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44-575: The Beaverhead River is an approximately 69-mile-long (111 km) tributary of the Jefferson River in southwest Montana (east of the Continental Divide ). It drains an area of roughly 4,778 square miles (12,370 km). The river's original headwaters, formed by the confluence of the Red Rock River and Horse Prairie Creek, are now flooded under Clark Canyon Reservoir , which also floods

88-528: A couple days at the Missouri headwaters, then began to ascend the Jefferson River, using ropes to pull the dugout canoes upstream against the current. Along the way they hunted deer, elk, bighorn sheep, and encountered grizzly bears. Describing the upper Jefferson River, Lewis recorded on August 2, 1805: The valley though which our rout of this [day] lay and through which the river winds it's meandering course

132-517: A single flood event and tend to be of uniform age. The upper Jefferson extends from the confluence of the Big Hole and the Beaverhead rivers approximately 44 miles downstream to the community of Cardwell . The middle Jefferson enters a narrow canyon a short distance downstream from Cardwell and is largely contained by the geography for most of the next 15 miles downstream to Sappington Bridge. Lacking

176-475: Is a beatifull level plain with but little timber and that on the verge of the river. the land is tolerably fertile, consisting of a black or dark yellow loam, and covered with grass from 9 Inches to 2 feet high. The plain ascends gradually on either side of the river to the bases of two ranges of mountains which ly parallel to the river and which terminate 〈it's〉 the width of the vally. the tops of these mountains were yet partially covered with snow while we in

220-522: Is a much-braided, meandering river and floodplain system that supports productive farm fields, extensive cottonwood groves, rich meadows, and abundant wildlife. The river creates diverse habitats as it naturally shifts back and forth across the Jefferson Valley, forming oxbows and swamps of various depth and age. Shifting channels and natural flooding facilitates the germination of cottonwood seedlings. Individual cottonwood groves are often germinated from

264-800: Is a segment of the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail , administered by the National Park Service . From the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana , three small rivers converge to form the headwaters of the Jefferson River. The longest begins at Brower's Spring , 9,030 feet (2,750 m) above sea level, on the northern flank of the Centennial Mountains . The site is marked by a pile of rocks. The water flows west then north as Hell Roaring Creek before merging with Rock Creek and flowing west through Upper and Lower Red Rock Lakes. Here it becomes

308-651: Is joined by the Boulder River before passing through the narrow Jefferson River canyon near Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park . After the canyon, the river passes into a broad valley again near Willow Creek . The Jefferson converges with the Madison River at Missouri Headwaters State Park near Three Forks to form the Missouri River, joined a short distance downstream by the Gallatin River . After flowing into

352-630: Is made up of quartz and feldspar. By the Mississippian Period, 340 million years ago, much of western North America was covered with a warm, shallow sea, much like the Gulf Coast of Florida today. Small marine fossils can be found in the Madison Group limestone that makes up the steep, narrow section of the Jefferson River canyon today. Gentle uplift eventually raised the region above sea level again. Rainwater percolated down through cracks in

396-415: Is suitable for floaters and beginning paddlers, except during high water flows in the spring. Possible hazards include downed trees, called "sweeps" and diversion dams constructed to channel river water into irrigation ditches. Water levels often drop off by mid-summer, making it necessary to drag watercraft over shallow riffles. The Jefferson River consists of three distinct sections. The upper Jefferson

440-506: The Big Hole , the Ruby , and the Beaverhead . The Jefferson River is a segment of the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail , established by Congress in 1978 and administered by the National Park Service . The Jefferson River is rated as Class I water for recreational purposes from its origin at the Beaverhead and Big Hole rivers to its confluence with the Missouri at Three Forks. The river

484-585: The Cambrian Period of the Paleozoic Era . A new sea encroached on the land, depositing sedimentary layers of limestone , dolomite , shale , and sandstone over several hundred million years. Limestone is generally made of calcium from marine animals that have been compacted and cemented together. Dolomite is similar but has more magnesium. Shale is formed from fine-grained mud, silts, and clays that have been compacted and cemented together. The sandstone

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528-544: The Late Cretaceous . The rising buoyant plutons resulted from subduction along what was then the west coast of North America. Regional uplift brought the deep-seated granite to the surface, where erosion exposed the rocks and the mineral veins they contained. The granite generally consists of quartz, hornblende, and feldspars. Gold, silver, and other semi precious minerals are also associated with batholiths. The ancient metamorphic and more recent sedimentary layers above

572-593: The Mississippi River . The river is a Class I water from the Clark Canyon Dam to its confluence with the Jefferson River for the purposes of public access for recreational purposes. Jefferson River From broad valleys to a narrow canyon, the Jefferson River passes through a region of significant geological diversity, with some of the oldest and youngest rocks of North America and a diversity of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary formations. The region

616-722: The Red Rock River , flowing west through Lima Reservoir and then northwest into Clark Canyon Reservoir near Dillon . Below the dam, the river is known as the Beaverhead River . It is joined by the Ruby River above the town of Twin Bridges and converges with the Big Hole River to form the Jefferson about two miles downstream from town. The Jefferson River flows north through the Jefferson Valley towards Whitehall and then east, where it

660-576: The Beaverhead and Big Hole telling them to follow the Beaverhead had been cut down by a beaver, and the expedition traveled up the Big Hole instead. As a result, the swifter current of the Big Hole swamped two of their canoes before they could travel back down to the confluence. Together with the Red Rock River, the Beaverhead forms the uppermost headwaters of the Missouri River , the longest tributary of

704-828: The CDP was $ 13,251. About 15.5% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 13.3% of those 65 or over. Most of the CDP is in Willow Creek Elementary School District and the Willow Creek High School District. A portion of the CDP is in the Three Forks Elementary School District and the Three Forks High School District. The Willow Creek elementary and high school districts are both

748-448: The CDP. The population density was 192.4 inhabitants per square mile (74.3/km ). There were 84 housing units at an average density of 77.3 per square mile (29.8/km ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.34% White , 0.96% Asian , 0.48% Pacific Islander , 3.83% from other races , and 2.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.26% of the population. There were 81 households, out of which 34.6% had children under

792-781: The Hidatsa in North Dakota in 1804–05. Little was known about the American West at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The Missouri River flowed southeast from an unknown source, joining the Mississippi River before flowing south to the Gulf of Mexico. The Columbia River originated at a similar latitude as the Missouri, and flowed west to the Pacific Ocean. What lay in between was the subject of much speculation. The United States acquired

836-621: The Jefferson River is used extensively as a source of irrigation water for local farms and ranches. Dams constructed upstream on the Ruby and Beaverhead rivers store surplus water from spring runoff which is released to augment natural flows during the summer irrigation season. However, portions of the river can become severely dewatered, shallow, and warm in drought years, adversely impacting fish populations. The unnaturally warm water, combined with excess nutrients from irrigation runoff and grazing practices, can stimulate rapid growth of algae in mid-summer, to

880-498: The Jefferson River, these rocks include layered feldspars, gneiss, glassy quartz, heavy dark amphibolite, and sometimes marble. About a billion years ago, the Willow Creek Fault, north of the Jefferson River canyon, dropped down deeply and filled with seawater, stretching north to Alberta and British Columbia. Eventually, the sea receded and erosion wore away intervening geologic history until about 530 million years ago, during

924-537: The Missouri River that summer, then wintered over with the Hidatsa Indians in North Dakota, where they met Toussaint Charbonneau and his Shoshone wife Sacagawea. Lewis and Clark hired Charbonneau to join the expedition, in part because Sacagawea's people were native to the Missouri headwaters. The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived at the Missouri Headwaters on 27 July 1805. Of the three streams that make up

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968-513: The Missouri River watershed through the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, and President Thomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark with a company of men to explore up the Missouri in the hopes of finding a navigable water route to the Pacific, with a low portage connecting one watershed with the other. The Expedition departed from Saint Louis, Missouri in the spring of 1804, ascended

1012-773: The Missouri, its waters continue into the Mississippi River , eventually into the Gulf of Mexico . These rivers combine to be the fourth longest river on Earth . The geology of the Jefferson River and the surrounding mountain ranges includes some of the oldest rocks found in North America, dating back to the Archean Eon, 2.7 billion years ago. Found primarily in the Tobacco Root and Ruby ranges, these ancient rocks are metamorphic , having been highly compressed and nearly re-melted by geologic forces over eons of time. Frequently found along

1056-663: The Northern Rockies. It is thought that far fewer animals survived in the region and the native peoples likely migrated elsewhere. Montana was apparently only intermittently inhabited after that until relatively recent times. In the 1500s, the Kootenai came into Montana from the north. The Salish and Pend d'Oreille migrated in from the north and northwest, venturing south to the Jefferson River/Missouri Headwaters and eastward. Major population shifts started in

1100-530: The ability to flood or meander, this section of the river has few trees, swamps, meadows, and significantly less wildlife than the upper Jefferson. The lower Jefferson opens up again into a meandering, braided river from Sappington bridge approximately 24 miles downstream to its confluence with the Madison River. Here, the riparian zone again supports an extensive community of swamps, meadows, cottonwood groves, and productive farm lands. Throughout its length,

1144-418: The age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.23. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.6% under

1188-459: The age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $ 32,386, and the median income for a family was $ 32,083. Males had a median income of $ 25,000 versus $ 17,500 for females. The per capita income for

1232-454: The batholiths eroded away as the magma pushed up through the crust. Thus, the granite batholiths are typically found at the center of local mountain ranges, while the much older metamorphic gneiss is usually found lower in the mountains, and limestone layers are mostly found in the foothills nearest the Jefferson River. The Rocky Mountains began a new and continuing phase of crustal stress 5 to 10 million years ago as tectonic forces began to pull

1276-554: The detriment of anglers and floaters. On August 5, 2016, the Jefferson River stream flow was measured at only 19 CFS (cubic feet per second). This occurred even while the three main tributaries to the Jefferson were contributing 1140 CFS. The Ruby River was measured at 310 CFS, the Big Hole River was measured at 200 CFS and the Beaverhead River was measured at 630 CFS. Irrigators took over 98% of this stream flow by forcing

1320-516: The early 1600s, bringing several new tribes into Montana. With horses of Spanish origin, the Shoshone migrated into Montana from the Great Basin and hunted buffalo, becoming the dominant tribe in the area. However, the arrival and expansion of European settlers on the east coast pushed Native Americans west, in a domino effect that extended all the way into Montana. The Crow migrated into Montana from

1364-509: The east in the 1600s, followed by the Blackfeet , Gros Ventre , and Assiniboine in the 1700s. With the acquisition of guns and horses, the Blackfeet became the dominant tribe on the plains in the 1700s. The Shoshone were largely pushed back over the continental divide into Idaho, but still ventured into Montana hunting and foraging. By 1800, the Missouri headwaters and much of southwest Montana

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1408-440: The first 6 miles (9.7 km) of the river. The Beaverhead then flows through a broad valley northward to join the Big Hole River and form the Jefferson River. With the Red Rock River included in its length, the river stretches another 70 miles (110 km), for a total length of 139 miles (224 km), one of the more significant drainages of south-western Montana. The name of the Beaverhead originates from Beaverhead Rock on

1452-558: The headwaters of the Missouri, the eastern fork is the smallest, while the larger middle and western forks are of relatively equal size. Therefore, Lewis and Clark concluded that it would be inappropriate for any fork to retain the name "Missouri." Instead, they named the western fork the Jefferson, the middle fork as the Madison, and the eastern fork as the Gallatin, as Meriwether Lewis noted in his journal on July 28, 1805: The expedition rested

1496-609: The limestone, dissolving rock and creating caves such as those found at Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park . Local mountains, such as the Tobacco Roots were formed from the Boulder Batholith . The batholith is composed of at least seven, and possibly as many as fourteen, discrete igneous rock masses called plutons , which formed beneath the Earth's surface during a period of magma intrusion about 73 to 78 million years ago during

1540-462: The middle river. This rock formation was recognized by Sacajawea when the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed the area in 1805. There were also many beavers in the area at the time, but the name does not originate from the animal. In 1805, Captain Meriwether Lewis traveled up the Jefferson and Beaverhead first, but when the rest of the expedition came, a sign Lewis had left at the confluence of

1584-645: The now-extinct mammoths and bison with Clovis points . Clovis points dated 12,000 to 13,000 years old have been found along the Missouri River near Townsend , Montana, about forty-five miles beyond the Jefferson. Paleo-Indians seldom entered the Rockies, where glaciation persisted. Upstream from the Jefferson, at Barton Gulch , a tributary of the Ruby -Jefferson River system, archaeologists excavated an extensive complex of Paleo-Indian cooking pits and earth ovens dated to 9400 RCYBP . Between 6,000 and 7,000 years ago, climate change brought dramatically drier conditions to

1628-619: The region apart. Blocks of earth dropped down to form valleys, and the Jefferson River eroded a channel through rock to form the Jefferson River canyon. Archaeologists believe that the first Americans migrated across the Bering land bridge from Asia between 12,000 and 30,000 years ago. They followed the Great North Trail, which dipped down into Montana along the east slope of the Rocky Mountains. These Paleo-Indians or Clovis people hunted

1672-439: The river into irrigation channels using diversion dams, leaving less than 2% of water in the river. Montana has no minimum stream flow legislation to prevent the total dewatering of the Jefferson River in the future. While much of the Jefferson River remains untouched and scenic, it is threatened by new housing developments that incrementally fragment wildlife habitat and vistas along the river. Efforts to stabilize portions of

1716-507: The riverbank with rock, concrete, and other rip-rap materials have inhibited the river's ability to flood, meander, and form new cottonwood groves and wildlife habitat. In addition, rip-rapped sections of the river tend to funnel floodwaters downstream, increasing the impact to other landowners. Willow Creek, Montana Willow Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Gallatin County , Montana , United States. The population

1760-482: The valley of Willow Creek (the stream) enters the valley of the Jefferson River . It is 6 miles (10 km) southwest of Three Forks and 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Interstate 90 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 2.73 square miles (7.08 km ), all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 209 people, 81 households, and 52 families residing in

1804-556: The valley. were suffocated nearly with the intense heat of the midday sun. the nights are so could that two blankets are not more than sufficient covering. Arriving at a major confluence, Lewis and Clark named the western fork the Wisdom River, the eastern fork the Philanthropy River and retained the middle fork as a continuation of the Jefferson River. However, none of these names were retained. These rivers are known today as

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1848-560: Was 210 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Bozeman, MT Micropolitan Statistical Area . The settlement here began in 1864 and soon grew due to a mining boom in nearby Norwegian Gulch. The Northern Pacific Railroad arrived at Willow Creek in 1883. Willow Creek is located in western Gallatin County at 45°49′38″N 111°38′7″W  /  45.82722°N 111.63528°W  / 45.82722; -111.63528 (45.827110, -111.635392), where

1892-575: Was a crossroads frequented by the Lemhi Shoshone , Bannock , Nez Perce , Flathead , Crow , Sioux , and Piegan Blackfeet . Sacagawea , of the Lemhi Shoshone, was captured by the Hidatsa on the lower Jefferson River in 1800, when she was about twelve years old. She was later married to Toussaint Charbonneau and both of them joined the Lewis and Clark Expedition when Lewis and Clark wintered with

1936-463: Was only intermittently inhabited by Native Americans until relatively recent times, and no single tribe had exclusive use of the Jefferson River when the Lewis and Clark Expedition first ascended the river in 1805. Today, the Jefferson River retains much of its scenic beauty and wildlife diversity from the days of Lewis and Clark, yet is threatened by water use issues and encroaching development. The Jefferson

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