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28-451: The term was used as early as 1964, albeit in the context of isoglosses . Leo Apostel uses the term in the context here in 1978. The concept was originally called sociogram . The term was popularized at the Facebook F8 conference on May 24, 2007, when it was used to explain how the newly introduced Facebook Platform would take advantage of the relationships between individuals to offer

56-476: A heterogloss , is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel , the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature. Isoglosses are a subject of study in dialectology , in which they demarcate the differences between regional dialects of a language; in areal linguistics , in which they represent the extent of borrowing of features between languages in contact with one another; and in

84-542: A language border . For example, the front-rounding of /y/ cuts across France and Germany, while the /y/ is absent from Italian and Spanish words that are cognates with the /y/-containing French words. One of the best-known isoglosses is the centum-satem isogloss . Similar to an isogloss, an isograph is a distinguishing feature of a writing system. Both concepts are also used in historical linguistics . The term isogloss (Ancient Greek ἴσος ísos "equal, similar" and γλῶσσα glōssa "tongue, dialect, language")

112-447: A country who speak the "native" language of a different country, some of whom may be bilingual . Also, an inherited language may evolve and perhaps absorb some of the characteristics or terms of the new area's predominant language. In cases such as these, it becomes even more difficult to identify specific languages. When speakers have a foreign accent, they are often perceived to be less intelligent and are less likely to be hired. It

140-469: A language border. The concept of mutual intelligibility is vague. More important, it can be difficult for non-native speakers to distinguish one language from another similar one. Furthermore, there is no clear definition of what constitutes a language: for instance some languages share writing systems but are spoken differently, while others are identical when spoken but are written using different alphabets. For example, different "dialects" of Chinese use

168-438: A richer online experience. The definition has been expanded to refer to a social graph of all Internet users. Since explaining the concept of the social graph, Mark Zuckerberg , one of the founders of Facebook, has often touted Facebook's goal of offering the website's social graph to other websites so that a user's relationships can be put to use on websites outside Facebook's control. Several issues have come forward regarding

196-565: A user is dissatisfied with Facebook. Google has attempted to offer a solution to this problem by creating the Social Graph API, released in January 2008, which allows websites to draw publicly available information about a person to form a portable identity of the individual, in order to represent a user's online identity. This did not, however, experience Google's desired uptake and was thus retired in 2012. Facebook introduced its own Graph API at

224-457: Is inspired by contour lines , or isopleths, such as isobars . However, the isogloss separates rather than connects points. Consequently, it has been proposed for the term heterogloss ( ἕτερος héteros "other") to be used instead. The centum–satem isogloss of the Indo-European language family relates to the different evolution of the dorsal consonants of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). In

252-553: Is perception in the USA that only English speakers are American and only non-Americans are non-English-speakers. It is suspected that this assumption began because states would have "official" languages for the purposes of book publishing and therefore for the purposes of education, so intelligence would come to be associated with speaking the language that was written. Because of this idea, there are also often social benefits which result from being able to speak English. A prime example of this

280-514: Is somewhat looked down upon because those living in areas of frequent code-switching seem to develop a sort of language loyalty. Another example of the difference between language borders and political borders is the spread of languages via colonialism, causing languages to be spoken in multiple, not necessarily adjacent countries. Although language borders and political borders do not always agree, there have been many instances where political leadership has attempted to enforce language borders. In

308-530: Is spoken in most Central American and South American countries, but also in Spain . There are subtle but recognizable differences between the dialects, but there are different dialects even within the country of Spain. (In many cultures there also slight differences between the versions of the language, both spoken and written (" registers ") used in different contexts: for example when talking to one's boss and talking to one's friends.) There can also be people within

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336-531: Is the largest social network dataset in the world, and it contains the largest number of defined relationships between the largest number of people among all websites because it is the most widely used social networking service in the world. Concern has focused on the fact that Facebook's social graph is owned by the company and is not shared with other services, giving it a major advantage over other services and preventing its users from taking their graph with them to other services when they wish to do so, such as when

364-422: Is the line separating two language areas. The term is generally meant to imply a lack of mutual intelligibility between the two languages. If two adjacent languages or dialects are mutually intelligible, no firm border will develop, because the two languages can continually exchange linguistic inventions; this is known as a dialect continuum . A "language island" is a language area that is completely surrounded by

392-442: Is the prevalence of bilingualism near the U.S.–Mexican border, which also indicates the porosity of the border and illustrates the difficulty of drawing a "border" around all speakers of a given language, especially because there is not usually much correlation between ethnicity and language. Such common bilingualism leads to the practice of code-switching , or the changing freely between languages while speaking although this trait

420-581: Is the same with an accent from a peripheral area, rather than the accent from the urbanized core: a peripheral person is typically perceived as speaking a "less correct" by those who are more educated, while those who are not as educated do not perceive any difference in the "correctness". Colonial histories could also help this phenomenon. A well-known example of a language border is the border between Romance and Germanic languages that stretches through Belgium , France , Switzerland , and Italy . Language borders do not always reflect political borders;

448-564: The bet of Old Hebrew has a distinctive stance (it leans to the right), but the bet of the Aramaic and Phoenician scripts series has a different stance (in both, it leans to the left). In 2006, Christopher Rollston suggested using the term isograph to designate a feature of the script that distinguishes it from a related script series, such as a feature that distinguishes the script of Old Hebrew from Old Aramaic and Phoenician. Language border A language border or language boundary

476-542: The root letters for a word for "child" were w-l-d . However, in the ancient Northwest Semitic languages, the word was y-l-d , with w- > y- . Similarly, Proto-Semitic ā becomes ō in the Canaanite dialects of Northwest Semitic. Within the Aramaic languages and dialects of Northwest Semitic, the historic ā is preserved. Thus, an ancient Northwest Semitic language whose historic ā became ō can be classed as part of

504-738: The wave model of historical linguistics , in which they indicate the similarities and differences between members of a language family . Major dialects are typically demarcated by bundles of isoglosses, such as the Benrath line that distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages and the La Spezia–Rimini Line that divides the Northern Italian languages and Romance languages west of Italy from Central Italian dialects and Romance languages east of Italy. However, an individual isogloss may or may not have any coterminus with

532-583: The 2010 f8 conference. Both companies monetise collected data sets through direct marketing and social commerce . In December 2016, Microsoft acquired LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion. Facebook's Graph API allows websites to draw information about more objects than simply people, including photos, events, and pages, and their relationships between each other. This expands the social graph concept to more than just relationships between individuals and instead applies it to virtual non-human objects between individuals, as well. Isoglosses An isogloss , also called

560-617: The Canaanite branch of Northwest Semitic. Such features can be used as data of fundamental importance for the purposes of linguistic classification. Just as there are distinguishing features of related languages, there are also distinguishing features of related scripts. For example, a distinguishing feature of the Iron Age Old Hebrew script is that the letters bet , dalet , ayin and resh do not have an open head, but contemporary Aramaic has open-headed forms. Similarly,

588-651: The Indo-Iranian family, and the other satem families are spoken in adjacent geographic regions, they can be grouped by an isogloss: a geographic line separating satem branches on one side from centum branches on the other. A major isogloss in American English has been identified as the North – Midland isogloss, which demarcates numerous linguistic features, including the Northern Cities vowel shift : regions north of

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616-555: The Latin word for hundred . In other branches (for example, Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian ), the labiovelars merged with the velars: PIE * k eup- became Vedic Sanskrit k opáyati "shaken" and * kʷ o- became Avestan kō "who?"; but *ḱm̥tom became Avestan s atəm . They are known as satem branches, after the Avestan word for hundred . Since the Balto-Slavic family,

644-669: The Mexican city of Ciudad Juarez on the border with the United States, social efforts have been made to curb the amount of American influence taking place—but at the same time, as in other foreign cultures, the class benefits of English proficiency are acknowledged and to this end schools teach in English and many television channels are in English. The use of Breton and Welsh has historically been discouraged by French and British governments respectively. There are also instances of intolerance to

672-472: The existing implementation of the social graph owned by Facebook. For example, currently, a social networking service is unaware of the relationships forged between individuals on a different service. This creates an online experience that is not seamless, and instead provides for a fragmented experience due to the lack of an openly available graph between services. In addition, existing services define relationships differently. As of 2010, Facebook's social graph

700-505: The line (including Western New York ; Cleveland, Ohio ; lower Michigan ; northern Illinois ; and eastern Wisconsin ) have the shift, while regions south of the line (including Pennsylvania , central and southern Ohio , and most of Indiana ) do not. A feature of the ancient Northwest Semitic languages is w becoming y at the beginning of a word. Thus, in Proto-Semitic and subsequent non-Northwest Semitic languages and dialects,

728-599: The same characters with the same meanings, but these can be pronounced very differently in different varieties. Japanese also uses large numbers of Kanji characters (of Chinese origin) to mean the same as in Chinese , but they often have different "readings" (yomi) some of which may be pronounced as in Chinese while others are totally different. There are often also shared terms between two languages even between languages that have nothing to do with each other. For example, Spanish

756-443: The standard reconstruction, three series of dorsals are recognised: In some branches (for example Greek , Italic and Germanic ), the palatals merged with the velars: PIE * k eup- "tremble (inwardly)" became Latin c upiō "desire" and * ḱ m̥tom "hundred" became Latin c entum (pronounced [kentum]); but * kʷ o- " interrogative pronoun " became qu ō "how? where?". They are known as centum branches, named after

784-514: The tendency to correlate language with nationality is a common error that seems to have arisen during the period of 19th century European expansion (e.g., the term Anglo in Mexico and the southeastern U.S., or the term Angrez – literally, "English" – in North India). The usage of a particular language can reflect positively or negatively on its speaker depending upon the situation. For example, there

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