72-553: The Grey Nuns of Montreal is a Canadian religious institute of Roman Catholic religious sisters. Grey Nuns may also refer to: Grey Nuns The Sisters of Charity of Montreal , formerly called The Sisters of Charity of the Hôpital Général of Montreal and more commonly known as the Grey Nuns of Montreal , is a Canadian religious institute of Roman Catholic religious sisters , founded in 1737 by Marguerite d'Youville ,
144-516: A band government organized under the Indian Act . The treaty also promised to provide for the salaries of teachers, and the cost of school buildings and equipment "as may seem advisable to His Majesty's government of Canada." In 1906, the federal government began funding St. Anne's Indian Residential School , which had opened under the direction of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and the Grey Nuns of
216-541: A "'fact-finding' visit." There, according to then Chair of the Mushkegowuk Council RoseAnne Archibald , he was "caught off guard" by a rally of students chanting demands for a new school building. According to The Nation , students had been pushing for a new school "for years," because the building housing the school at the time also housed the band office and education office, and was in constant need of repairs, having at one point been shut down upon
288-616: A homemade electric chair was reportedly used on the children for the amusement of the staff, among other severe abuses. Survivor testimony later sparked a long-running OPP investigation; two nuns were eventually convicted of assault for their actions at St Anne's. The Sisters also worked at the Holy Angels Residential School in Fort Chipewyan . The Mikisew Cree First Nation , Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation and Fort Chipewyan Métis Community have hired archaeologists from
360-457: A notorious bootlegger. Marguerite d'Youville and her colleagues adopted the particular black and beige dress of their religious institute in 1755: despite a lack of grey colour, they kept the nickname. When a Grey Nun worked as a nurse in a hospital, she usually exchanged her taupe habit for a white one. They wore a bonnet instead of a veil, as that was more practical for everyday work. The rule given to Marguerite d'Youville and her companions by
432-466: A permanent all-season road to the communities. The project, if undertaken, will entail a "coastal road" connecting the four communities with each other, as well as a road to link the coastal road to the provincial highway system at Fraserdale , Kapuskasing or Hearst . In January 2021, the 311-kilometre James Bay Winter Ice Road was under construction, to connect Attawapiskat, Kashechewan, Fort Albany and Moosonee. It opened some time in winter 2021 and
504-892: A presence in the First Nation through the Fort Albany Canadian Ranger Patrol, part of the 3rd Canadian Ranger Patrol Group. The Fort Albany Patrol launched in January 1995 with 20 Cree Rangers. The community of Fort Albany is accessible by air, water, and the winter road . The winter road is used only between January and March. Air Creebec provides Fort Albany with daily passenger flights, with connecting flights to Toronto , Montreal and/or other points of travel. These arrangements are done in Timmins on Air Creebec, Air Canada , Thunder Airlines , or Bearskin Airlines . Fort Albany
576-534: A promise of a $ 4 annuity . The paylist booklet for the Fort Albany visit recorded 201 families in the community, with 278 total people receiving their gift. Charlie Stephen was the Chief that signed with an X on behalf of the Fort Albany community, along with nine headmen, who also signed with an X. According to the journals of Commissioners Scott and Stewart, both Indian Affairs employees, "full explanations were given of
648-520: A state of emergency over a housing crisis that was forcing families into the cold due to a lack of housing. From August 23 to 26, 2012, Fort Albany and Kashechewan held a gathering called Mamkeewanan: Protecting Paquataskamik at the Old Post site, their ancestors' first settlement in the area, to commemorate their shared history. Plans were made to put up signs around the site and plan further educational excusions. The present-day community of Fort Albany
720-559: A trading post at the site, where the company traded goods with the Indigenous people of the area. During the ensuing centuries of the fur trade era, the Mushkegowuk did not sell or give away any land, but traded furs and goods with the traders at the posts, who numbered no more than a few dozen at a time. As of 1856, the Hudson's Bay Company estimated that there were 1,100 Indians living in
792-467: A young widow. The congregation was founded when Marguerite d'Youville and three of her friends formed a religious association to care for the poor. They rented a small house in Montreal on 30 October 1738, taking in a small number of destitute persons. On 3 June 1753 the society received royal sanction, which also transferred to them the rights and privileges previously granted by letters patent in 1694 to
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#1732923060124864-682: Is accessible only by air, water, or by winter road . The First Nation is a signatory of Treaty 9 , and is part of the Mushkegowuk Council , within the Nishnawbe Aski Nation . The community is policed by the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service , an Indigenous police service. It shares band members and the Fort Albany 67 Indian Reserve with the Kashechewan First Nation , which separated from Fort Albany starting in
936-561: Is also accessible via the waters of James Bay and the Albany River. Moosonee Transportation Limited provides barge service, carrying supplies at least once or twice each summer by traveling up and down the coast to each community. Freighter canoes can travel from Fort Albany to Calstock and return whenever the water levels are sufficient to make river travel possible. During the summer months, people use outboard motors and canoes for other activities, such as hunting, trapping, and fishing. During
1008-447: Is characterised by a yearly mean temperature below the freezing point at −2 °C (28 °F). There are very short transitional periods. Fort Albany's climate becomes colder after the bay freezes over. During summer, temperatures reach an average high of 22 °C (71.6 °F). October temperatures are relatively mild, on average six degrees milder than April. The annual precipitation rate averages 569 millimetres (22.4 in), which
1080-531: Is noticeably higher in summer than at other times of the year. A regular occurrence in the climate of Fort Albany is the annual break-up of ice on the coast of James Bay during the spring thaw , which can cause massive flooding in the community, as well as dangerous ice floes floating downriver. During the break-up, the islands are usually disconnected from the mainland. Dangerous levels of flooding have frequently prompted residents to be evacuated in freight canoes or be airlifted to urban centres further inland. In
1152-571: Is represented by the Nishnawbe Aski Nation (NAN), a political organization that advocates and provides services for 49 First Nations across Treaty 9 and Treaty 5 territory. The NAN's headquarters are located in Thunder Bay . Fort Albany sits within the provincial electoral district Mushkegowuk—James Bay since its creation in 2018. At the federal level, Fort Albany is part of the Timmins—James Bay riding. The Canadian Armed Forces have
1224-489: Is situated on the south bank of the Albany river, near where it empties into James Bay. The community is made up of three sections: one on the mainland, one on Sinclair Island, and one on Andersen Island. The community also shares the Fort Albany 67 reserve on the north shore of the river with Kashechewan. Fort Albany has a subarctic climate ( Köppen Climate Classification Dfc ) with mild summers and severely cold winters. This
1296-511: Is the language of the Mushkegowuk. Children are taught in Cree and English at an early age. The community consists of quite a mixture of linguistics, with English, French , Cree , Ojibway , and Oji-Cree spoken. The two main forms of spirituality practised in Fort Albany are Christianity ( Roman Catholicism ) and Cree spirituality . The basic economy of the area is a subsistence allowance. There are seasonal jobs that involve construction work for
1368-610: The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation . As of 2021 , the Catholic Church as a whole had not issued a formal apology for its role in the residential school system, although some dioceses and orders had issued their own apologies. The city residents mocked the nuns by calling them "les grises" – a phrase meaning both "the grey women" and "the drunken women", in reference to the color of their attire and d'Youville's late husband, François-Magdeleine You d’Youville (1700–1730),
1440-697: The University of Alberta to search the grounds of the school for unmarked graves reported by former students. The search began in March 2022. Other residential schools where the sisters worked include Île-à-la-Crosse Residential School , Lac la Biche (Notre Dame des Victoires) Residential School , St. Albert (Youville) Residential School, Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School , St. Boniface Residential School, Assiniboia Indian Residential School , Shubenacadie Indian Residential School , Fort Providence Residential School, Blue Quills Residential School ,
1512-630: The 1990s, the First Nation built dikes to guard against high waters caused by the break-up. In 2020, Fort Albany and Kashechewan began the "On the Land" program, an initiative to support community members to live on the land during the break-up, in order to wait out the rising waters. This initiative was born out of concerns about air travel arising from the COVID-19 pandemic , and had the added benefit of promoting traditional food harvesting, intergenerational knowledge sharing, and language education. According to
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#17329230601241584-752: The Albany District, which at the time included the trading posts of Fort Albany, Marten Falls , Osnaburg, and Lac Seul . The Canadian Pacific Railway was completed in 1885, passing near the height of the land that defined the James and Hudson Bay watershed. Between Confederation , the Canadian acquisition of Rupert's Land, and the new railroad, Indigenous people living in the James Bay watershed faced many problems including declining animal resources, sickness , and trespassing European poachers and mining prospectors. In
1656-431: The Albany River and held a signing ceremony at Fort Albany on August 3, 1905. Fort Albany was their fourth signing on the 1905 voyage. The expedition explained some aspects of the agreement to community representatives through interpreters, after which the representatives signed with their names or a cross. The community was then given a Union Jack , and cash gifts were offered to each community member, most receiving $ 8 and
1728-784: The Cross in 1902 at the site of the Fort Albany Mission on Albany Island. The school was part of the Canadian Indian residential school system . According to the Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada , St. Anne's "was home to some of the most harrowing examples of abuse against Indigenous children in Canada." Students at the school came from First Nations around the James Bay region, including Fort Albany, Attawapiskat , Weenusk , Constance Lake , Moose Fort , and Fort Severn . The school
1800-575: The Dominican Republic. They once operated a number of major hospitals in Canada; as provincial governments and church, authorities moved to standardize both ownership and operation of hospitals, many of these hospitals passed into the hands of Church corporations (or, in some cases, governmental organizations) and the Grey Nuns changed focus. The Grey Nuns' Hospital building built in 1765 in Montreal
1872-464: The Dominion government to make a treaty . They were asking for a treaty along the lines of the nearby Robinson Treaties of 1870 and Treaty 3 of 1873. At first, due to conflict over provincial boundaries, jurisdiction over natural resources, and how much responsibility province's had to pay treaty annuities, Canada ignored the requests. Following a petition from local Indigenous leaders in summer 1901,
1944-588: The Frères Hospitaliers de la Croix et de Saint-Joseph, known after their founder as the Frères Charon. At that time they also took over the work of the bankrupt Frères Charon at the Hôpital Général de Montréal located outside the city walls. (In the seventeenth century, a "general hospital" was an institution that took in old people, the ill, and the poor. Medical care was dispensed at the Hôtel Dieu.) In 1755
2016-559: The Grey nuns in 1803. She served in the infirmary and pharmacy, and later became mistress of novices. In 1840, Thuot and three other sisters left Montreal to establish a community in the rural farming community of Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, and soon founded the Hotel-Dieu for their health care ministry. As a way to raise funds to support themselves and their ministry, they also took in female pensionnaires. In response to increased industrialization of
2088-598: The King had ordered a feast of tea and bannock. It is not clear whether the commissioners promised that the Crees' hunting and fishing rights would be unchanged, or that nobody would have to live on reserve, both of which were promised when the expedition reached Moose Factory and New Post. Following the explanation of the treaty, William Goodwin spoke on behalf of the community, and presented his message in Cree syllabics , expressing their thanks to
2160-486: The King. Part of Goodwin's message was reproduced in a 1906 magazine article by Scott. Following the signing and payment, a celebratory feast took place, medicine was offered, and the expedition moved on, travelling down the coast in York boats to Moose Factory. The text of Treaty 9 called for reserve lands to be set aside based on a proportion of 1 square mile (2.6 square kilometres) per family of five, as well as establishing
2232-541: The Oblates and the Grey Nuns was to provide a Catholic education (in competition with schools operated by Anglicans ) and to give limited secular education. These early mission boarding schools never recruited more than a small percentage of the number of school-aged children in the region. Though often at odds, the Canadian government and the various religious organizations operating residential schools agreed that Indigenous cultural practices had to be suppressed. Students at
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2304-738: The Sisters moved to a larger building that came to be called L'Hopital Generale Ste. Marie - St. Mary's General Hospital. St. Mary's developed into Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center . The only American congregation of Grey Nuns, the Grey Nuns of the Sacred Heart branched off from the Ottawa congregation in 1921, to establish an independent English-speaking congregation to minister in the United States. They founded D'Youville College in Buffalo, New York. In 1966,
2376-475: The Sulpician priest, Father Louis Normant de Faradon, P.S.S, in 1745 received episcopal sanction in 1754, when Monseigneur de Pontbriant formed the society into an official religious community. This rule forms the basis of the present constitution, which was approved by Pope Leo XIII on 30 July 1880. Besides the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience , the sisters pledge themselves to devote their lives to
2448-499: The Treaty and its provisions" and the signing meeting included "[making] choice of Reserve." The third commissioner, a miner from Perth representing Ontario, explained in further detail in his journal what was discussed, namely the gift and annuity, that the King "wished to set aside a tract of land for their sole use and benefit upon wh[ich] no white man would be permitted to trespass," and that
2520-474: The ability of LaBelle and the Bank of Nova Scotia to halt all business in the community for five days as an example of institutional racism . On July 2, 1996, Arthur Scott was elected to be the new chief of Fort Albany. Within a few months of Scott's election, a petition calling for his removal as chief was signed by 186 people, claiming that Scott was "arrogant and running the band undemocratically," including firing
2592-674: The area, in 1864 they founded the workhouse of Saint Geneviève to " procure work for the poor women when they are unable to find any on the outside." The workhouse produced woollen fabric and soap, and provided employment for ten women, fifteen girls, one man, and three boys. They became a separate pontifical congregation in 1896. In 1888 the sisters founded the first hospital in Lewiston, Maine, called variously "the Sisters' Hospital", "the French Hospital", or "the Catholic Hospital". In 1902
2664-730: The assembly. Scott alleged that the band's finances had been mismanaged by the previous council, and claimed that the band's construction company was not owned by the band, but by its former manager. In 2007, mould, fungus, and dangerous toxins were found contaminating 26 recently-constructed houses, which caused residents to get sick. Deputy Chief of the Mushkegowuk Council Leo Friday and a local doctor offered building code violations, improper drainage, and faulty construction as possible causes. Commentators drew comparisons with similar problems faced by Kashechewan. In late April 2008, Fort Albany experienced its worst flood since 1985,
2736-480: The band council's website, the community has a population of around 1200, while the band consists of approximately 5000 band members, which are shared with Kashechewan First Nation. A majority of the residents surveyed for the 2021 Canadian census (420 of 775) reported speaking an Indigenous language to some degree at home, all but 75 of which also spoke English to some degree. 350 residents surveyed reported only speaking English at home. The Swampy Cree language
2808-650: The community. Since 2022, the government has followed a custom election code, after having used the method laid out in the Indian Act since 1909. The current chiefs and councillors are: The nation is part of the Mushkegowuk Council , a council of chiefs for eight Cree nations in Northern Ontario which coordinates the activities of its member nations. The head office of the Council is located in Moose Factory. Fort Albany
2880-801: The disabled, and some health care facilities. St. Boniface General Hospital in Winnipeg is still owned by the Grey Nuns; hospitals previously owned, operated, or enlarged by the institute include the former Holy Cross Hospital in Calgary , St. Paul's Hospital in Saskatoon , and the Grey Nuns Community Hospital in Edmonton . Many of these health care institutions were founded by missionary nuns sent out from convents in Quebec and Ontario. Grey Nuns may work with
2952-524: The discovery of asbestos in the ceilings and walls. Ultimately, the minister's visit frustrated leaders in the region, since he did not commit to solutions for the problems they were presenting him with. A new school building finished construction in November 2001. In 1995, the band council's bank account was frozen for five days when M. J. LaBelle Co. Ltd. enforced a garnishment against the government for $ 60,000 of debt. Chief Edmund Metatawabin characterized
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3024-404: The elected education committee one year before their mandate expired. On September 5, 95 members of the band held what they referred to as a "custom election", the likes of which had not been seen in Fort Albany in around three decades. The "custom election" elected Bernard Sutherland as chief. Scott refused to step down, and did not recognize the "custom election", turning down his own nomination at
3096-481: The federal government, demanding new infrastructure, Indigenous rights , and self-government . The Grand Council of Treaty 9 was founded in February 1973 as an advocacy organization for First Nations governments party to Treaty 9. It later reorganized into the Nishnawbe Aski Nation . In 1958, sectarian violence erupted between Anglican and Roman Catholic families in Fort Albany, which led one Anglican family to leave
3168-560: The incarcerated. Some chapters are also dedicated to peace and justice; at least one chapter, the Grey Nuns of the Sacred Heart , has declared its properties a nuclear-free zone. Although the institute's informal name contains the word "nuns", members are actually classified by the Roman Catholic Church as religious sisters , as they are not cloistered and belong to a congregation, not an order . They no longer wear their distinctive habit and now wear street clothes. In 1993 it
3240-448: The land. Since 1909, an elected band government has been in charge of the reserve. Following the split with Kashechewan in 1977, each community has had its own band council. Fort Albany's electoral system followed the Indian Act until 2022, when a custom election code was put in place. Fort Albany First Nation is governed by a band council, consisting of a chief, deputy chief, and seven councillors, all of whom are elected by members of
3312-566: The late 1950s. Fort Albany First Nation is situated on Sinclair and Anderson Islands, as well as on the south shore on the mainland of the river. The Nation controls the Fort Albany Indian Settlement on the south shore of the Albany River, and the Kashechewan First Nation controls the Kashechewan Indian Settlement directly across the river. The First Nation is located near the former site of Fort Albany , one of
3384-449: The late nineteenth century, the ancestors of the present-day Fort Albany and Kashechewan First Nations people established their first settlement in the area, known as Old Post. The site was occupied until the mid-1950s, when families were forced to relocate due to intense spring flooding of the area. In order to ensure the protection of their rights, as well as to halt the decline of the local beaver population, Indigenous leaders petitioned
3456-525: The main population centre on the south shore and island that constituted the Old Post, and relocate to the north shore of the river. This site would become known as Kashechewan . In the following three years, most of the Anglican families of Fort Albany moved to the north shore. By 1960, the Department of Indian Affairs recognized the new community as independent, but Fort Albany and Kashechewan continued to share
3528-659: The major capital projects like the dyke, the new school, and the Mid Canada Line. There are the traditional economic activities like trapping, fishing and hunting. There are a small number of employment opportunities including the Fort Albany First Nation Administration office, Mundo Peetabeck Education authority, Peetabeck Health Services. Fort Albany Power Authority, James Bay General Hospital, Northern Store, Air Creebec, and other small private owned businesses. From August 4 to 6, 2005, Fort Albany hosted
3600-512: The mother house moved to Yardley, Pennsylvania . The sisters serve in a variety of ministries in the East Coast states New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts as well as in Georgia and Alaska. As of 2008 the various Grey Nun branches operate in Canada, the United States, Colombia, Brazil, Japan, Haiti, Central African Republic, South Africa, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, Bahamas, and
3672-458: The northern United States. In 1855, the Grey Nuns were called to Toledo, Ohio, to care for many suffering from cholera. St. Vincent's later became part of Catholic Health Partners . St. Joseph Hospital was founded in 1906 in Nashua, by the parish of St. Louis de Gonzague primarily to serve Nashua's French Canadian community. The Sisters of Charity of Montreal began to staff it in 1907. The hospital
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#17329230601243744-603: The nuns' legacy will live on in other ways. Fort Albany First Nation#Old Fort Albany Fort Albany First Nation ( Cree : ᐲᐦᑖᐯᒄ ᐃᓕᓕᐗᒃ pîhtâpek ililiwak , "lagoon Cree") is a Cree First Nation in Cochrane District in Northeastern Ontario , Canada, within the territory covered by Treaty 9 . Situated on the southern shore of the Albany River on the west coast of James Bay , Fort Albany First Nation
3816-508: The oldest Hudson's Bay Company trading posts, from which it gets its English name. The current community is not the site of the old post, which was re-located several times including on Anderson Island, Albany Island (c.1721) and a location just northeast of the current community. The last trading post was closed up around the 1950s. All the post sites have disappeared and naturalized, leaving no trace of their former use. The Mushkegowuk or Swampy Cree had hunted, fished, gathered, and lived on
3888-539: The residence at Fort Smith , Fort Resolution Indian Residential School, and Chesterfield Inlet (Turquetil Hall) Residential School. The Sisters and the Oblates objected to the characterization of their actions during the IRSSA process, stating that they felt many students had positive experiences and that some of their members had been falsely accused. As of 2018 , the Sisters had not turned over several thousand photos and records which they had promised to return to
3960-450: The result of ice floes breaking through the dikes constructed along the Albany River during the annual breakup. 334 people were evacuated to cities further south starting April 28, with around 300 more evacuated the following day out of a total population of around 900. Deputy Chief Andrew Linklater was disappointed by the federal government's delayed response. On October 28, 2011, alongside Kashechewan and Attawapiskat, Fort Albany declared
4032-458: The same chief and council. In the 1977 they came to have separate band councils. Fort Albany and Kashechewan are treated as separate bands, and function as separate bands today. New Fort Albany is mostly a Roman Catholic community, while Kashechewan is mainly Anglican . In late 1994, Minister for Indian Affairs Ron Irwin visited Fort Albany, among other Western James Bay First Nations, on what independent magazine The Nation referred to as
4104-669: The same time that a new school building was completed to replace it. In the 1950s and 1960s, the fur trade era was coming to an end, and the Cree had begun to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. Around this time, the Old Post site was abandoned in favour of the current site of Fort Albany, on the eastern end of Sinclair Island. The federal government began to provide housing for Cree people who wanted to settle permanently at Fort Albany, and government transfer payments began, initially around $ 35 per year for most families. With increased community organization and concentrated resources, Indigenous people began more vocally to assert their rights to
4176-490: The school was transferred to the Fort Albany band council. In 1990, then-chief of Fort Albany Edmund Metatawabin set in motion a reunion conference about the abuses he and other residential school survivors had experienced at the school, which led a 5-year long investigation including 900 interviews, and finally to seven people being charged with criminal offences in the late 90s, with another former staff member charged in 2023. The school's rectory burned down in 2001, around
4248-539: The schools were subjected to physical and Sexual abuse ; insufficient food; and being forbidden to speak their native languages or engage in their cultural practices. This treatment has been deemed cultural genocide by the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission . The Sisters worked at one of the most notorious schools, St. Anne's Indian Residential School (located in Fort Albany , Ontario ), where
4320-483: The service of suffering humanity. The sisters undertook the first mission by a female religious institute to Western Canada in 1844, when a colony of Grey Nuns left their convent in Montreal and travelled to Saint Boniface , on the shore of the Red River . Several sister communities branched off from the Sisters of Charity of Montreal: The congregation was founded by Marie-Michel-Archange Thuot (Mother Thuot). She joined
4392-575: The sisters cared for those stricken during a smallpox epidemic. As the sisters were not cloistered, they could go out to visit the sick. Those assisted included the First Nations people in Oka, who were among the benefactors who later helped rebuild the hospital after a fire in 1765. After 1840, the order rapidly expanded, and over the next 100 years became a major provider of health care and other social services throughout Quebec, Western and Northern Canada, and
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#17329230601244464-558: The terms of the written treaty. According to an exhibit by the Archives of Ontario, the Province's demands included "that no Indigenous reserves in the treaty territory would be located in areas with hydro-electricity development potential greater than 500 horsepower ." The Dominion and the Province agreed to the terms of Treaty No. 9 (also known as The James Bay Treaty ) in July 1905, without consulting any Indigenous peoples, who they then went to for ratification. The Treaty Expedition, which included Duncan Campbell Scott , traveled down
4536-453: The third annual Creefest (Ininiw Maskoshewin), a Mushkegowuk Council-organized festival celebrating Cree culture. In 2021, former Chief Mike Metatawabin and Swiss musician Manuel Menrath [ de ] collaborated on a live online performance of Metatawabin's spoken word set to Menrath's music. The piece was titled "Songs of the Land: A Spoken Word Experience" and included themes of his experience at St. Anne's residential school and
4608-410: The treaty-making process begun. Upon the discovery in 1904 of minerals in Northwestern Ontario, the creation of a treaty became more urgent for the government of Canada. In negotiations with the provincial government, they set about creating a treaty in order to secure the possibility of mining, timber, rail, and hydro-electric development in the region. By May 1905, Canada and Ontario were determining
4680-462: The western shore of James Bay and in the Albany River watershed from time immemorial by the time the first Europeans arrived. They had shared the territory with other Algonquian peoples , including the Anishinaabe , that sharing being "conditional upon mutually satisfactory relations, a flexible, renewable agreement among equals symbolized by gift-giving and feasting, and accompanied by speech-making." According to anthropological research, their society
4752-518: The winter months, skidoos are the main transportation around the community. There are pick-up trucks, vans, and all-terrain vehicles owed by both businesses and individuals. The winter road was completed in the early spring of 1974. It is also used extensively during the winter months. This road is maintained by contractors. The road links all the surrounding communities, such as Attawapiskat , Moosonee , Moose Factory , and Kashechewan . Feasibility studies have recently been undertaken on construction of
4824-427: Was based around the extended family, organized into loose patrilineal bands. During the winter, these bands distributed themselves along the river watershed, and congregated into larger groups of 300-700 people at prime fishing locations in the summer. Around 1675, Charles Bayly , the first overseas governor of the Hudson's Bay Company explored the area around the mouth of the Albany river. In 1679, he established
4896-472: Was dedicated on 1 May 1908, the Feast of St. Joseph the Worker. The sister also started a nursing school. In 1938, the parish transferred ownership to the "Grey Nuns". In 1983 the Sisters of Charity of Montreal established Covenant Health Systems , a non-profit Catholic regional health care system, to direct, support and conduct their health care, elder care and social service systems throughout New England. In 1996, sponsorship of St. Joseph Hospital in Nashua
4968-410: Was designated a national Historic Site of Canada in 1973 to commemorate the Grey Nuns. In 2011, Grey Nuns Motherhouse , the former motherhouse of the Grey Nuns in Montreal, now part of Concordia University , was also designated a National Historic Site. They now operate shelters for battered women (with and without children), shelters for women in need, clothing and food dispensaries, centres for
5040-408: Was estimated that there were just under 3,000 Grey Nuns in Canada, mainly in Quebec and Ontario . In March 2013, the Mother House in downtown Montreal was vacated by its remaining Grey Nuns, after having sold the property to Concordia University in 2005. The building was subsequently renovated. The Quebec congregation has not recruited any new members since before 2000. Sister Bernadette said
5112-408: Was relocated to the north shore of the Albany River in 1932. It burned down in 1939 and was rebuilt. Once the Ste-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jesus residential school in Chisasibi opened in the 1930s, children from Fort Albany also attended that school. The Government of Canada took over the management of St. Anne's in 1965, and took over the residence in 1970. In 1976, the residence stopped operating, and
5184-581: Was transferred from the Grey Nuns to Covenant Health Systems . The Sisters worked as nurses and teachers in a number of Indian Residential Schools , as the preferred missionary partners of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate , who were not allowed to teach girls. The Oblates paid parents to allow their children to attend boarding schools. At the schools, they participated in the effort to remove children from their traditional Indigenous ways of life, in order to "civilize" them. The main goal of
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