation of the Old East Slavic consonant г /g/, probably first to /ɣ/ (in the 13th century), with /ɦ/ as a reflex in Modern Ukrainian, did not happen in Russian. Only the fricativisation of Old East Slavic г /g/ occurred in Belarusian, where

5369-456: The modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from the dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. After the fall of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, Ukrainians mainly fell under the rule of Lithuania and then Poland . Local autonomy of both rule and language was a marked feature of Lithuanian rule. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Old East Slavic became the language of

5460-501: The name Little Russia for Ukraine and Little Russian for the language, an expression that originated in Byzantine Greek and may originally have meant "old, original, fundamental Russia", and had been in use since the 14th century. Ukrainian high culture went into a long period of steady decline. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was taken over by the Russian Empire. Most of the remaining Ukrainian schools also switched to Polish or Russian in

5551-412: The native language for the majority in the nation on the eve of Ukrainian independence, a significant share of ethnic Ukrainians were russified. In Donetsk there were no Ukrainian language schools and in Kyiv only a quarter of children went to Ukrainian language schools. The Russian language was the dominant vehicle, not just of government function, but of the media, commerce, and modernity itself. This

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5642-451: The number of low-cost airlines , passenger traffic at Ukrainian airports exceeded 20 million passengers per year for the first time. Overall, passenger growth in the aviation sector reached 25-30% annually over the last three years, and the number of routes operated by budget airlines flying to Ukraine increased from 21 in 2016 to 89 in 2018. The government paid significant attention to energy consumption issues. A State Energy Efficiency Fund

5733-518: The number of minibuses. In 2013, the city purchased 30 buses and 40 trolleybuses, and completed the tram line on Vysenka. In addition to foreign support, local resources were used for city development. Through co-financing, Vinnytsia installed water supply and sewage systems, repaired roads in residential areas, and maintained a landfill in Stadnytsia. During Groysman’s tenure as mayor, Vinnytsia abolished district divisions and district councils. In 2008,

5824-508: The pension reform law. In September 2018, the government began monetizing subsidies for saved energy resources for consumers of electricity or gas. In October 2018, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine decided on a phased increase in gas prices in three steps (1 November 2018; 1 May 2019; 1 January 2019). According to Volodymyr Groysman, this was done "to repay loans imposed on us by previous governments between 2005 and 2013. Currently, we pay $ 5 billion annually to service this debt." In 2018,

5915-538: The plan’s goal was to establish legislative guidelines for reforms, assign responsibilities for drafting bills, and set time frames for legislative support of reforms. In March 2015, he supported a bill banning Russian television series. During the 2016 government crisis, he was considered a potential candidate for the position of Prime Minister of Ukraine from the ruling faction. In July 2015, Groysman initiated parliamentary reform. Together with Martin Schulz , President of

6006-425: The population said Ukrainian was their native language. Until the 1920s the urban population in Ukraine grew faster than the number of Ukrainian speakers. This implies that there was a (relative) decline in the use of Ukrainian language. For example, in Kyiv, the number of people stating that Ukrainian was their native language declined from 30.3% in 1874 to 16.6% in 1917. During the seven-decade-long Soviet era ,

6097-510: The present-day reflex is /ɣ/. Ahatanhel Krymsky and Aleksey Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the common spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century. Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak stated that the Old Novgorod dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus' during

6188-432: The president" and a "product of the old order," rather than a leader who would push for necessary changes. At the end of April, the government set a single gas price for households and industrial consumers, which raised the cost for households to UAH 6,900 per 1,000 m³. This decision aimed to establish market prices for gas, with the goal of restoring Ukrainian gas production and achieving gas independence by 2020. During

6279-573: The printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores. A period of leniency after 1905 was followed by another strict ban in 1914, which also affected Russian-occupied Galicia. For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in Halychyna and Bukovina , where Ukrainian

6370-629: The private higher education institution Interregional Academy of Personnel Management with a degree in law. In February 2010, he completed studies at the National Academy of Public Administration of the President of Ukraine, earning a master’s degree in Public Development Management with a focus on regional and local governance. In 2002, at 24, he won a seat in the Vinnytsia City Council in majoritarian district No. 29, becoming

6461-630: The reform, local budget revenues grew from ₴68.6 billion in 2014 to ₴146.6 billion in 2016. By the end of 2017, local budget revenues had reached ₴170.7 billion. In addition, amalgamated hromadas became more active in the process of budget formation: during the first 10 months of 2017, amalgamated hromadas increased their own revenues by 80%, while national revenues grew by only 31.8%. In addition, per capita development expenditures in January-September 2017 increased by 225% compared to 2016 (for example: in communities without amalgamated hromada, growth

6552-562: The rural regions of the Ukrainian provinces, 80% of the inhabitants said that Ukrainian was their native language in the Census of 1897 (for which the results are given above), in the urban regions only 32.5% of the population claimed Ukrainian as their native language. For example, in Odesa (then part of the Russian Empire), at the time the largest city in the territory of current Ukraine, only 5.6% of

6643-661: The sixteenth and first half of the 17th century, when Ukraine was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, albeit in spite of being part of the PLC, not as a result. Among many schools established in that time, the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (the predecessor of the modern Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ), founded by the Orthodox Metropolitan Peter Mogila , was the most important. At that time languages were associated more with religions: Catholics spoke Polish, and members of

6734-654: The state increased local/regional government powers. In 1997 Ukraine ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Government , and adopted regulatory acts that established such powers. However, discussions concerning larger scale organisation as a rule concerned the distribution of powers at the national level. Following Euromaidan in 2014, the new government launched a national project "Decentralisation" ( Ukrainian : Національний проект "Децентралізація"), on 1 April. The government of Volodymyr Groysman identified support for decentralisation as one of its priorities. During

6825-462: The term native language may not necessarily associate with the language they use more frequently. The overwhelming majority of ethnic Ukrainians consider the Ukrainian language native , including those who often speak Russian. According to the official 2001 census data, 92.3% of Kyiv region population responded "Ukrainian" to the native language ( ridna mova ) census question, compared with 88.4% in 1989, and 7.2% responded "Russian". In 2019,

6916-558: The territories controlled by these respective countries, which was followed by a new wave of Polonization and Russification of the native nobility. Gradually the official language of Ukrainian provinces under Poland was changed to Polish, while the upper classes in the Russian part of Ukraine used Russian. During the 19th century, a revival of Ukrainian self-identification manifested in the literary classes of both Russian-Empire Dnieper Ukraine and Austrian Galicia . The Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius in Kyiv applied an old word for

7007-516: The use of Ukrainian. The educational system in Ukraine has been transformed over the first decade of independence from a system that is partly Ukrainian to one that is overwhelmingly so. The government has also mandated a progressively increased role for Ukrainian in the media and commerce. In the 2001 census , 67.5% of the country's population named Ukrainian as their native language (a 2.8% increase from 1989), while 29.6% named Russian (a 3.2% decrease). For many Ukrainians (of various ethnic origins),

7098-674: The youngest council member. In November 2005, he was elected Secretary of the Vinnytsia City Council and Acting Mayor of Vinnytsia. In March 2006, he won the mayoral election. In the next 2010 election, Groysman was nominated by the political party Conscience of Ukraine and re-elected with substantial support, winning 77.8% of the vote. As mayor, Groysman implemented a street lighting program, started in 2002, aimed at energy conservation and maximizing city lighting. During his first term, he initiated extensive road repairs on main and secondary streets. In 2006, he regulated unorganized street trade that blocked sidewalks. In December 2006, after signing

7189-585: Was 17% higher than in 2017. The budget deficit did not exceed 1.7% against a planned 2.4%. The state and guaranteed debt-to-GDP ratio decreased to 63.2% from 72.3%. Financial decentralization continued. Local budget revenues, excluding inter-budget transfers, amounted to 262 billion UAH compared to 70 billion UAH in 2014. Local communities gained the right to decide where to allocate these funds – on road repairs, construction of schools and hospitals, improvement of administrative services, establishment of new enterprises, etc. Due to visa-free access and an increase in

7280-575: Was a need for translators during negotiations for the Treaty of Pereyaslav , between Bohdan Khmelnytsky , head of the Zaporozhian Host , and the Russian state. By the 18th century, Ruthenian had diverged into regional variants, developing into the modern Belarusian , Rusyn , and Ukrainian languages. The accepted chronology of Ukrainian divides the language into Old Ukrainian, Middle Ukrainian, and Modern Ukrainian. Shevelov explains that much of this

7371-593: Was established, with 1.6 billion UAH allocated from the state budget. International partners also contributed to the Fund. The funds were intended for measures to reduce energy consumption and improve the quality of service delivery. The pace of road and infrastructure construction accelerated. Over the year, 3,800 km of roads were built, the highest figure in 14 years. Electronic land auctions for leasing rights were introduced. The open service provided broad buyer coverage, increased competition, and stimulated price growth. As

7462-548: Was exiled for seven years to Arkhangelsk . The Ukrainian magazine Osnova was discontinued. In 1863, the tsarist interior minister Pyotr Valuyev proclaimed in his decree that "there never has been, is not, and never can be a separate Little Russian language". Although the name of Ukraine is known since 1187, it was not applied to the language until the mid-19th century. The linguonym Ukrainian language appears in Yakub Holovatsky 's book from 1849, listed there as

7553-448: Was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to an intensive migration of the population within the territory of today's Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was also supported by George Shevelov 's phonological studies, which argue that specific features were already recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic (seen as ancestors to Ukrainian) as far back as these varieties can be documented. As

7644-407: Was gradually Polonized. In Ruthenia, the language of administrative documents gradually shifted towards Polish. Polish has had heavy influences on Ukrainian (particularly in Western Ukraine ). The southwestern Ukrainian dialects are transitional to Polish. As the Ukrainian language developed further, some borrowings from Tatar and Turkish occurred. Ukrainian culture and language flourished in

7735-554: Was inevitable that successful careers required a good command of Russian, while knowledge of Ukrainian was not vital, so it was common for Ukrainian parents to send their children to Russian-language schools, even though Ukrainian-language schools were usually available. The number of students in Russian-language in Ukraine schools was constantly increasing, from 14 percent in 1939 to more than 30 percent in 1962. The Communist Party leader from 1963 to 1972, Petro Shelest , pursued

7826-482: Was lessened only slightly after 1985. The management of dissent by the local Ukrainian Communist Party was more fierce and thorough than in other parts of the Soviet Union. As a result, at the start of the Mikhail Gorbachev reforms perebudova and hlasnist’ (Ukrainian for perestroika and glasnost ), Ukraine under Shcherbytsky was slower to liberalize than Russia itself. Although Ukrainian still remained

7917-482: Was often described by journalists as lacking independence and closely connected to President Petro Poroshenko . However, over time, he began to distance himself from Poroshenko and criticize him. As Prime Minister, he prioritized preparing for large-scale decentralization reform , as well as reforms in healthcare, infrastructure, and transport. Following his appointment, the BBC reported that critics considered him an "ally of

8008-649: Was on decentralization and local governance reform, becoming an advocate and architect of the decentralization reform that began on 1 April 2014. He also coordinated reforms of state control agencies. In the summer and fall of 2014, he headed the Government Anti-Crisis Energy Headquarters, the State Commission for investigating the MH17 downing (from 17 July 2014), coordinated efforts for internally displaced persons and managed reconstruction in

8099-537: Was proclaimed in 1990 that Russian language was the all-Union state language and that the constituent republics had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions. Still it was implicitly understood in the hopes of minority nations that Ukrainian would be used in the Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek would be used in the Uzbek SSR , and so on. However, Russian was used as the lingua franca in all parts of

8190-400: Was substantially less the case for western Ukraine, which escaped the artificial famine , Great Purge , and most of Stalinism . And this region became the center of a hearty, if only partial, renaissance of the Ukrainian language during independence. Since 1991, Ukrainian has been the official state language in Ukraine, and the state administration implemented government policies to broaden

8281-532: Was widely used in education and official documents. The suppression by Russia hampered the literary development of the Ukrainian language in Dnipro Ukraine, but there was a constant exchange with Halychyna, and many works were published under Austria and smuggled to the east. By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the collapse of Austro-Hungary in 1918, Ukrainians were ready to openly develop

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