The Green Party of Minnesota is a green political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota . It is affiliated with the Green Party of the United States .
64-638: The Grassroots Party was a political third party in the United States established in 1986 to oppose drug prohibition . The party shared many of the progressive values of the Farmer–Labor Party but with an emphasis on cannabis / hemp legalization issues, and the organization traced their roots to the Youth International Party of the 1960s. The Grassroots Party was active in the U.S. states of Iowa , Minnesota , and Vermont . The party
128-458: A Grassroots Party candidate. In California the top two vote-getters in the primary advance to the general election. Sotelo did not make it onto the ballot. The Canvas , the newsletter of the Grassroots Party of Minnesota, was published quarterly from 1991 until 1996. It reached a circulation of 5,000 printed copies. The name of The Canvas was inspired by Webster's Dictionary definition of
192-535: A Republican primary in 2010, Bill Walker of Alaska won a single term in 2013 as an independent by joining forces with the Democratic nominee. In 1998, wrestler Jesse Ventura was elected governor of Minnesota on the Reform Party ticket. Sometimes a national officeholder that is not a member of any party is elected. Previously, Senator Lisa Murkowski won re-election in 2010 as a write-in candidate after losing
256-573: A candidate-based PR system, has only rarely been used to elect more than 21 in a single contest. Some PR systems use at-large pooling or regional pooling in conjunction with single-member districts (such as the New Zealand MMP and the Scottish additional member system ). Other PR systems use at-large pooling in conjunction with multi-member districts ( Scandinavian countries ). Pooling is used to allocate leveling seats (top-up) to compensate for
320-471: A few list-PR systems). A country-wide pooling of votes to elect more than a hundred members is used in Angola, for example. Where PR is desired at the municipal level, a city-wide at-large districting is sometimes used, to allow as large a district magnitude as possible. For large districts, party-list PR is often used, but even when list PR is used, districts sometimes contain fewer than 40 or 50 members. STV,
384-678: A former chair of the Green Party of Minnesota, was elected in Ward 2 to the Minneapolis City Council , winning over DFLer Cara Letofsky in a 51% to 48% vote. Ward 2 is considered one of the most diverse areas of Minneapolis, representing the University of Minnesota Minneapolis Campus and the Cedar-Riverside and Seward neighborhoods. Despite this gain on the council, two Green incumbents on
448-611: A member of the Libertarian Party of Vermont . The Vermont Marijuana Party was formed in 2002 by Loretta Nall and Cris Ericson . Vermont Grassroots Party ran a full slate, including gubernatorial candidates, in 2002. Teresa Bouchard led the way as candidate for State Treasurer with 10,757 votes (4.8%). In 2016, musician and martial artist Marvin Sotelo ran for U.S. House of Representatives in California's 40th congressional district as
512-912: A minor party was competitive with the major parties, occasionally replacing one of the major parties in the 19th century. The winner take all system for presidential elections and the single-seat plurality voting system for Congressional elections have over time helped establish the two-party system (see Duverger's law ). Although third-party candidates rarely win elections, they can have an effect on them through vote splitting and other impacts. Greens, Libertarians, and others have elected state legislators and local officials. The Socialist Party elected hundreds of local officials in 169 cities in 33 states by 1912, including Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; New Haven, Connecticut ; Reading, Pennsylvania ; and Schenectady, New York . There have been governors elected as independents , and from such parties as Progressive, Reform, Farmer-Labor, Populist, and Prohibition. After losing
576-475: A number of seats roughly based on its population size (see degressive proportionality ) and in each member state, the election must also be held using a PR system (with proportional results based on vote share). The most widely used families of PR electoral systems are party-list PR, used in 85 countries; mixed-member PR (MMP), used in 7 countries; and the single transferable vote (STV), used in Ireland, Malta,
640-496: A presidential race was George Wallace in 1968 , while the last third-party candidate to finish runner-up or greater was former president Teddy Roosevelt 's 2nd-place finish on the Bull Moose Party ticket in 1912 . The only three U.S. presidents without a major party affiliation upon election were George Washington , John Tyler , and Andrew Johnson , and only Washington served his entire tenure as an independent. Neither of
704-533: A subsequent election. After 1968 , under President Nixon the Republican Party adopted a " Southern Strategy " to win the support of conservative Democrats opposed to the Civil Rights Movement and resulting legislation and to combat local third parties. This can be seen as a response to the popularity of segregationist candidate George Wallace who gained 13.5% of the popular vote in the 1968 election for
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#1732876378430768-406: A third-party candidate receives help from supporters of another candidate hoping they play a spoiler role. Nationally, ballot access laws require candidates to pay registration fees and provide signatures if a party has not garnered a certain percentage of votes in previous elections. In recent presidential elections, Ross Perot appeared on all 50 state ballots as an independent in 1992 and
832-469: A third-party that underperforms its poll numbers with voters wanting to make sure their vote helps determine the winner. In response, some third-party candidates express ambivalence about which major party they prefer and their possible role as spoiler or deny the possibility. The US presidential elections most consistently cited as having been spoiled by third-party candidates are 1844 , 2000 , and 2016 . This phenomenon becomes more controversial when
896-459: Is a term used in the United States' two-party system for political parties other than the Republican and Democratic parties. Third parties are most often encountered in presidential nominations. Third party vote splitting exceeded a president's margin of victory in three elections: 1844 , 2000 , and 2016 . No third-party candidate has won the presidency since the Republican Party became
960-417: Is at odds with its traditional party, it has the option of running sympathetic candidates in primaries . Candidates failing in the primary may form or join a third party. Because of the difficulties third parties face in gaining any representation, third parties tend to exist to promote a specific issue or personality. Often, the intent is to force national public attention on such an issue. Then, one or both of
1024-569: Is independent, populist, or any other that either rejects left–right politics or does not have a party platform. This section includes any party that has a left-liberal, progressive, social democratic, democratic socialist, or Marxist platform. This section includes parties that primarily advocate for granting special privileges or consideration to members of a certain race, ethnic group, religion etc. Also included in this category are various parties found in and confined to Native American reservations , almost all of which are solely devoted to
1088-442: Is led by a 17-member coordinating committee which sets the party's long-range goals, budget, and strategy. These decisions are then implemented by an executive committee made of five party co-chairs, each of whom is responsible for one of five portfolios of party business (membership, political affairs, finances, communications, and internal organization). Each portfolio co-chair oversees a number of committees and party functions. While
1152-484: Is not considered to make an electoral system "proportional" the way the term is usually used. For example, the US House of Representatives has 435 members, who each represent a roughly equal number of people; each state is allocated a number of members in accordance with its population size (aside from a minimum single seat that even the smallest state receives), thus producing equal representation by population. But members of
1216-462: The 2000 presidential election , Green Party presidential nominee Ralph Nader and vice presidential nominee Winona LaDuke received 5% of the vote in Minnesota, which earned major party status for the Green Party in Minnesota. But in the election of 2004 , neither Green Party presidential nominee David Cobb nor any candidate for statewide office received 5% or more, thus losing major party status in
1280-642: The Australian Senate , and Indian Rajya Sabha . Proportional representation systems are used at all levels of government and are also used for elections to non-governmental bodies, such as corporate boards . All PR systems require multi-member election contests, meaning votes are pooled to elect multiple representatives at once. Pooling may be done in various multi-member voting districts (in STV and most list-PR systems) or in single countrywide – a so called at-large – district (in only
1344-885: The District of Columbia . As of February 2024, RCV is used for local elections in 45 US cities including Salt Lake City and Seattle . It has also been used by some state political parties in party-run primaries and nominating conventions. As a contingency in the case of a runoff election , ranked ballots are used by overseas voters in six states. Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in
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#17328763784301408-667: The Green Party . Davis returned to the Grassroots Party and ran for United States Senator in 2012. Davis, in 2020, became chairperson of the Legal Marijuana Now Party Minnesota chapter. In 2010, Grassroots candidate Chris Wright was on the ballot in the governor's election . The last Grassroots Party candidates ran in Minnesota, in 2012. Steinberg and Wright, in 2014, formed the Minnesota Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party . Davis and
1472-663: The National Union ticket in 1864; it was a temporary name for the Republican Party. Electoral fusion in the United States is an arrangement where two or more United States political parties on a ballot list the same candidate , allowing that candidate to receive votes on multiple party lines in the same election. Electoral fusion is also known as fusion voting, cross endorsement, multiple party nomination, multi-party nomination, plural nomination, and ballot freedom. Ranked-choice voting (RCV) can refer to one of several ranked voting methods used in some cities and states in
1536-479: The peace movement in the 1970s. Steinberg was the Grassroots candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1990. The Grassroots Party of Minnesota (GRP) ran a full slate of statewide candidates in 1994 and won more votes than all other third parties in Minnesota combined. The Vermont Grassroots Party was formed in 1994. Russell Bentley , a party candidate for US Senate in 1990 and US Congress in 1992 and GRP board member,
1600-686: The 1996 election, qualifying the Grassroots Party for recognized major party status in Vermont. In 1998 Vermont Grassroots ran a slate of candidates including gubernatorial candidate Joel Williams who received 3,305 votes (1.5%), and U.S. Senate candidate Melamede who received 2,459 votes (1.1%). Matthew Mulligan received 3,464 votes (1.6%) for U.S. Representative; Randy Bushey got 12,312 votes (6%) for State Treasurer; Steven Saetta got 6,345 votes (3%) for Auditor of Accounts; Dennis "Denny" Lane received 8,347 votes (3.9%) for Secretary of State and Sandy "Wells" Ward got 17,954 votes (8.8%) for Attorney General. In 2000
1664-621: The American Independent Party. In 1996 , both the Democrats and the Republicans agreed to deficit reduction on the back of Ross Perot's popularity in the 1992 election . This severely undermined Perot's campaign in the 1996 election. However, changing positions can be costly for a major party. For example, in the US 2000 Presidential election Magee predicts that Gore shifted his positions to
1728-862: The Anoka County Soil and Water District Board as well. City councils Boards and commissions The Green Party of Minnesota follows the ideals of green politics , which are based on the Four Pillars of the Green Party: Ecological wisdom , Social justice , Grassroots democracy and Nonviolence . The "Ten Key Values," which expand upon the four pillars, are as follows: The Green Party of Minnesota constitution Article XI Section 2 prohibits donations from corporations or political action committees (PACs). The party's platforms and rhetoric harshly criticize any corporate influence and control over government, media, and society at large. The party
1792-581: The Green presidential vote from 2012 – and again securing minor party status for the Green Party of Minnesota until 2020. Three additional Greens were elected in 2016, including the first elected Green in Ramsey County history – Lena Buggs winning a seat on the Ramsey County Soil & Water District Board unseating the incumbent. In Anoka County, Greens Sharon Lemay and Steve Laitinen were both elected to
1856-558: The House are elected in single-member districts generally through first-past-the-post elections : a single-winner contest does not produce proportional representation as it has only one winner. Conversely, the representation achieved under PR electoral systems is typically proportional to a district's population size (seats per set amount of population), votes cast (votes per winner), and party vote share (in party-based systems such as party-list PR ). The European Parliament gives each member state
1920-582: The Independent Grassroots Party established the Legal Marijuana Now political party. In 1990, Ross Culverhouse, a computer programmer and Vietnam veteran was the Grassroots gubernatorial candidate. Oliver Steinberg was the party's candidate for Lieutenant Governor. Culverhouse received 17,176 votes. Will Shetterly , a science-fiction writer and actor, ran for governor of Minnesota in 1994. He placed third out of six candidates. In 2000,
1984-534: The Republican primary to a Tea party candidate, and Senator Joe Lieberman ran and won reelection to the Senate as an "Independent Democrat" in 2006 after losing the Democratic primary. As of 2024, there are only four U.S. senators, Angus King , Bernie Sanders , Kyrsten Sinema , and Joe Manchin , who identify as Independent and all caucus with the Democrats. The last time a third-party candidate carried any states in
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2048-406: The Republicans. Micah Sifry argues that despite years of discontentment with the two major parties in the United States, third parties should try to arise organically at the local level in places where ranked-choice voting and other more democratic systems can build momentum, rather than starting with the presidency, a proposition incredibly unlikely to succeed. Strategic voting often leads to
2112-674: The United States. The term is not strictly defined, but most often refers to instant-runoff voting (IRV) or single transferable vote (STV), the main difference being whether only one winner or multiple winners are elected. At the federal and state level, instant runoff voting is used for congressional and presidential elections in Maine ; state, congressional, and presidential general elections in Alaska ; and special congressional elections in Hawaii . Starting in 2025, it will also be used for all elections in
2176-556: The Vermont Grassroots Party ran a slate of candidates with Ward leading the ticket as candidate for Attorney General, receiving 38,713 votes, or 14.7% of the popular vote. The Grassroots Party of Vermont fielded candidates representing a mixture of liberal and libertarian views for over a decade. The Vermont Grassroots Party dissolved after 2002. In 2002 one of the Vermont Grassroots state leaders, Joel Williams, became
2240-558: The candidate of the Reform Party in 1996. Perot, a billionaire, was able to provide significant funds for his campaigns. Patrick Buchanan appeared on all 50 state ballots in the 2000 election, largely on the basis of Perot's performance as the Reform Party's candidate four years prior. The Libertarian Party has appeared on the ballot in at least 46 states in every election since 1980 , except for 1984 when David Bergland gained access in only 36 states. In 1980, 1992, 1996, 2016, and 2020
2304-510: The context of voting systems, PR means that each representative in an assembly is elected by a roughly equal number of voters. In the common case of electoral systems that only allow a choice of parties, the seats are allocated in proportion to the vote tally or vote share each party receives. The term proportional representation may be used to mean fair representation by population as applied to states, regions, etc. However, representation being proportional with respect solely to population size
2368-536: The council, Natalie Johnson Lee (Ward 6) and Dean Zimmermann (Ward 7), were unseated during the 2005 election. Redistricting had pitted both against other council incumbents. While initially elected as a Democrat in 1986 to the Minneapolis Park Board, Annie Young ran as a Green from her third term on, becoming one of the longest serving Park Board Commissioners in Minneapolis history. In 2009, Cam Gordon
2432-406: The curative properties of cannabis put him at odds with mainstream academia, was Grassroots candidate for U.S. Representative. Vermont Grassroots again ran a slate of candidates including Governor, Lieutenant Governor, U.S. Representative, Attorney General, Auditor of Accounts, State Treasurer, and Secretary of State. Three Vermont Grassroots candidates won five percent or more of the popular vote in
2496-522: The debates in which they appeared. Debates in other state and federal elections often exclude independent and third-party candidates, and the Supreme Court has upheld this practice in several cases. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is a private company. The Free & Equal Elections Foundation hosts various debates and forums with third-party candidates during presidential elections. They can draw attention to issues that may be ignored by
2560-741: The development of local Green Party organizations in the state. The Green Party of Minnesota was organized in December 1993. It was officially established in February and June 1994 at two founding conventions. Twin Cities Greens was organized in 1988. The Green Party of St. Paul was established in 1997 to 1998. The Green Party of Minnesota was founded in 1994 on the Four Pillars of the Green Party: Ecological Wisdom, Social and Economic Justice, Grassroots Democracy, and Nonviolence and Peace. In
2624-431: The disproportional results produced in single-member districts using FPTP or to increase the fairness produced in multi-member districts using list PR. PR systems that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to use as general pooling as possible (typically country-wide) or districts with large numbers of seats. In winner-take-all (or plurality voting) , the candidate with the largest number of votes wins, even if
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2688-504: The elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions ( political parties ) among voters. The essence of such systems is that all votes cast – or almost all votes cast – contribute to the result and are effectively used to help elect someone. Under other election systems, a bare plurality or a scant majority are all that are used to elect candidates. PR systems provide balanced representation to different factions, reflecting how votes are cast. In
2752-603: The furthering of the tribes to which the reservations were assigned. An example of a particularly powerful tribal nationalist party is the Seneca Party that operates on the Seneca Nation of New York 's reservations. This section includes parties that primarily advocate for Independence from the United States . (Specific party platforms may range from left wing to right wing). Green Party of Minnesota The Minnesota Greens Confederation, founded c. 1990–1991, fostered
2816-714: The left to account for Nader, which lost him some valuable centrist voters to Bush. In cases with an extreme minor candidate, not changing positions can help to reframe the more competitive candidate as moderate, helping to attract the most valuable swing voters from their top competitor while losing some voters on the extreme to the less competitive minor candidate. of New York State Freedom Party This section includes only parties that have actually run candidates under their name in recent years. This section includes any party that advocates positions associated with American conservatism , including both Old Right and New Right ideologies. This section includes any party that
2880-484: The major parties may rise to commit for or against the matter at hand, or at least weigh in. H. Ross Perot eventually founded a third party, the Reform Party , to support his 1996 campaign. In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt made a spirited run for the presidency on the Progressive Party ticket, but he never made any efforts to help Progressive congressional candidates in 1914, and in the 1916 election , he supported
2944-421: The majority parties. If such an issue finds acceptance with the voters, one or more of the major parties may adopt the issue into its own party platform . A third-party candidate will sometimes strike a chord with a section of voters in a particular election, bringing an issue to national prominence and amount a significant proportion of the popular vote. Major parties often respond to this by adopting this issue in
3008-469: The margin of victory is extremely narrow or the proportion of votes received is not a majority. Unlike in proportional representation , runners-up do not gain representation in a first-past-the-post system . In the United States, systems of proportional representation are uncommon, especially above the local level and are entirely absent at the national level (even though states like Maine have introduced systems like ranked-choice voting , which ensures that
3072-458: The other two were ever elected president in their own right, both being vice presidents who ascended to office upon the death of the president, and both became independents because they were unpopular with their parties. John Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket in 1840 with William Henry Harrison , but was expelled by his own party. Johnson was the running mate for Abraham Lincoln , who was reelected on
3136-704: The party made the ballot in all 50 states and D.C. The Green Party gained access to 44 state ballots in 2000 but only 27 in 2004. The Constitution Party appeared on 42 state ballots in 2004. Ralph Nader, running as an independent in 2004, appeared on 34 state ballots. In 2008 , Nader appeared on 45 state ballots and the D.C. ballot. Presidential debates between the nominees of the two major parties first occurred in 1960 , then after three cycles without debates, resumed in 1976 . Third party or independent candidates have been in debates in only two cycles. Ronald Reagan and John Anderson debated in 1980, but incumbent President Carter refused to appear with Anderson, and Anderson
3200-558: The party nominated David Daniels, an African American playwright/performance artist from Minneapolis, as candidate for the United States Senate. Daniels had a very small campaign budget and was only invited to speak at some events broadcast on Minnesota Public Radio and Twin Cities Public Television . On election day, Daniels received 21,447 votes. In 2002, Grassroots Party co-founder and candidate, Tim Davis, joined
3264-420: The required signatures to place Green endorsed presidential candidate Dr Jill Stein on the ballot in 2016. Minnesota Secretary of State Steve Simon refused to replace the ballot petitions stand-in vice presidential candidate Howie Hawkins with Ajamu Baraka, the only candidate of color in the race, despite no law denying his ability to do so. Dr. Jill Stein went on to receive 1.26% of the vote statewide – double
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#17328763784303328-562: The rest of the Grassroots Party, from 2014 to 2016, merged into the Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party . In 2023, Grassroots Party founder Oliver Steinberg testified before the Minnesota Senate Public Safety Committee, in favor of Senate File 73 to create a regulated commercial cannabis market in the state. Some scholars have credited Minnesota's marijuana political parties, including GRP, for
3392-423: The second major party in 1856 . Since then a third-party candidate won states in five elections: 1892 , 1912 , 1924 , 1948 , and 1968 . 1992 was the last time a third-party candidate won over 5% of the vote and placed second in any state. With few exceptions, the U.S. system has two major parties which have won, on average, 98% of all state and federal seats. There have only been a few rare elections where
3456-446: The state Democratic Party championing cannabis legalization after 2016. Derrick Grimmer, Ph.D., a founding member of the Grassroots Party, moved from Minnesota to Iowa in 1988 and formed the Grassroots Party of Iowa. Grimmer ran for Iowa State Treasurer in 1990 and received 15,745 votes and he ran for U.S. House of Representatives (IA District 3) in 1994 and received 2,282 votes. The Vermont Grassroots Party formed in 1994. Dennis Lane
3520-506: The state. In 2003 Elaine Fleming became the first elected Green mayor in Minnesota. Fleming is mayor of Cass Lake, Minnesota , and was elected mayor for her first term by seven votes. Fleming was elected mayor for a second term as a write-in candidate. As of 2006, Fleming was serving her second and last term as Mayor. While the party is currently defined as a minor political party, it has had recent success in some city elections, especially in Minneapolis and St. Paul. In 2005, Cam Gordon ,
3584-537: The voice of third party voters is heard in case none of the candidates receives a majority of preferences). In Presidential elections, the majority requirement of the Electoral College , and the Constitutional provision for the House of Representatives to decide the election if no candidate receives a majority, serves as a further disincentive to third party candidacies. In the United States, if an interest group
3648-486: The word, which literally means "hempen." From 1991 to 1994, The Canvas newsletter was designed and edited by Dan Vacek. During 1992, The Canvas was co-edited by Roger Gibian. In 1994–1995, Will Shetterly edited and produced The Canvas for several issues. In 1996, an issue of the newsletter was edited by Steven Anderson, and the last issue, published for the 1996 elections, was edited by Tim Davis . Third party (U.S. politics) Third party , or minor party ,
3712-600: Was arrested on marijuana smuggling charges in 1996. Bentley was sentenced to five years in federal prison. In Minnesota in 1996 the Grassroots Party split, forming the Independent Grassroots Party for one election cycle. John Birrenbach was the Independent Grassroots presidential candidate and George McMahon was the vice-presidential candidate. Dan Vacek was the Independent Grassroots candidate for US Representative (MN District 4). In 1998, members of
3776-423: Was established in Minnesota in 1986, by Tim Davis , Derrick Grimmer, Oliver Steinberg , and Chris Wright , as an independent political party that focused on marijuana legalization . Derrick Grimmer, Ph.D., ran for Minnesota Attorney General in 1986. Grimmer received 16,394 votes. Founding member Oliver Steinberg, who was a Republican candidate for US Congress in 1984, had a background of violence discrediting
3840-847: Was excluded from the subsequent debate between Reagan and Carter. Independent Ross Perot was included in all three of the debates with Republican George H. W. Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992, largely at the behest of the Bush campaign. His participation helped Perot climb from 7% before the debates to 19% on Election Day. Perot did not participate in the 1996 debates. In 2000 , revised debate access rules made it even harder for third-party candidates to gain access by stipulating that, besides being on enough state ballots to win an Electoral College majority, debate participants must clear 15% in pre-debate opinion polls. This rule has been in effect since 2000. The 15% criterion, had it been in place, would have prevented Anderson and Perot from participating in
3904-563: Was most successful in Vermont, where they achieved major party qualification in 1996, a status which they retained for six years, until 2002. The permanent platform of the Grassroots Party was the Bill of Rights . Individual candidates' positions on issues varied from Libertarian to Green. All Grassroots candidates would end marijuana/ hemp prohibition, thus re-legalizing cannabis for all its uses. Jack Herer (1939–2010), author of The Emperor Wears No Clothes: Hemp & The Marijuana Conspiracy ,
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#17328763784303968-689: Was re-elected to Minneapolis City Council. In 2011, Green Party endorsed Laura Libby was elected to the Section 1 seat of the City Council of Crystal, Minnesota . Cam Gordon was elected to a third term on the Minneapolis City Council in 2013. In 2014, the Green Party of Minnesota ran former DFL State Representative Andy Dawkins for Attorney General receiving 1.49% of the vote statewide and regaining minor party status. Despite restrictive Minnesota ballot access laws, volunteers collected three times
4032-471: Was the Grassroots presidential candidate in 1988 and 1992. Grassroots Party ran candidates in every presidential election from 1988 to 2000. In 1996 the Grassroots Party of Minnesota nominated Dennis Peron in the presidential election. In 2000, the Grassroots Party of Vermont nominated Denny Lane as their presidential candidate. In 2012, the Grassroots Party nominated Minnesota businessman Jim Carlson as their presidential candidate. The Grassroots Party
4096-544: Was their candidate for Governor of Vermont in 1994, and 1996. Bill Coleman ran for Lieutenant Governor in 1996, and again in 1998. Joel Williams was the Vermont Grassroots nominee for Governor in 1998, and 2000. In 1994, in addition to Governor, Vermont Grassroots ran candidates for U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative, Auditor of Accounts, and Attorney General. Robert Melamede was Vermont Grassroots nominee for U.S. Senator, in 1994, and again in 1998. In 1996, genetic researcher and microbiologist Melamede, whose views promoting
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