In linguistics , romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script , or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration , for representing written text, and transcription , for representing the spoken word, and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into phonemic transcription , which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic transcription , which records speech sounds with precision.
36-1016: Group TAC [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The former Group TAC office in Shibuya Native name 株式会社グループ・タック Romanized name Kabushiki Kaisha Gurūpu Takku Company type Kabushiki-gaisha Industry Anime Founded March 1968 ; 56 years ago ( March 1968 ) Founder Atsumi Tashiro Susumu Aketagawa Gisaburo Sugii Defunct August 31, 2010 ; 14 years ago ( August 31, 2010 ) Fate Bankruptcy liquidation Successor Diomedéa Headquarters Shibuya , Tokyo , Japan Subsidiaries Group TAC Digital Room (2000–2007) Website web .archive .org /web /20070223083159 /http: //www .g-tac .co .jp /home .html Japanese animation studio Group TAC Co., Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社グループ・タック , Hepburn : Kabushiki Kaisha Gurūpu Takku )
72-692: A Shinigami (2006) Tokko (2006) Tama and Friends: Search For It! The Magic Puni-Puni Stone (2006) Black Blood Brothers (2006) Tetsuko no Tabi (2007) Happy Happy Clover (2007) Films Jack and the Beanstalk (1974) 11 Piki no Neko (1980–1986) Zō no Inai Dōbutsuen (1982) Nine (1983) Nine the Original (1983) Nine 2: Sweetheart Declaration (1983) Nine 3: Final (1984) Captain Tsubasa: Europe Daikessen (1985) Night on
108-405: A book titled The World Through Picture Books and included the first book from the series as the fourth most important picture book of Japan. Group TAC adapted the two first book of the series into anime films: the first was released on July 19, 1980, and the second on August 27, 1986. The first one was directed by Shiro Fujimoto and the second by Tameo Ogawa , while Yoshitake Suzuki wrote
144-512: A box set containing the six books. Additionally, an emaki book, 11 Piki no Neko Marathon Taikai ( 11ぴきのねこ マラソン大会 , 11 Piki no Neko Marason Taikai ) , was released in 1992 and re-released in 2011; a karuta book was released in 1994; and three post card books were released in 1986, 1998, and 2001 by Koguma. The first book received the Sankei Children's Book Award a year after its release. In 1973 11 Piki no Neko to Ahōdori
180-1106: Is Sunday Run! White Wolf Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water 1991 Huckleberry no Bōken Movie 1992 Princess Army Yadamon Nozomi Witches 1993 Jungle King Tar-chan Tama of 3rd Street: Please! Search for Momo-chan!! Bonobono 1994 Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie Gakkō no Kowai Uwasa: Hanako-san ga Kita!! 1995 Princess Minerva Street Fighter II MOVIE (video game) Original animated sequences Street Fighter II V Soar High! Isami 1996 Those Who Hunt Elves Spring and Chaos YAT Anshin! Uchū Ryokō Get Going! Godzilland With Gakken Video & Toho Road Rovers With Warner Bros. Animation 1997 Those Who Hunt Elves II Hare Tokidoki Buta With SPE Visual Works Strange Love 1998 Super Doll Licca-chan Flint
216-479: Is a perfectly mutually intelligible language, essentially meaning that any kind of text-based open source collaboration is impossible among devanagari and nastaʿlīq readers. Initiated in 2011, the Hamari Boli Initiative is a full-scale open-source language planning initiative aimed at Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated objectives of Hamari Boli
252-520: Is called " rōmaji " in Japanese . The most common systems are: While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist: Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems: Thai , spoken in Thailand and some areas of Laos, Burma and China, is written with its own script , probably descended from mixture of Tai–Laotian and Old Khmer , in
288-493: Is no single universally accepted system of writing Russian using the Latin script—in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely traditional. All this has resulted in great reduplication of names. E.g.
324-506: Is the most common system of phonetic transcription. For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no written language represents any spoken language with perfect accuracy and
360-538: Is to relieve Hindustani of the crippling devanagari–nastaʿlīq digraphia by way of romanization. Romanization of the Sinitic languages , particularly Mandarin , has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or Zhuyin . Romanization (or, more generally, Roman letters )
396-523: Is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study Sanskrit and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones. Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language with extreme digraphia and diglossia resulting from the Hindi–Urdu controversy starting in
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#1732873492802432-805: The Brahmic family . The Nuosu language , spoken in southern China, is written with its own script, the Yi script . The only existing romanisation system is YYPY (Yi Yu Pin Yin), which represents tone with letters attached to the end of syllables, as Nuosu forbids codas. It does not use diacritics, and as such due to the large phonemic inventory of Nuosu, it requires frequent use of digraphs, including for monophthong vowels. The Tibetan script has two official romanization systems: Tibetan Pinyin (for Lhasa Tibetan ) and Roman Dzongkha (for Dzongkha ). In English language library catalogues, bibliographies, and most academic publications,
468-499: The Library of Congress transliteration method is used worldwide. In linguistics, scientific transliteration is used for both Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets . This applies to Old Church Slavonic , as well as modern Slavic languages that use these alphabets. A system based on scientific transliteration and ISO/R 9:1968 was considered official in Bulgaria since the 1970s. Since
504-682: The Soviet Union , with some material published. The 2010 Ukrainian National system has been adopted by the UNGEGN in 2012 and by the BGN/PCGN in 2020. It is also very close to the modified (simplified) ALA-LC system, which has remained unchanged since 1941. The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of
540-458: The 1800s. Technically, Hindustani itself is recognized by neither the language community nor any governments. Two standardized registers , Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu , are recognized as official languages in India and Pakistan. However, in practice the situation is, The digraphia renders any work in either script largely inaccessible to users of the other script, though otherwise Hindustani
576-1083: The Galactic Railroad (1985) Captain Tsubasa: Ayaushi, Zen Nippon Jr. (1985) Captain Tsubasa: Asu ni Mukatte Hashire (1986) Touch: Sebangō no Nai Ace (1986) Captain Tsubasa: Sekai Daikessen!! Jr. World Cup (1986) Touch 2: Sayonara no Okurimono (1986) Touch 3: Kimi ga Tōri Sugita Ato ni (1987) Murasaki Shikibu Genji Monogatari (1987) Hiatari Ryōkō! Ka - su - mi: Yume no Naka ni Kimi ga Ita (1988) White Wolf (1990) Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1991) Huckleberry no Bōken (1991) Tama of Third Street: Please! Search for Momo-chan!! (1993) Bonobono (1993) Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie (1994) Spring and Chaos (1996) Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday (1998) Street Fighter Alpha: The Animation (2000) The Laws of
612-1559: The Honeybee With Tatsunoko Productions References [ edit ] ^ "Anime Production Firm Group TAC Files for Bankruptcy" . Anime News Network . September 3, 2010 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . External links [ edit ] Group TAC at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Group TAC Co., Ltd. at the Wayback Machine (archived October 1, 2010) (in Japanese) v t e Group TAC Television series Huckleberry no Bōken (1976) Manga Ijin Monogatari (1977–1978) Tokimeki Tonight (1982–1983) Igano Kabamaru (1983–1984) Touch (1985–1987) Hiatari Ryōkō! (1987–1988) Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990–1991) Sunset on Third Street (1990–1991) Yadamon (1992–1993) Tama of Third Street: Do You Know My Tama? (1993–1994) Jungle King Tar-chan (1993–1994) Gakkō no Kowai Uwasa: Hanako-san ga Kita!! (1994–1995) Soar High! Isami (1995–1996) Street Fighter II V (1995) Bonobono (1995–1996) Those Who Hunt Elves (1996) YAT Anshin! Uchū Ryokō (1996–1998) Fair, then Partly Piggy (1997–1998) Those Who Hunt Elves 2 (1997) Android Announcer Maico 2010 (1998) Flint
648-573: The Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization zyûzyutu may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables じゅうじゅつ , but most native English speakers, or rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jūjutsu . The Arabic script is used to write Arabic , Persian , Urdu , Pashto and Sindhi as well as numerous other languages in
684-450: The Muslim world, particularly African and Asian languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following: or G as in genre اِ || e || e || i || e || e || e || e Notes : Notes : There are romanization systems for both Modern and Ancient Greek . The Hebrew alphabet is romanized using several standards: The Brahmic family of abugidas
720-680: The Original Nine 2: Sweetheart Declaration 1984 Nine 3: Final 1985 Night on the Galactic Railroad Touch 1986 Touch: Sebangō no Nai Ace 11 Piki no Neko to Ahōdori 1987 Hiatari Ryōkō! The Foxes of Chironup Island The Tale of Genji 1988 Hiatari Ryōkō! Ka - su - mi: Yume no Naka ni Kimi ga Ita Tama and Friends Produced by Sony Music Entertainment 1990 Everyday
756-6804: The Sun (2000) Touch: Cross Road (2001) The Golden Laws (2003) Arashi no Yoru ni (2005) The Laws of Eternity (2006) The Rebirth of Buddha (2009) Hutch the Honeybee (2010) OVAs/ONAs Tama and Friends: Third Street Story (1988–1990) Manga Edo Ero Banashi (1989) Everyday is Sunday (1990–1992) Sweet Spot (1991) Nozomi Witches (1992–1993) Tenshi Nanka ja Nai (1994) Princess Minerva (1995) Strange Love (1997) Grandeek (2000) Submarine 707R (2003) Blame! (2003) Ajisai no Uta (2004) Shinran-sama: Negai, Soshite Hikari (2008) [REDACTED] Category v t e Japanese animation studios Active Independent A.C.G.T AIC Ajia-do Animation Works Arvo Animation Asahi Production Ashi Productions Asread AXsiZ Bibury Animation Studios Bones Brain's Base Bridge C-Station C2C CoMix Wave Films Creators in Pack Diomedéa Drive E&;H Production Egg Firm Ekachi Epilka Emon EMT Squared Encourage Films Ezo'la Felix Film Frontier Works Gallop Genco Gathering G&G Direction GoHands Grizzly Imagin J.C.Staff Jumondou Khara Kinema Citrus Kyoto Animation Lapin Track Lay-duce Lesprit Liber Magic Bus Maho Film MAPPA Marvelous Movic Millepensee NAZ Nexus Nippon Animation Nomad NUT Odessa Entertainment Oh! Production Okuruto Noboru Orange P.A. Works Passione Pierrot Studio Signpost Pine Jam Platinum Vision Polygon Pictures Project No.9 Quad Satelight Seven Shaft Shirogumi Shuka Sola Digital Arts Staple Entertainment Studio 4°C Studio A-Cat Studio Blanc Studio Chizu Studio Comet Studio Deen Studio Flad Studio Gokumi Studio Nue Studio Palette Studio Ponoc Studio Puyukai Studio VOLN Tezuka Productions TNK Troyca Typhoon Graphics Ufotable White Fox Wolfsbane Yokohama Animation Laboratory Non-independent 100studio ABC Holdings Animation Silver Link Connect DLE ADK Holdings Eiken Gonzo NAS Studio Kai Bandai Namco Filmworks Actas Sunrise Pictures Eight Bit Studio Mother Happinet Children's Playground Entertainment CyberAgent Cygames CygamesPictures Digital Frontier GEMBA Fanworks Feel Fuji TV Blue Lynx David Production Gaina Geek Pictures Geek Toys Graphinica Yumeta Company IG Port Production I.G Signal.MD Wit Studio Imagica OLM Robot Communications Kadokawa Corporation Doga Kobo Dwango ENGI Nintendo Nintendo Pictures Nippon Television Madhouse Studio Ghibli Tatsunoko Production Sega Sammy Group TMS Entertainment Telecom Animation Film Marza Animation Planet Sony Music Entertainment Japan Aniplex 3Hz A-1 Pictures CloverWorks Square Enix Square Enix Image Studio Division Studio Bind Studio Hibari Larx Entertainment TBS Holdings Seven Arcs Toei Company Toei Animation Toho Science Saru TV Asahi Shin-Ei Animation SynergySP Twin Engine Bug Films Geno Studio Revoroot Studio Colorido Ultra Super Pictures Liden Films Sanzigen Trigger Yostar Yostar Pictures Zero-G Zexcs Inactive Artland Bee Train Production Chaos Project Daume Hoods Entertainment Knack Productions Mook Animation Mushi Production Ordet Remic Zuiyo Defunct A.P.P.P. Arms Artmic Bandai Visual Cloud Hearts Gainax Group TAC Hal Film Maker J2 Communications Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo Kitty Films (Mitaka Studio) Kokusai Eiga-sha Manglobe Palm Studio Production IMS Radix Ace Entertainment Spectrum Animation Studio Fantasia Tear Studio Topcraft Triangle Staff Tsuchida Production Walt Disney Animation Japan Xebec Yaoyorozu [REDACTED] Portal Authority control databases [REDACTED] International VIAF National Japan Academics CiNii Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_TAC&oldid=1237290664 " Categories : Group TAC Animation studios in Tokyo Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Japan Defunct mass media companies of Japan Mass media companies disestablished in 2010 Mass media companies established in 1968 Japanese animation studios Japanese companies disestablished in 2010 Japanese companies established in 1968 Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language text Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Romanization There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation. If
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#1732873492802792-1520: The Time Detective Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday Superman: the Animated Series A few episodes with Warner Bros. Animation 1999 Legend of Himiko Ippatsu Kiki Musume Street Fighter Alpha: The Animation Kyorochan Koume-chan ga Iku! 2000 Miami Guns Grandeek 2001 Grappler Baki Grappler Baki 2 Gyōten Ningen Batseelor Sanrio Anime World Masterpiece Theater Produced by Sanrio Daichis: Earth's Defense Family Fighting Foodons Princess Comet With Nippon Animation Captain Tsubasa: Road to 2002 2003 Blame! Twin Spica Gilgamesh With Japan Vistec and Ishimori Productions Submarine 707R The Golden Laws With Happy Science 2004 Demonbane Area 88 TV Grenadier Alice Academy Viewtiful Joe Nanami-chan 2005 Arashi no Yoru ni Viewtiful Joe: Red Hot Rumble Contributed with
828-1015: The Time Detective (1998–1999) Super Doll Licca-chan (1998–1999) Legend of Himiko (1999) Kyorochan (1999–2001) Oruchuban Ebichu (1999) Ippatsu Kiki Musume (1999) Monkey Magic (1999–2000) Miami Guns (2000) Fighting Foodons (2000–2001) Grappler Baki (2001) The Family's Defensive Alliance (2001) Cosmic Baton Girl Princess Comet (2001–2002) Gyōten Ningen Batseelor (2001–2002) Grappler Baki: Maximum Tournament (2001) Captain Tsubasa: Road to 2002 (2001–2002) Gilgamesh (2003–2004) Twin Spica (2003–2004) Area 88 (2004) Viewtiful Joe (2004–2005) Ton-Ton Atta to Niigata no Mukashi Banashi (2004) Grenadier (2004–2005) Gakuen Alice (2004–2005) Nanami-chan (2004–2009) Kage Kara Mamoru! (2006) Hanbun no Tsuki ga Noboru Sora (2006) Ballad of
864-556: The animated cutscenes. 2006 Nanami-chan 2nd Series Tokko With AIC Spirits Shinigami no Ballad Hanbun no Tsuki ga Noboru Sora Black Blood Brothers Kage Kara Mamoru! Nanami-chan 3rd Series 2007 Tetsuko no Tabi Happy Happy Clover 2008 His Wish and Light Shinran-sama: Negai, Soshite Hikari 2009 The Rebirth of Buddha 2010 Hana Kappa Hutch
900-519: The casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of phonemic transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds ( phonemes ) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular Hepburn Romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. A phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all phones in
936-411: The language sections above. (Hangul characters are broken down into jamo components.) For Persian Romanization For Cantonese Romanization 11 Piki no Neko 11 Piki no Neko ( Japanese : 11ぴきのねこ , lit. "Eleven Cats" ) is a series of picture books created by Noboru Baba [ ja ] and published by Koguma Publishing [ ja ] . The first and eponymous book
972-457: The late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to the so-called Streamlined System avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with English. This system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009. Where the old system uses <č,š,ž,št,c,j,ă>, the new system uses <ch,sh,zh,sht,ts,y,a>. The new Bulgarian system was endorsed for official use also by UN in 2012, and by BGN and PCGN in 2013. There
1008-470: The name of the Russian composer Tchaikovsky may also be written as Tchaykovsky , Tchajkovskij , Tchaikowski , Tschaikowski , Czajkowski , Čajkovskij , Čajkovski , Chajkovskij , Çaykovski , Chaykovsky , Chaykovskiy , Chaikovski , Tshaikovski , Tšaikovski , Tsjajkovskij etc. Systems include: The Latin script for Syriac was developed in the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of
1044-583: The romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation. Most romanizations are intended to enable
1080-461: The screenplay for both versions. Hiromi Go and Tōru Furuya dubbed the main role for the first and the second film respectively. Both films were dubbed into German and released by Taurus Video. In 1969, Hisashi Inoue adapted the book into a puppetry show with musical composition by Hiroshi Aoshima that was broadcast by NHK . It was made into a stage play and Theatre Echo performed it in 1971 and 1973. Ongaku no Tomo-sha published
1116-398: The source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent every possible allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to coarticulation effects—and instead limits itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The International Phonetic Alphabet
Group TAC - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-509: The vocal interpretation of a script may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider
1188-564: Was a Japanese animation and computer graphics studio located in Shibuya, Tokyo , and founded in 1968 from former Mushi Pro staff. They worked on movies, videos, TV shows, and commercials, and contributed to all stages of the process, including planning, production, sound effects, and so on. The company was headed by Atsumi Tashiro until his death in July 2010. In September 2010, Group TAC filed for bankruptcy and liquidated all of its assets. Diomedéa
1224-708: Was awarded the Bungeishunjū Manga Award . In 1985 11 Piki no Neko Marathon Taikai won a special mention at the BolognaRagazzi Awards . The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) requested the Children and Young Adults Section of the Japan Library Association to select ten books "which have been read by many children over many years" in Japan. In 2013, IFLA published
1260-596: Was formed after a split from Group TAC. Group TAC's remaining animation project, Hana Kappa , was taken over by OLM, Inc. and XEBEC . Projects [ edit ] Year Title Notes 1974 Jack and the Beanstalk 1976 Huckleberry no Bōken 1978 The Bad News Bears Go to Japan Main titles of the film 1980 11 Piki no Neko 1982 Zō no Inai Dōbutsuen Two Down Full Base Tokimeki Tonight 1983 Igano Kabamaru Nine Nine
1296-404: Was published in 1967, and was followed by five others: 11 Piki no Neko to Ahōdori ( 11ぴきのねことあほうどり ) (1972), 11 Piki no Neko to Buta ( 11ぴきのねことぶた ) (1976), 11 Piki no Neko Fukuro no Naka ( 11ぴきのねこ ふくろのなか ) (1982), 11 Piki no Neko to Henna Neko ( 11ぴきのねことへんなねこ ) (1989), and 11 Piki no Neko Doronko ( 11ぴきのねこ どろんこ ) (1996). In the year the last one was published, Koguma released
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