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48-515: The Grossman Nunataks ( 74°55′S 72°40′W  /  74.917°S 72.667°W  / -74.917; -72.667  ( Grossman Nunataks ) ) are a group of about a dozen nunataks in Ellsworth Land , Antarctica, rising 1,300–1,500 metres (4,300–4,900 ft) in elevation and running northwest–southeast for 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) between the Lyon Nunataks and

96-675: A contractor or grantee; copyrighted material assigned to the U.S. Government; or copyrighted information from other sources. Further, the copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States is governed by its own set of laws. The first Federal statute concerning copyright in government publications was the Printing Law enacted in 1895 . Section 52 of that Act provided that copies of "Government Publications" could not be copyrighted. Prior to 1895, no court decision had occasion to consider any claim of copyright on behalf of

144-536: A government-published set of Presidential proclamations. Section 7 of the Copyright Act of 1909 (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof ..." Section 7 also contained a "savings clause", which stated that "The publication or republication by

192-467: A member of the joint USGS-BAS geological party to Orville Coast, 1977-78. 74°58′S 72°08′W  /  74.967°S 72.133°W  / -74.967; -72.133 . A nunatak rising to about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high, located 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) southeast of Schmutzler Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from United States Navy aerial photographs taken 1965-68. Named by US-ACAN in 1988 after Richard J. Neff, USGS cartographer,

240-624: A member of the winter party at Australia's Casey Station, 1975. 74°56′S 72°08′W  /  74.933°S 72.133°W  / -74.933; -72.133 . A nunatak rising to about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high, 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) north-northeast of Schmutzler Nunatak in the southeast end of the Grossman Nunataks. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-68, and Landsat imagery, 1973-74. Named by US-ACAN in 1987 after Chauncey L. Gaylord, USGS cartographer, 1942-76, Chief of

288-509: A permanent ice sheet is present and the ridge protrudes above the sheet. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named. While some are isolated, they can also form dense clusters, such as Queen Louise Land in Greenland. Nunataks are generally angular and jagged, hampering the formation of glacial ice on their tops, although snow can accumulate on them. This can contrast strongly with

336-499: A state or local government may be subject to copyright. Some states have placed much of their work into the public domain by waiving some or all of their rights under copyright law. For example, the constitution and laws of Florida have placed its government's works in the public domain. Unorganized territories (such as American Samoa and the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ) are treated, for copyright purposes, as

384-408: Is not required to assert claim to copyright. Whenever the contractor asserts claim to copyright in works other than computer software, the government, and others acting on its behalf, are granted a license to reproduce, prepare derivative works , distribute, perform and display the copyrighted work. For computer software produced under FAR contract, the scope of the government's license does not include

432-466: Is printed", with the proviso "that no publication reprinted from such stereotype or electrotype plates and no other Government publication shall be copyrighted". The provision in the Printing Act concerning copyright of government works was probably the result of the "Richardson Affair" , which involved an effort in the late 1890s by Representative James D. Richardson (1843–1914) to privately copyright

480-432: Is published or republished commercially, it has frequently been the practice to add some "new matter" in the form of an introduction, editing, illustrations, etc., and to include a general copyright notice in the name of the commercial publisher. This in no way suggests to the public that the bulk of the work is uncopyrightable and therefore free for use. "To make the notice meaningful rather than misleading", section 403 of

528-619: The Department of Commerce under the Standard Reference Data Act. National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), FY2020, granted civilian members of the faculty at twelve federal government institutions the authority to retain and own copyright of works produced in the course of employment for publication by a scholarly press or journal. The lack of copyright protection for works of the United States government does not apply to works of U.S. subnational governments. Thus, works created by

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576-772: The Sky-Hi Nunataks . The group includes features from the Smith Nunataks and the Whitmill Nunatak in the northwest to Gaylord Nunatak and Neff Nunatak in the southeast. Download coordinates as: The Grossman Nunataks are in southwestern Ellsworth Land to the northwest of Merrick Mountains and the southeast of Lyon Nunataks . Features, from northwest to southeast, include Smith Nunataks, Whitmill Nunatak, House Nunatak, Fletcher Nunataks, Barker Nunatak, Zohn Nunataks, Cheeks Nunatak, Fiebelman Nunatak, Schmutzler Nunatak and Gaylord Nunatak. The Grossman Nunataks were mapped by

624-856: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961–68, and from United States Landsat imagery, 1973–74. They were named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in 1994 after Charles Grossman, formerly Chief of the Shaded Relief and Special Graphics Unit, Branch of Special Maps, USGS, a specialist in the production of maps of Antarctica. 74°48′S 73°06′W  /  74.800°S 73.100°W  / -74.800; -73.100 . Two nunataks close together, lying 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north-northeast of Whitmill Nunatak in

672-535: The United States Postal Service are typically subject to normal copyright. Most USPS materials, artwork, and design and all postage stamps as of January 1, 1978, or after are subject to copyright laws. Works of the former United States Post Office Department are in the public domain (due to its former position as a cabinet department). 15 U.S.C.   § 290e authorizes U.S. Secretary of Commerce to secure copyright for works produced by

720-567: The military may differ significantly from civilian agency contracts. Civilian agencies and NASA are guided by the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). There are a number of FAR provisions that can affect the ownership of the copyright. FAR Subpart 27.4—Rights in Data and Copyright provides copyright guidance for the civilian agencies and NASA. Additionally, some agencies may have their own FAR Supplements that they follow. Under

768-401: The public domain . This act only applies to U.S. domestic copyright as that is the extent of U.S. federal law. The U.S. government asserts that it can still hold the copyright to those works in other countries. Publication of an otherwise protected work by the U.S. government does not put that work in the public domain. For example, government publications may include works copyrighted by

816-454: The 1976 Act required that, when the copies consist " 'preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government', the copyright notice (if any) identify those parts of the work in which copyright is claimed. A failure to meet this requirement would be treated as an omission of the notice", resulting, absent the application of some exception, in the loss of copyright protection. The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended

864-569: The Compilation Unit in the Branch of Special Maps, working for many years in the preparation of Antarctic maps. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Nunatak The word is of Greenlandic origin and has been used in English since the 1870s. The term nunatak is typically used in areas where

912-529: The Copyright Act that now govern U.S. Government work were enacted in 1976 as part of the Copyright Act of 1976 . The House Report to the enacted legislation stated that "the basic premise of section 105 of the bill is the same" as section 8 of the former title 17. Section 403 of the 1976 Act introduced a new provision concerning documents consisting preponderantly of one or more government works. In essence, such works would be denied copyright protection unless

960-477: The FAR general data rights clause (FAR 52.227-14), the government has unlimited rights in all data first produced in performance of or delivered under a contract, unless the contractor asserts a claim to copyright or the contract provides otherwise. Unless provided otherwise by an Agency FAR Supplement, a contractor may assert claim to copyright in scientific and technical articles based on or containing data first produced in

1008-583: The Federal Government had no right to claim copyright in a work prepared by him for the Government. Other decisions had held that individuals could not have copyright in books consisting of the text of Federal or State court decisions, statutes, rules of judicial procedures, etc., i.e., governmental edicts and rulings. Copyright was denied on the grounds of public policy: such material as the laws and governmental rules and decisions must be freely available to

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1056-445: The Government itself. Courts had, however, considered whether copyright could be asserted as to the text of laws, court decisions, governmental rules, etc., and concluded that such material were not subject to copyright as a matter of public policy. But other material prepared for State Governments by their employees, notably the headnotes, syllabi, annotations, etc. prepared by court reporters, had been held copyrightable on behalf of

1104-457: The Government, either separately or in a public document, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgment or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the copyright proprietor." The committee report on the bill that became the Act of 1909 explains that the savings clause was inserted "for

1152-649: The Grossman Nunataks, located 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southeast of Whitmill Nunatak. Named by US-ACAN after John R. House, USGS cartographer, who worked in the field at South Pole Station and Byrd Station, 1972-73. 74°54′S 72°47′W  /  74.900°S 72.783°W  / -74.900; -72.783 . Two nunataks lying 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) southwest of Barker Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from United States Navy aerial photographs taken 1965-68 and Landsat imagery taken 1973-74. Named by US-ACAN after James B. Fletcher, USGS cartographic technician who, with Kenneth Barker, formed

1200-523: The Grossman Nunataks, lying in the west part of the group 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) south-southwest of Smith Nunataks. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-68. Named by US-ACAN in 1987 after Leland D. Whitmill, USGS cartographer, a member of the field party on Darwin Glacier and Byrd Glacier, 1978-79. 74°56′S 72°57′W  /  74.933°S 72.950°W  / -74.933; -72.950 . One of

1248-530: The R4D party that flew to the vicinity of the eventual Eights Station in 1961 to set up a base camp. 74°57′S 72°37′W  /  74.950°S 72.617°W  / -74.950; -72.617 . One of the Grossman Nunataks, lying 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km; 4.0 mi) east-northeast of Cheeks Nunatak. Mapped by, USGS from United States Navy aerial photographs taken 1965-68. Named in 1987 by US-ACAN after Harold E. Fiebelman, USGS cartographer, who worked in

1296-493: The State. Such copyrights for the benefit of the State were sustained by the courts. Two cases before 1895 may also be noted with regard to the question of the rights of individual authors (or their successors) in material prepared for, or acquired by, the United States Government. In Heine v. Appleton , an artist was held to have no right to secure copyright in drawings prepared by him as a member of Commodore Perry's expedition, since

1344-525: The States. The Copyright Act of 1909 was the first copyright statute to address government publications. Section 7 of the Act (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist   ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof". Prior to the Printing Act of 1895, no statute governed copyright of U.S. government works. Court decisions had established that an employee of

1392-520: The U.S. government. Their works therefore fall under § 105 and lack copyright protection. Certain works, particularly logos and emblems of government agencies, while not copyrightable, are still protected by other laws that are similar in effect to trademark laws. Such laws are intended to protect indicators of source or quality. For example, some uses of the Central Intelligence Agency logo, name, and initialism are regulated under

1440-635: The USGS satellite surveying team at South Pole Station, winter party 1977. 74°53′S 72°42′W  /  74.883°S 72.700°W  / -74.883; -72.700 . One of the Grossman Nunataks, located 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) northeast of Fletcher Nunataks. Named by US-ACAN after Kenneth Barker, USGS cartographer who, with James B. Fletcher, formed the USGS satellite surveying team at South Pole Station, winter party 1977. 74°58′S 72°49′W  /  74.967°S 72.817°W  / -74.967; -72.817 . Three nunataks,

1488-399: The copies or phonorecords embodying any work or works protected under this title". Unlike works of the U.S. government, works produced by contractors under government contracts are protected under U.S. copyright law . The holdership of the copyright depends on the terms of the contract and the type of work undertaken. Contract terms and conditions vary between agencies; contracts to NASA and

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1536-467: The court decisions. These cases may be said to have established the principle that material prepared by a government employee outside of the scope of the public policy rule was copyrightable; and that the employee who prepared such material on his own could secure copyright therein. There appears to be no court decision before 1895 dealing directly with the question of whether the United States Government might obtain or hold copyright in material not within

1584-425: The drawings belonged to the Government. In Folsom v. Marsh , where a collection of letters and other private writings of George Washington had been published and copyrighted by his successors, the purchase of the manuscripts by the United States Government was held not to affect the copyright. The contention of the defendant that the Government's ownership of the manuscripts made them available for publication by anyone

1632-467: The federal government of the United States A work of the United States government is defined by the United States copyright law , as "a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties". Under section 105 of the Copyright Act of 1976 , such works are not entitled to domestic copyright protection under U.S. law and are therefore in

1680-444: The federal government purchased former U.S. President James Madison 's manuscripts from his widow, Dolley Madison , for $ 30,000. If this is construed as covering copyright as well as the physical papers, it would be an example of such a transfer. Works by certain independent agencies, corporations and federal subsidiaries may not be considered "government works" and may, therefore, be copyrightable. For instance, material produced by

1728-533: The field at Byrd Station and South Pole Station, 1972-73. 74°57′S 72°10′W  /  74.950°S 72.167°W  / -74.950; -72.167 . A nunatak rising to about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high, located 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) northwest of Neff Nunatak and 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) south-southwest of Gaylord Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from United States Navy aerial photographs taken 1965-68. Named in 1987 by US-ACAN after Robin A. Schmutzler, USGS cartographer,

1776-874: The largest being Cheeks Nunatak, rising to 1,310 metres (4,300 ft) high in the southwest part of Grossman Nunataks. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-68, and Landsat imagery, 1973-74. Named by US-ACAN after Harry L. Zohn, Jr., USGS topographic engineer, a member of the USGS-BAS geological party to the Orville Coast, 1977-78. 74°58′S 72°49′W  /  74.967°S 72.817°W  / -74.967; -72.817 . The largest and southernmost of three nunataks located 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) |northwest of Merrick Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Noble L. Cheeks, aviation electronics technician, member of

1824-405: The law to make the use of a copyright notice optional on copies of works published on and after March 1, 1989 and also revised Section 403. After the adoption of this act, a copyright notice was no longer necessary to secure copyright protection. Including the notice, however, does continue to confer certain benefits, notably in the challenging a defendant's claim of innocent infringement, where

1872-407: The northwest part of Grossman Nunataks. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-68, and Landsat imagery, 1973-74. Named in 1987 by US-ACAN after Thomas T. Smith, USGS cartographer, a member of the field party on Byrd Glacier and Darwin Glacier , 1978-79. 74°53′S 73°09′W  /  74.883°S 73.150°W  / -74.883; -73.150 . One of

1920-480: The performance of a contract and published in academic, technical or professional journals, symposia proceedings, or the like. The express written permission of the Contracting Officer is required before the contractor may assert or enforce the copyright in all other works first produced in the performance of a contract. However, if a contract includes Alternate IV of the clause, the Contracting Officer's approval

1968-408: The public and made known as widely as possible; hence there must be no restriction on the reproduction and dissemination of such documents. While copyright was denied in the text of court decisions, material added by a court reporter on his own – such as leadnotes, syllabi, annotations, indexes, etc. – was deemed copyrightable by him, although he was employed by the government to take down and compile

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2016-592: The public policy rule. But the question did arise with respect to State Governments. In the nineteenth century much of the public printing for the States was done under contract by private publishers. The publisher would not bear the expense of printing and publishing, however, unless he could be given exclusive rights. To enable the State to give exclusive rights to a publisher, a number of States enacted statutes providing that court reporters or other State officials who prepared copyrightable material in their official capacity should secure copyright in trust for or on behalf of

2064-442: The question of proper notice may be a factor in assessing damages in infringement actions. Under the revised Section 403, these benefits are denied to a work consisting predominantly U.S. Government works "unless the notice of copyright appearing on the published copies or phonorecords to which a defendant in the copyright infringement suit had access includes a statement identifying, either affirmatively or negatively, those portions of

2112-426: The reason that the Government often desires to make use in its publications of copyrighted material, with the consent of the owner of the copyright, and it has been regarded heretofore as necessary to pass a special act every time this was done, providing that such use by the Government should not be taken to give to anyone the right to use the copyrighted material found in the Government publication". The Sections of

2160-461: The required copyright notice included a statement specifically identifying those parts of the work that were not U.S. Government work, and therefore subject to copyright protection. According to the House Report, this provision was aimed at a publishing practice that, while technically justified under the present law, has been the object of considerable criticism. In cases where a Government work

2208-401: The right to distribute to the public, but for " commercial off the shelf software", the government typically obtains no better license than would any other customer. The federal government can hold copyrights that are transferred to it. Copyright law's definition of work of the United States government does not include work that the government owns but did not create. For example, in 1837,

2256-451: The softer contours of the glacially eroded land after a glacier retreats. They are not greatly affected by frost weathering , given the low frequency of freeze-thaw cycles in areas of ice caps and ice sheets. Typically nunataks are the only places where plant life can survive on ice sheets or ice caps. Lifeforms on nunataks are often isolated by the surrounding ice or glacier, providing unique habitats. Copyright status of works by

2304-535: Was denied. The Printing Law of 1895, which was designed to centralize in the Government Printing Office, the printing, binding, and distribution of Government documents, contained the first statutory prohibition of copyright in Government publications. Section 52 of that Law provides for the sale by the Public Printer of "duplicate stereotype or electrotype plates from which any Government publication

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