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73-530: Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party attained major party status in Minnesota in 2018 when their Attorney General candidate, who dropped out of the race to support the Democratic candidate, but whose name nevertheless remained on ballots, received 5.7 percent of the vote. In 2022, Minnesota G–LC resumed minor party status, when none of their candidates got 5% of votes, which is required for major party ballot access in

146-568: A FOX 9 television reporter that he was recruited to run for Congress from Minnesota's 7th district, where Democratic incumbent Collin Peterson lost the race to Republican challenger Michelle Fischbach , in 2020, by a Republican strategist who Shores mistakenly thought was a G–LC representative. Shores, who is blind and suffers from Gulf War syndrome , lost to Hart Anderson in the Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party primary. When

219-546: A Luverne man who had been endorsed by G–LC was unable to file before the deadline, attorney Haroun McClellan filed to run in the August 9, 2022, 1st congressional district special election as a last-minute replacement. McClellan, a graduate of Georgia State University College of Law and former Hennepin County public defender , is contracts manager of a Rochester construction firm. Before Minnesota’s May, 2022, deadline to file such

292-627: A causal link between GWI and exposure to low levels of sarin, which was released into the air by coalition bombing of Iraqi chemical weapons facilities. Significantly, the study found an increased incidence of GWI not only among veterans who recounted hearing nerve agent alarms, but also among veterans with the RR or QR (as opposed to the QQ) forms of the PON1 gene, which produces an enzyme that deactivates organophosphates (including sarin) through hydrolysis . By contrast, GWI

365-411: A VA federal advisory committee mandated by Congress in legislation enacted in 1998, found that pre-2005 studies suggested the veterans' illnesses are neurological and apparently are linked to exposure to neurotoxins , such as the nerve gas sarin, the anti-nerve gas drug pyridostigmine bromide, and pesticides that affect the nervous system. The RAC concluded in 2004 that, "research studies conducted since

438-514: A case-by-case basis. A 2018 study stated that "the number of Gulf War veterans who developed the Gulf War syndrome following exposure to high quantities of DU has risen to about one-third of the 800,000 U.S. forces deployed," with 25,000 of those having had a premature death. A 2021 study by a team at the University of Portsmouth tested urine samples of 154 US veterans, reporting that no soldiers with

511-630: A change, a DFL activist, Marcus Harcus, who was 2020 G–LC nominee for District 59A state representative , attempted to hold a G–LC party meeting for the purpose of changing the state party’s name to a name the activist thought might help the Democratic Party by attracting Republicans. In May 2022, G–LC chair Steinberg told a Star Tribune reporter about being worried that voters “perhaps aren’t quite as well-informed as it would be good for them to be.” Later in June, 2022, Steinberg said in an interview that he

584-425: A condition with serious consequences. From 1995 to 2005, the health of combat veterans worsened in comparison with nondeployed veterans, with the onset of more new chronic diseases, functional impairment, repeated clinic visits and hospitalizations, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome -like illness, post-traumatic stress disorder , and greater persistence of adverse health incidents. Gulf War illness

657-413: A consequence of Gulf War deployment. However, a 2006 review of several studies of international coalition veterans' children found no strong or consistent evidence of an increase in birth defects, finding a modest increase in birth defects that was within the range of the general population, in addition to being unable to exclude recall bias as an explanation for the results. A 2008 report stated that "it

730-567: A possible cause of Gulf War syndrome. A 2008 review by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs found no association between DU exposure and multisymptom illness, concluding that "exposure to DU munitions is not likely a primary cause of Gulf War illness". There is some evidence that long-term exposure to high doses of DU can cause other health problems that are unrelated to GWS. Since 2011, US combat veterans may claim disability compensation for health problems related to exposure to depleted uranium. The Veterans Administration decides these claims on

803-448: A significant portion of the soldiers deployed to the Gulf War have experienced troubling constellations of symptoms that are difficult to categorize," said committee chair Stephen L. Hauser, professor and chair, department of neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Unfortunately, symptoms that cannot be easily quantified are sometimes incorrectly dismissed as insignificant and receive inadequate attention and funding by

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876-423: A war zone. Military personnel also had to cope with swarms of insects, requiring the widespread use of pesticides. High-powered microwaves were used to disrupt Iraqi communications, and though it is unknown whether this might have contributed to the syndrome, research has suggested that safety limits for electromagnetic radiation are too lenient. The Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses (RAC),

949-456: Is a chronic and multi-symptomatic disorder affecting military veterans of both sides of the Gulf War (1990–1991). A wide range of acute and chronic symptoms have been linked to it, including fatigue , muscle pain , cognitive problems, insomnia, rashes and diarrhea . Approximately 250,000 of the 697,000 U.S. veterans who served in the Gulf War have enduring chronic multi-symptom illness,

1022-498: Is difficult to draw firm conclusions related to birth defects and pregnancy outcomes in Gulf War veterans", observing that while there have been "significant, but modest, excess rates of birth defects in children of Gulf War veterans", the "overall rates are still within the normal range found in the general population". The same report called for more research on the issue. Persian Gulf War veterans have been identified to have an increased risk of multiple sclerosis . A 2017 study by

1095-492: Is inconsistent or limited in important ways." Iraq had loaded anthrax, botulinum toxin, and aflatoxin into missiles and artillery shells in preparing for the Gulf War and these munitions were deployed to four locations in Iraq. During Operation Desert Storm, 41% of U.S. combat soldiers and 75% of UK combat soldiers were vaccinated against anthrax. Reactions included local skin irritation, some lasting for weeks or months. While

1168-560: Is linked to exposure to sub-lethal amounts of organophosphates, particularly sarin . Exposure to pesticides containing other organophosphates and exposure to pills containing pyridostigmine bromide , used as a pretreatment to protect against nerve agent effects, has been found to be associated with the neurological effects seen in Persian Gulf War syndrome. Other potential causes that have been investigated are cyclosarin and emissions from oil well fires , but their relationships to

1241-589: Is more specific and may be more applicable for research settings, while the CDC case definition is more broad and may be more applicable for clinical settings. Medical ailments associated with service in the 1990–1991 Gulf War have been recognized by both the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Before 1998, the terms Gulf War syndrome, Gulf War veterans' illness, unexplained illness , and undiagnosed illness were used interchangeably to describe chronic unexplained symptoms in veterans of

1314-421: Is more strongly associated with Gulf War illness than more limited use. Pesticide use during the Gulf War has also been associated with neurocognitive deficits and neuroendocrine alterations in Gulf War veterans in clinical studies conducted following the end of the war. The 2008 report concluded that "all available sources of evidence combine to support a consistent and compelling case that pesticide use during

1387-401: Is not consistently linked to having or not having symptoms. The lack of data on veterans' pre-deployment and immediate post-deployment health status and lack of measurement and monitoring of the various substances to which veterans may have been exposed make it difficult—and in many cases impossible—to reconstruct what happened to service members during their deployments nearly 20 years after

1460-454: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the vaccine, it never went through large-scale clinical trials. While recent studies have demonstrated the vaccine is highly reactogenic , there is no clear evidence or epidemiological studies on Gulf War veterans linking the vaccine to Gulf War illness. Combining this with the lack of symptoms from current deployments of individuals who have received

1533-511: The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM)—contracted by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs for the task—released a report concluding that the creation of a new case definition for chronic multisymptom illness in Gulf War veterans was not possible because of insufficient evidence in published studies regarding its onset, duration, severity, frequency of symptoms, exclusionary criteria, and laboratory findings. Instead,

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1606-668: The peace movement in the 1970s. Steinberg was the Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis candidate for United States Senator in 2020. Perennial Republican candidate Rae Hart Anderson was nominated by Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party voters in the August 11 primary to run for United States Representative in Minnesota's 7th congressional district on November 3, 2020. The Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party nominated their candidates by petition in 2014 to run for Governor of Minnesota. In

1679-455: The 1990–91 Gulf War theatre of operations ("onset") and must have been present in the year before interview ("duration"). Participants were excluded if they had a diagnosis of or were being treated for any of several conditions that might otherwise explain their symptoms ("exclusionary criteria"), including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, chronic infectious disease, lupus, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or any serious psychiatric condition. Applying

1752-521: The 1991 Gulf War. The term chronic multisymptom illness (CMI) was first used following publication of a 1998 study describing chronic unexplained symptoms in Air Force veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. In a 2014 report contracted by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine recommended the use the term Gulf War illness rather than chronic multisymptom illness . Since that time, relevant publications by

1825-410: The 2014 race for governor, Wright received 31,259 votes. The party also ran a candidate for State Auditor, in 2014, who received 55,132 votes. The Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party nominated their candidates by petition in 2018 to run for Governor of Minnesota, as well as in the race for Minnesota Attorney General, the results of which earned the group major-party status in Minnesota. A few weeks before

1898-809: The GW and other conflicts have been called "toxic wounds" by veterans. This type of injury requires further study and concentrated treatment research efforts that may also benefit other occupational groups with similar exposure-related illnesses." Low-level exposure to nerve agents has been suggested as the cause of GWI. In 1991, Chemical detection units from Czechoslovakia, France, and Britain confirmed chemical agents. French detection units detected chemical agents. Both Czech and French forces reported detections immediately to U.S. forces. U.S. forces detected, confirmed, and reported chemical agents; and U.S. soldiers were awarded medals for detecting chemical agents. The Riegle Report said that chemical alarms went off 18,000 times during

1971-461: The Gulf War also experienced acute and chronic symptoms associated with Gulf War syndrome. A 2011 study in the U.S. Army Medical Department Journal reported Iraqi veterans of the Gulf War had a higher prevalence of somatic disorders as compared to Iraqi civilians, with risk greater in troops stationed in Kuwait. In comparison to Allied troops, health symptoms were similar amongst Iraqi veterans: Many of

2044-621: The Gulf War illness complex could result from interplay between both biological and psychological factors." The 2008 VA report on Gulf War illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans suggested a possible link between GWI and chronic , nonspecific inflammation of the central nervous system that cause pain, fatigue and memory issues, possibly due to pathologically persistent increases in cytokines and suggested further research be conducted on this issue. Clinical diagnosis of Gulf War illness has been complicated by multiple case definitions. In 2014,

2117-506: The Gulf War is causally associated with Gulf War illness." According to the VA's 2008 RAC report, "For several Gulf War exposures, an association with Gulf War illness cannot be ruled out. These include low-level exposure to nerve agents, close proximity to oil well fires, receipt of multiple vaccines, and effects of combinations of Gulf War exposures." However, several potential causes of GWI were deemed, "not likely to have caused Gulf War illness for

2190-590: The Gulf War. After the air war started on January 16, 1991, coalition forces were chronically exposed to low, nonlethal levels of chemical and biological agents released primarily by direct Iraqi attack via missiles , rockets , artillery , or aircraft munitions and by fallout from allied bombings of Iraqi chemical warfare munitions facilities. In 1997, the US Government released an unclassified report that stated: Over 125,000 U.S. troops and 9,000 U.K. troops were exposed to nerve gas and mustard gas when

2263-501: The Institute of Medicine (IOM), part of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , 250,000 of the 696,842 U.S. servicemen and women in the 1991 Gulf War continue to be affected by chronic multi-symptom illness, which the IOM now refers to as Gulf War illness . The IOM found that it continued to affect these veterans nearly 20 years after the war. According to the IOM, "It is clear that

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2336-555: The Iraqi depot in Khamisiyah was destroyed. Studies have confirmed earlier suspicions that exposure to sarin, in combination with other contaminants such as pesticides and PB were related to reports of veteran illness. Estimates range from 100,000 to 300,000 individuals exposed to nerve agents. The 2014 report by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War illnesses (RAC) concluded that, "exposure to

2409-690: The Minnesota State Auditor race, in 2022, to retain official minor party privileges, including state public funding. Testifying in favor of Minnesota Senate File 73 to create a regulated commercial cannabis market, in front of the Public Safety Committee in January 2023, that marijuana prohibition has not kept people from using the drug, but has "succeeded perhaps in terrorizing or intimidating citizens, in canceling civil liberties, blighting both urban and rural communities, all without eradicating

2482-747: The National Academy of Science and the U.S. Department of Defense have used only the term Gulf War illness (GWI). The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) confusingly still uses an array of both old and new terminology for Gulf War illness . VA's specialty clinical evaluation War Related Illness and Injury Study Centers (WRIISCs) use the recommended term Gulf War illness , as do VA's Office of Research and Development (VA-ORD) and many recent VA research publications. However, VA's Public Health website still uses Gulf War veterans' medically unexplained illnesses , chronic multi-symptom illness (CMI), and undiagnosed illnesses , but explains that VA doesn't use

2555-737: The Office of the Attorney General handles felony criminal appeals, issues formal opinions on questions of constitutional or statutory law, and provides legal advice , litigation , and appellate services to over 100 state agencies, boards, and commissions. On occasion, these services are extended to rural county prosecutors in serious felonies and criminal prosecutions. Separately, the attorney general's office enforces state antitrust and consumer protection laws, regulates charities, and advocates for residents and small businesses in utility matters. In addition to his or her functional responsibilities,

2628-808: The Royal British Legion produced a comprehensive report entitled Legacy of Suspicion , which made recommendations about necessary research and compensation. The Royal British Legion is still campaigning for the UK government to properly address symptoms experienced by veterans of the Gulf War. According to a 2013 report by the Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America , veterans of the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan may also have Gulf War illness, though later findings identified causes that would not have been present in those wars. According to an April 2010 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) sponsored study conducted by

2701-468: The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs found that veterans possibly exposed to chemical warfare agents at Khamisiyah experienced different patterns of brain cancer mortality risk compared to the other groups, with veterans possibly exposed having a higher risk of brain cancer in the time period immediately following the Gulf War. Although an understudied group, opposing Iraqi veterans of the Iraqi Army in

2774-1087: The attorney general is an ex officio member of the Board of Pardons, the Executive Council, the Land Exchange Board, the Governing Board for the Minnesota Historical Society, the Records Disposition Panel, and the State Board of Investment. In 1886, elections were moved from odd years to even years. Beginning with the 1962 election, the term of the office increased from two to four years.     DFL (8)     Republican (19)     Farmer-Labor (2)     Union Democrat (1) Gulf War syndrome Gulf War syndrome ( GWS ) also known as Gulf War Illness or Chronic Multi-symptom Illness ,

2847-429: The balance of the term. The attorney general may also be recalled by the voters or removed from office through an impeachment trial . The attorney general is the chief law officer for the state of Minnesota , and as such, represents the state of Minnesota parens patriae in both state and federal court as well as in administrative proceedings, such as matters of adjudication or rulemaking . In addition,

2920-409: The combined effect from one category to the next was significantly greater than the sum of the independent effects of the environmental exposure and the genotype". Although organophosphate pesticides could have triggered the nerve agent alarms in use at the time and contributed to neurotoxic symptoms similar to GWI, Haley et al. ruled out pesticides as a primary cause of GWI, citing that pesticide use

2993-541: The conclusion in the 2008 RACGWVI report that exposures to pesticides and pyridostigmine bromide are causally associated with Gulf War illness. Evidence also continues to demonstrate that Gulf War illness is not the result of psychological stressors during the war." It also found additional evidence since the 2008 report for the role of sarin in GWI, but inadequate evidence regarding exposures to oil well fires, vaccines, and depleted uranium to make new conclusions about them. During

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3066-435: The election, the Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis candidate for Attorney General, Noah Johnson, dropped out of the race to support Democratic/Farmer-Labor candidate Keith Ellison who was embroiled in scandal, though Johnson's name remained on the ballot. Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party founder Oliver Steinberg, who previously ran as a Republican candidate and a Grassroots candidate, had a background of violence discrediting

3139-474: The fact, the committee noted. The report called for a substantial commitment to improving identification and treatment of multisymptom illness in Gulf War veterans focussing on continued monitoring of Gulf War veterans, improved medical care, examination of genetic differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups and studies of environment-gene interactions. A variety of signs and symptoms have been associated with GWI: Birth defects have been suggested as

3212-459: The first Monday of the next January. There is no limit to the number of terms an attorney general may hold. To be elected attorney general, a person must be qualified voter, permanently resident in the state of Minnesota at least 30 days prior to the election, and at least 21 years of age. In the event of a vacancy in the office of the attorney general, the Governor may appoint a successor to serve

3285-423: The illness are not as clear. Gulf War illness is not the result of combat or other stressors, and Gulf War veterans have lower rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than veterans of other wars. The Royal British Legion said research suggested up to 33,000 UK Gulf War veterans could be living with Gulf War illness, with 1,300 claiming a war pension for conditions connected to their service. In 2007

3358-519: The majority of ill veterans," including "depleted uranium, anthrax vaccine, fuels, solvents, sand and particulates, infectious diseases, and chemical agent resistant coating (CARC)," for which "there is little evidence supporting an association with Gulf War illness or a major role is unlikely based on what is known about exposure patterns during the Gulf War and more recent deployments." The VA's 2014 RAC report reinforced its 2008 report findings: "The research reviewed in this report supports and reinforces

3431-545: The many physical and psychological issues involved in any war zone deployment, Gulf War veterans were exposed to a unique mix of hazards not previously experienced during wartime. These included pyridostigmine bromide pills (given to protect troops from the effects of nerve agents), depleted uranium munitions, and multiple simultaneous vaccinations including anthrax and botulinum toxin vaccines. The oil and smoke that spewed for months from hundreds of burning oil wells presented another exposure hazard not previously encountered in

3504-621: The medical and scientific establishment. Veterans who continue to suffer from these symptoms deserve the very best that modern science and medicine can offer to speed the development of effective treatments, cures, and—we hope—prevention. Our report suggests a path forward to accomplish this goal, and we believe that through a concerted national effort and rigorous scientific input, answers can be found. Questions still exist regarding why certain veterans showed, and still show, medically unexplained symptoms while others did not, why symptoms are diverse in some and specific in others, and why combat exposure

3577-473: The nerve gas agents sarin/cyclosarin has been linked in two more studies to changes in structural magnetic resonance imaging findings that are associated with cognitive decrements, further supporting the conclusion from evidence reviewed in the 2008 report that exposure to these agents is etiologically important to the central nervous system dysfunction that occurs in some subsets of Gulf War veterans." A 2022 study of 1,016 U.S. Gulf War veterans found evidence of

3650-583: The nerve gas is likely to be responsible for the syndrome. The findings and an editorial by two leading epidemiologists were published in Environmental Health Perspectives . The United States Congress mandated the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ' contract with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to provide reports on Gulf War illnesses. Between 1998 and 2009, the NAS's Institute of Medicine (IOM) authored ten such reports. In addition to

3723-543: The ones responsible for the DFL party championing SF 73. Minnesota Attorney General The attorney general of Minnesota is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of the U.S. state of Minnesota . Thirty individuals have held the office of Attorney General since statehood. The incumbent is Keith Ellison , a DFLer . The attorney general is elected by the people on Election Day in November, and takes office on

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3796-497: The outlawed substance," said G–LC Party chair Steinberg. in May 2023, Steinberg wrote "I salute DFL lawmakers who finally understood that cannabis prohibition never was necessary; always was unjust and unjustifiable; and always lacked moral authority because it was actually designed to serve as a legal mechanism for racial repression." According to political scholar William Labovitch, Minnesota's marijuana political parties, G–LC and LMN , are

3869-538: The race for governor, Chris Wright received 31,259 votes. In 2018, Wright again was nominated by petition to run for Minnesota Governor, and received 68,664 votes in the November general election. Wright resigned as G–LC chairperson to seek Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party’s nomination for Governor in 2022. Steve Patterson, a Brownsdale businessman and opponent of Governor Tim Walz 's COVID-19 lockdown , who blamed these forced closings for hurting small businesses , including his own Rochester beer taproom startup ,

3942-535: The report recommended the use of two case definitions, the "Kansas" definition and the "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" definition, noting: "There is a set of symptoms (fatigue, pain, neurocognitive ) that are reported in all the studies that have been reviewed. The CDC definition captures those three symptoms; the Kansas definition also captures them, but it also includes the symptoms reported most frequently by Gulf War veterans." The Kansas case definition

4015-432: The same signs and symptoms as those who did deploy, had antibodies to squalene. In contrast, none (0%) of the deployed Persian Gulf veterans not showing signs and symptoms of GWS have antibodies to squalene. Neither patients with idiopathic autoimmune disease nor healthy controls had detectable serum antibodies to squalene." Their work of the researchers was profiled by Gary Matsumoto in "Vaccine A". This research and theory

4088-622: The state party's endorsement of some Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis candidates when they thought doing so might hurt the chances of winning for struggling DFLers, several times Democratic Party leaders have accused the Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party of making it hard for Democratic candidates in Minnesota. However, a St. Cloud Times analysis of votes cast in the November 2020 election found that Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis candidates took at least as many, if not more, votes from Republicans than they took from DFL candidates. In 2021, Kevin Shores told

4161-540: The state. However their candidate for Minnesota State Auditor received more than 1% of votes, in 2022, maintaining minor party status for G–LC until 2026. In 2014, the Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party was established by Oliver Steinberg because Steinberg and Chris Wright were unwilling to join the rest of the Grassroots Party when they merged with the Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party . In

4234-463: The symptoms of Gulf War illness are similar to the symptoms of organophosphate, mustard gas , and nerve gas poisoning. Gulf War veterans were exposed to a number of sources of these compounds, including nerve gas and pesticides . In 2022, researchers led by Robert Haley, MD at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center found that exposure to sarin nerve gas in soldiers who had a particular genetic mutation that prevented them from breaking down

4307-436: The syndrome were exposed to significant amounts of depleted uranium and that DU "is not and never was in the bodies of those who are ill at sufficient quantities to cause disease". The US military issued pyridostigmine bromide (PB) pills to protect against exposure to nerve gas agents such as sarin and soman . PB was used as a prophylactic against nerve agents; it is not a vaccine. Taken before exposure to nerve agents, PB

4380-585: The term Gulf War syndrome because of varying symptoms. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) originally classified individuals with related ailments believed to be connected to their service in the Persian Gulf a special non-ICD-9 code DX111, as well as ICD-9 code V65.5. In 1998, the State of Kansas Persian Gulf Veterans Health Initiative sponsored an epidemiological survey led by Dr. Lea Steele of deployment-related symptoms in 2,030 Gulf War veterans. The result

4453-611: The unexplained illnesses of the Gulf War veterans. The use of organophosphate pesticides and insect repellents during the first Gulf War is credited with keeping rates of pest-borne diseases low. Pesticide use is one of only two exposures consistently identified by Gulf War epidemiologic studies to be significantly associated with Gulf War illness. Multisymptom illness profiles similar to Gulf War illness have been associated with low-level pesticide exposures in other human populations. In addition, Gulf War studies have identified dose-response effects, indicating that greater pesticide use

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4526-877: The vaccine led the Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses to conclude that the vaccine is not a likely cause of Gulf War illness for most ill veterans. However, the committee report does point out that veterans who received a larger number of various vaccines in advance of deployment have shown higher rates of persistent symptoms since the war. However, research was done by PB Asa, Y Cao, and RF Garry on serum antibodies to squalene in Gulf War Syndrome patients. The results showed "the substantial majority (95%) of overtly ill deployed GWS patients had antibodies to squalene. All (100%) GWS patients immunized for service in Desert Shield/Desert Storm who did not deploy, but had

4599-574: The war have consistently indicated that psychiatric illness, combat experience or other deployment-related stressors do not explain Gulf War veterans illnesses in the large majority of ill veterans, according to a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) review committee. An April 2010 Institute of Medicine review found, "the excess of unexplained medical symptoms reported by deployed [1991] Gulf war veterans cannot be reliably ascribed to any known psychiatric disorder", although they also concluded that "the constellation of unexplained symptoms associated with

4672-686: The war have consistently indicated that psychiatric illness, combat experience or other deployment-related stressors do not explain Gulf War veterans illnesses in the large majority of ill veterans." The RAC concluded that "exposure to pesticides and/or to PB [pyridostigmine bromide nerve agent protective pills] are causally associated with GWI and the neurological dysfunction in GW veterans. Exposure to sarin and cyclosarin and to oil well fire emissions are also associated with neurologically based health effects. Gene-environment interactions are likely to have contributed to development of GWI in deployed veterans. The health consequences of chemical exposures in

4745-483: The war, many oil wells were set on fire in Kuwait by the retreating Iraqi army, and the smoke from those fires was inhaled by large numbers of soldiers, many of whom had acute pulmonary and other chronic effects, including asthma and bronchitis . However, firefighters who were assigned to the oil well fires and encountered the smoke, but who did not take part in combat, have not had GWI symptoms. The 2008 RAC report states that "evidence [linking oil well fires to GWI]

4818-446: Was inversely associated with higher levels of the type Q isozyme , which is more efficient at breaking down sarin than its type R counterpart. The authors "found that the PON1 genotype and hearing nerve agent alarms were independent and the findings robust to both measured and unmeasured confounding , supporting a mechanistic [gene–environment] interaction. ... Moreover, the change in

4891-537: Was "ubiquitous long before the approximately 10,000 alarms began sounding at the start of the air campaign when Coalition bombing of Iraqi chemical weapon facilities released the fallout cloud that reached U.S. troop concentrations just as sarin was detected at multiple sites," while "the PON1 R isoenzyme is the more efficient detoxifier of most pesticides." The Gulf War included the first widespread combat usage of depleted uranium (DU), in tank kinetic energy penetrator and autocannon rounds . DU has been suggested as

4964-496: Was a "clinically based descriptive definition using correlated symptoms" in six symptom groups: fatigue and sleep problems, pain, neurologic and mood, gastrointestinal, respiratory symptoms, and skin (dermatologic) symptoms. To meet the "Kansas" case definition, a veteran of the 1990–91 Gulf War must have symptoms in at least three of the six symptom domains, which during the survey were scored based on severity ("severity"). Symptom onset must have developed during or after deploying to

5037-507: Was concluded that while it was unlikely that health effects reported today by Gulf War veterans are the result of exposure solely to PB, use of PB was causally associated with illness. However, a later review by the Institute of Medicine concluded that the evidence was not strong enough to establish a causal relationship. Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN, aka organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy) may contribute to

5110-643: Was frustrated about having former Libertarian candidates running under the G–LC party banner. Minnesota G–LC Party held a gubernatorial primary on August 9, 2022, between Steve Patterson & Matt Huff and Darrell Paulsen & Ed Engelmann. Patterson was nominated by G–LC voters and defeated Paulsen, receiving 59% of the party's vote, to advance onto the November 8, 2022, state general election. The G–LC Party ran statewide candidates in 2020 and 2022 but none received 5% of votes required for major party ballot access in Minnesota. The party got enough votes, more than 1%, in

5183-413: Was later criticized, and further research has leaned heavily against squalene in vaccinations causing GWS; Perhaps the most important points against this theory include that squalene antibodies have been detected in populations not exposed to squalene containing vaccinations, and that the anthrax vaccines used in the Gulf War did not actually contain squalene in any form. Research studies conducted since

5256-448: Was nominated in the August, 2022, G–LC gubernatorial primary, and advanced to the general election, getting 22,598 votes, less than one percent, on November 8. In addition to legalizing cannabis for personal use, Patterson supported reducing income taxes for working class people. Even though Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis candidates have dropped out of running to support Democratic candidates in some tight races and party leaders have withheld

5329-538: Was thought to increase the efficiency of nerve agent antidotes. PB had been used since 1955 for patients who have myasthenia gravis with doses up to 1,500 mg a day, far in excess of the 90 mg given to soldiers, and was considered safe by the FDA at either level for indefinite use and its use to pre-treat nerve agent exposure had recently been approved. Given both the large body of epidemiological data on myasthenia gravis patients and follow-up studies done on veterans it

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