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43-786: Großheppach was first identified as Hegnesbach in 1236. Around 1350, the castle and village became a palatine fief under various feudal lords. Since 1456, parts of the village have been under Württemberg control; and since 1506, the entire village has belonged to Württemberg. Immediately upon becoming part of Württemberg, Großheppach belonged to the Württemberg administrative authority. Later, it became part of Oberamt Schorndorf (an administrative district within Württemberg). In 1807, it moved—like Endersbach —to Oberamt Waiblingen (a different administrative district within Württemberg). Großheppach has always been shaped by wine production. In addition to

86-511: A man in the service of his emperor. It was a knight with additional honors, they were entitled to exercise powers normally reserved to the crown. In Nazi Germany , Hermann Göring was also given the title "Paladin", referring to the tradition of a title that made the bearer second to the monarch. Paladin The Paladins , also called the Twelve Peers , are twelve legendary knights ,

129-708: Is produced in the locations Wanne and Steingrüble in Großheppach. Palatine A palatine or palatinus ( Latin ; pl. : palatini ; cf. derivative spellings below) is a high-level official attached to imperial or royal courts in Europe since Roman times. The term palatinus was first used in Ancient Rome for chamberlains of the Emperor due to their association with the Palatine Hill . The imperial palace guard, after

172-683: The Marca Hispanica between the Frankish Empire and the Emirate of Córdoba . The term paladin is from Old French , deriving from the Latin comes palatinus ( count palatine ), a title given to close retainers . The paladins remained a popular subject throughout medieval French literature . Literature of the Italian Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries) introduced more fantasy elements into

215-511: The Carolingian sovereigns (reigned 751–987). A Frankish capitulary of 882 and Hincmar, archbishop of Reims , writing about the same time, testify to the extent to which the judicial work of the Frankish Empire had passed into their hands. Instead of remaining near the person of the king, some of the counts palatine were sent to various parts of his empire to act as judges and governors,

258-671: The Counts Palatine of Champagne in the 13th century. The Count Palatine of the Rhine served as prince-elector from "time immemorial" (with Wigeric of Lotharingia reaching back to the late Carolingian era), noted as such in a papal letter of 1261, and confirmed as elector in the Golden Bull of 1356 . Palatin was also used as a title in the Kingdom of Hungary . In the French courtly literature of

301-506: The German Empire , and the County of Burgundy , while England , Ireland , and parts of British North America referred to rulers of counties palatine as palatines . The different spellings originate from the different languages that used the title throughout the ages (a phenomenon called lenition ). The word "palatine" evolved from the Latin word palatinus , asserting a connection to

344-596: The Merovingian dynasty (reigned 480–750) employed a high official, the comes palatinus , who at first assisted the king in his judicial duties and at a later date discharged many of these himself. Other counts palatine were employed on military and administrative work. In the Visigothic Kingdom , the Officium Palatinum consisted of a number of men with the title of count that managed the various departments of

387-700: The Norman dynasty entered the English language as palatine . The word paladin , referring to one of the legendary Twelve Peers of Charlemagne in the Matter of France , is also related. The word palatinus and its derivatives also translate the titles of certain great functionaries in eastern Europe, such as the Slavic voivode , a military governor of a province. In Poland the title of Palatyn ( Comes Palatinus ) has merged with that of Wojewoda ( Dux Exercituum ). The members of

430-592: The Palatine Hill , where the house of the Roman emperor was situated since Augustus (hence " palace "). The meaning of the term hardly changed, since Latin was the dominant language in medieval writing. But its spelling slightly changed in European languages: Latin palatinus , plural palatini was still an office in Merovingian times, today referred to as the Count Palatine . The word became in French palaisin , and with

473-598: The Saracen giant Fierabras. In some versions, Fierabras is converted to Christianity and joins the ranks of the paladins himself. In Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne they accompany their king on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and Constantinople in order to outdo the Byzantine Emperor Hugo. The Italian Renaissance authors Matteo Maria Boiardo and Ludovico Ariosto , whose works were once as widely read and respected as William Shakespeare 's, contributed prominently to

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516-481: The emperor , who lived in the imperial residence as part of the emperor's household. The title survived into the medieval period, as comes palatinus . However, the modern spelling paladin is now reserved for the fictional characters of the chanson de geste , while the conventional English translation of comes palatinus is count palatine . After the fall of Rome, a new feudal type of title, also known simply as palatinus , started developing. The Frankish kings of

559-671: The 12th century, the paladins are the twelve closest companions of Charlemagne , comparable to the role of the Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian romance. The names of the twelve paladins vary from romance to romance, and often more than twelve are named. The number is popular because it resembles the Twelve Apostles ( etc. ). Always named among the paladins are Roland and Oliver ; other recurring characters are Archbishop Turpin , Ogier

602-555: The Arthurian "Matter of Britain" enjoyed a major revival in the 19th century in the hands of the Romantic and Victorian poets, writers, and artists, the "Matter of France" has generally received less attention. The Song of Roland has nevertheless inspired numerous modern works, including Graham Greene 's The Confidential Agent (1939), and Stephen King's Dark Tower series. Emanuele Luzzati's animated short film, I paladini di Francia , together with Giulio Gianini , in 1960,

645-633: The Baroque era, Ariosto's poem was the basis of many operas. Among the earliest were Francesca Caccini 's La liberazione di Ruggiero dall'isola d'Alcina ("The Liberation of Ruggiero from Alcina's Island", 1625) and Luigi Rossi 's Il palazzo incantato (1642). Antonio Vivaldi staged three operas on themes from Ariosto: Orlando furioso (1713) by Giovanni Alberto Ristori , Orlando Furioso (1714), with music by Ristori and by himself, and Orlando (1727). In France, Jean-Baptiste Lully turned to Ariosto for his tragédie en musique Roland (1685). Perhaps

688-521: The Carolingian Court. They had various tasks: representatives of the king in the provinces, they were responsible for the administration of the royal domain and for protecting and guiding the legal system in certain duchies, such as Saxony and Bavaria , and, in particular, Lotharingia . Later other palatine rights were absorbed by ducal dynasties, by local families, or, in Italy, by bishops. Increasingly,

731-611: The Classical era and beyond with such examples as Niccolò Piccinni 's Roland (1778), Haydn 's Orlando paladino (1782), Méhul 's Ariodant (1799) and Simon Mayr 's Ginevra di Scozia (1801). The title of Paladin is revived in the early modern period for the closest retainers of a monarch. Thus, the leaders of armies supporting the Protestant Frederick V in the Thirty Years' War were named Paladins . Paladin

774-629: The Dane , Huon of Bordeaux , Fierabras , Renaud de Montauban and Ganelon . Their greatest moments come in The Song of Roland (written between c. 1040 and 1115), which depicts their defense of Charlemagne's army against the Saracens of Al-Andalus , and their deaths at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass due to the treachery of Ganelon . The Song of Roland lists the twelve paladins as Roland , Charlemagne 's nephew and

817-465: The Imperial Guard were named after Palatine Hill , the mythical founding place of Rome. On the same hill lived the members of the older of two schools of the ancient Salii brotherhood of God of War Mars , which had some symbolism in common with that of the imperial palace. Military training schools were the scholae , and the Imperial Guard was called Scholae Palatinae . It was a personal army that

860-545: The June 12th and 13th, 1704, in Gasthaus Lamm. This war council lead to victory in the Battle of Blenheim . On January 1, 1975, the previously independent towns of Beutelsbach , Endersbach , Strümpfelbach , Großheppach, and Schnait united to form the municipality of Weinstadt . The coat of arms displays a field of gold with a blue wavy fess , under which a grape vine with four bunches of grapes in natural colors lies. Wine

903-556: The Middle Ages, the judices palatini ( papal palace judges ) were the highest administrative officers of the pope's household. In Early Modern Britain, the term palatinate , or county palatine , was also applied to counties of lords who could exercise powers normally reserved to the crown. Likewise, there were palatine provinces among the English colonies in North America: Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore ,

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946-544: The chief hero among the paladins; Oliver , Roland's friend and strongest ally; and Gérin, Gérier (these two are killed in the same laisse [123] by the same Saracen, Grandonie), Bérengier, Otton, Samson, Engelier, Ivon, Ivoire, Anséis, Girard. Other characters elsewhere considered part of the twelve appear in the song, such as Archbishop Turpin and Ogier the Dane . The paladins figure into many chansons de geste and other tales associated with Charlemagne. In Fierabras (c. 1170), they retrieve holy relics stolen from Rome by

989-675: The count palatine of Lotharingia, whose office had been attached to the royal palace at Aachen from the 10th century onward, became the real successor to the Carolingian count palatine . From his office grew the Countship Palatine of the Rhine, or simply the Palatinate , which became a great territorial power from the time of the emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) (d. 1190) on. The term palatine reoccurs under Charles IV, but they had only voluntary jurisdiction and some honorific functions. In

1032-661: The districts ruled by them being called palatinates. By the High Middle Ages, the title "count" had become increasingly common, to the point that both great magnates who ruled regions that were the size of duchies, and local castle-lords, might style themselves "count". As the great magnates began to centralize their power over their local castle-lords, they felt the need to assert the difference between themselves and these minor "counts". Therefore, several of these great magnates began styling themselves "Count Palatine", signifying great counts ruling regions equivalent to duchies, such as

1075-470: The earliest is the Italian paladino . Modern French has paladin , Spanish has paladín or paladino (reflecting alternate derivations from the French and Italian), while German has Paladin . By extension, paladin has come to refer to any chivalrous hero such as King Arthur 's Knights of the Round Table . In the Roman imperial period, a palatinus was one of the closest retainers of

1118-449: The emperor was allowed to use personally on campaigns. From the Middle Ages on, the term palatine was applied to various officials across Europe. The most important of these was the comes palatinus , the count palatine , who in Merovingian and Carolingian times (5th through 10th century) was an official of the sovereign's household, in particular of his court of law in the imperial palaces (see kaiserpfalz ). The count palatine

1161-457: The foremost members of Charlemagne 's court in the 8th century. They first appear in the medieval (12th century) chanson de geste cycle of the Matter of France , where they play a similar role to the Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian romance . In these romantic portrayals, the chivalric paladins represent Christianity against a Saracen (Muslim) invasion of Europe. The names of

1204-524: The government of Württemberg, the cloister Weiler near Esslingen had tithing rights, and the Kartäuser cloister Christgarten (near Ederheim in the Donau Ries district) possessed a vineyard until the late 18th century and had a local economic branch ( Pflegehof ) in town. The war council of the three field marshals—Prince Eugene of Savoy , Duke of Marlborough , and Margrave Louis William of Baden —took place on

1247-519: The king's household. In the 9th century Carolingian rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later the title was resurrected by Otto I though the new empire was now centered on Germany rather than France . Under the German kings of the Saxon and Salian dynasties (10th to 12th century), the function of the counts palatine corresponded to those of the missi dominici at

1290-602: The legend, which later became a popular subject for operas in the Baroque music of the 16th and 17th centuries. During the 19th and early 20th centuries the term was reused outside fiction for small numbers of close military confidants serving national leaders. Modern depictions of paladins are often an individual knight-errant holy warrior or combat healer, influenced by the paladin character class that appeared in Dungeons & Dragons in 1975. The earliest recorded instance of

1333-400: The literary and poetical reworking of the tales of the epic deeds of the paladins. Their works, Orlando Innamorato and Orlando Furioso , send the paladins on even more fantastic adventures than their predecessors. They list the paladins quite differently, but keep the number at twelve. Boiardo and Ariosto's paladins are Orlando (Roland), Charlemagne 's nephew and the chief hero among

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1376-469: The most famous operas inspired by the poem are those by Handel : Orlando (1733), Ariodante and Alcina (1735). Les Paladins is a 1760 opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau . The plot is based on a verse tale by La Fontaine , Le petit chien qui secoue de l'argent et des pierreries , itself derived from an episode in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso . The enthusiasm for operas based on Ariosto continued into

1419-445: The paladins vary between sources, but there are always twelve of them (a number with Christian associations ) led by Roland (spelled Orlando in later Italian sources). The paladins' most influential appearance is in The Song of Roland , written between 1050 and 1115, which narrates the heroic death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . The legend is based on the historical Umayyad invasion of Gaul and subsequent conflict in

1462-605: The paladins; Oliver , the rival to Roland; Ferumbras ( Fierabras ), the Saracen who became a Christian; Astolpho , descended from Charles Martel and cousin to Orlando; Ogier the Dane ; Ganelon the betrayer, who appears in Dante Alighieri 's Inferno ; Rinaldo ( Renaud de Montauban ); Malagigi ( Maugris ), a sorcerer; Florismart, a friend to Orlando; Guy de Bourgogne; Namo ( Naimon or Namus), Duke of Bavaria, Charlemagne's trusted adviser; and Otuel, another converted Saracen. In

1505-679: The rise of Constantine I , were also called the Scholae Palatinae for the same reason. In the Early Middle Ages the title became attached to courts beyond the imperial one; one of the highest level of officials in the papal administration were called the judices palatini . Later the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties had counts palatine , as did the Holy Roman Empire . Related titles were used in Hungary , Poland , Lithuania ,

1548-524: The royal household. The Comes Cubiculariorum oversaw the chamberlains , the Comes Scanciorun directed the cup-bearers, the Comes Stabulorum directed the equerries in charge of the stables, etc. The Ostrogothic Kingdom also maintained palatine counts with titles such as Comes Patrimonium, who was in charge of the patrimonial or private real estate of the king, and others. The system was maintained by

1591-660: The word paladin in the English language dates to 1592, in Delia (Sonnet XLVI) by Samuel Daniel . It entered English through the Middle French word paladin , which itself derived from the Latin palatinus , ultimately from the name of Palatine Hill — also translated as 'of the palace ' in the Frankish title of Mayor of the Palace . A presumptive Old French form * palaisin

1634-425: Was already loaned into late Middle English as palasin in c.  1400 . Over time paladin came to refer to other high-level officials in the imperial, majestic and royal courts. The word palatine , used in various European countries in the medieval and modern eras, has the same derivation. By the 13th century, words referring specifically to Charlemagne's peers began appearing in European languages;

1677-595: Was granted palatine rights in Maryland in 1632, as were the proprietors of the Carolinas in 1663. And although with tongue in cheek, legal historian John Phillip Reid once asked if the Hudson's Bay Company jurisdiction of " Rupert's Land can be analogized to a county palatine". His question is yet to receive serious scholarly attention. In 19th-century Germany , Paladin was an official rank and considered an honorary title for

1720-597: Was reportedly inspired by the protagonist of the 1962 fantasy novel Three Hearts and Three Lions , which was itself a pastiche of various elements of medieval and post-medieval legend, including elements of the Matter of France. I paladini — storia d'armi e d'amori is a 1983 Italian fantasy film. As a character class in video games, the Paladin stock character was introduced in 1985, in The Bard's Tale . In Age of Empires II ,

1763-430: Was the official representative at proceedings of the court such as oath takings or judicial sentences and was in charge of the records of those developments. At first he examined cases in the king's court and was authorized to carry out the decisions, in time, these rights extended to having his own judicial rights. In addition to those responsibilities, the count palatine had administrative functions, especially concerning

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1806-638: Was turned into the children's picture-story book, with verse narrative, I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz ('The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz', 1962). This was republished in English, as Ronald and the Wizard Calico (1969). In the later 20th century, Paladin has become a trope in modern fantasy . A paladin character class was first introduced in 1975 for Dungeons & Dragons in Supplement I – Greyhawk . The Dungeons & Dragons character class

1849-586: Was used informally of the closest confidants of the German Emperor . Thus, Die Gartenlaube in 1871 named Albrecht von Roon , Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke as "the three Paladins of the German Emperor". Similarly, British generals Garnet Wolseley and Frederick Roberts have been dubbed "Queen Victoria's Paladins". Following this template, Adolf Hitler used to refer to Hermann Göring as his Paladin . While

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