Because ballet became formalized in France, a significant part of ballet terminology is in the French language .
75-568: ( French pronunciation: [a la səɡɔ̃d] ) (Literally "to second") If a step is done "à la seconde", it is done to the side. 'Second position'. It can also be a balance extending one foot off the ground in ‘Second Position’. ( French pronunciation: [a la katʁijɛm] ) One of the directions of body, facing the audience ( en face ), arms in second position, with one leg extended either to fourth position in front ( quatrième devant ) or fourth position behind ( quatrième derrière ). ( French pronunciation: [a tɛʁ] ) Touching
150-466: A ballet company in Italy. French word meaning a ballet performance, a ballet work, a ballet company and possibly the ballet dance genre, although the expression danse classique also exists for the latter meaning, is less equivocal and is more commonly used when referring to the learning of this dance. The foundational principles of body movement and form used in ballet. A ballet fan or enthusiast. The word
225-540: A bell.') Refers to brushing through first position from fourth devant or fourth derrière to the opposite fourth with the upper body held upright. Can be done continuously, as is often done with grands battements and attitudes . Similar to Balançoire , which additionally allows seesaw like upper-body shifting in counterpoint to the legs. The Vaganova system may refer to en cloche as "passé la jambe" or "battement passé la jambe". ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈkoːda] ); literally 'tail'). The concluding segment of
300-454: A confident, accomplished dancer. In dance (particularly ballet), arabesque (French: [aʁabɛsk]; literally, "in Arabic fashion") is a body position in which a dancer stands on one leg (the supporting leg) with the other leg (the working leg) extended, straight, behind the body. The arm positions can vary and are generally allongé. The foot of the supporting leg may be flat on the floor, on the ball of
375-418: A dancer stands on one leg (the supporting leg) while the other leg ( working leg) is raised and turned out with knee bent to form an angle of approximately 90° between the thigh and the lower leg. The height of the knee versus the foot and the angle of the knee flexion will vary depending on the techniques. The working leg can be held behind ( derrière ), in front ( devant ), or to the side ( à la seconde ) of
450-531: A leg and picks it up(the leg in front). Then the bent leg is straighted on the floor and the straight leg is picked off the floor and bent. These steps are repeated over and over again. The dancer looks as if he or she is flying across the floor. ( French pronunciation: [kabʁijɔl] ; meaning 'caper.') An allegro step in which the extended legs are beaten in the air. Cabrioles are divided into two categories: petite, which are executed at 45 degrees, and grande, which are executed at 90 degrees. The working leg
525-417: A level far beyond that which they would be capable of during euthymia . A very simple indicator of a manic state would be if a heretofore clinically depressed patient suddenly becomes inordinately energetic, enthusiastic, cheerful, aggressive, or "over-happy". Other, often less obvious, elements of mania include delusions (generally of either grandeur or persecution , according to whether the predominant mood
600-498: A liability. English actor Stephen Fry , who has bipolar disorder , recounts manic behaviour during his adolescence: "When I was about 17 ... going around London on two stolen credit cards, it was a sort of fantastic reinvention of myself, an attempt to. I bought ridiculous suits with stiff collars and silk ties from the 1920s, and would go to the Savoy and Ritz and drink cocktails." While he has experienced suicidal thoughts , he says
675-436: A manic episode as one where mood is higher than the person's situation warrants and may vary from relaxed high spirits to barely controllable exuberance, is accompanied by hyperactivity, a compulsion to speak, a reduced sleep requirement, difficulty sustaining attention, and/or often increased distractibility. Frequently, confidence and self-esteem are excessively enlarged, and grand, extravagant ideas are expressed. Behavior that
750-454: A manic episode of bipolar disorder involves the utilization of either a mood stabilizer (e.g., carbamazepine , valproate , lithium , or lamotrigine ) or an atypical antipsychotic (e.g., olanzapine , quetiapine , risperidone , aripiprazole , or cariprazine ). More recently, substances such as iloperidone have been approved for the acute treatment of manic episodes related to bipolar I disorder . The use of antipsychotic agents in
825-924: A manic episode, an individual will experience rapidly changing emotions and moods, highly influenced by surrounding stimuli . Although mania is often conceived of as a "mirror image" to depression , the heightened mood can be dysphoric as well as euphoric . As the mania intensifies, irritability can be more pronounced and result in anxiety or anger . The symptoms of mania include elevated mood (either euphoric or irritable), flight of ideas , pressure of speech , increased energy, decreased "need" and desire for sleep, and hyperactivity . They are most plainly evident in fully developed hypomanic states, however, in full-blown mania, these symptoms become progressively exacerbated . In severe manic episodes, these symptoms may even be obscured by other signs and symptoms characteristic of psychosis , such as delusions, hallucinations, fragmentation of behavior, and catatonia . Mania
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#1733085329704900-428: A non-mental medical illness (e.g., hyperthyroidism ), and: (a) is causing obvious difficulties at work or in social relationships and activities, or (b) requires admission to hospital to protect the person or others, or (c) the person has psychosis . To be classified as a manic episode, while the disturbed mood and an increase in goal-directed activity or energy is present, at least three (or four, if only irritability
975-400: A performance or suite of dances comprising a grand pas (e.g., grand pas de deux ). A particularly large or complex coda may be called a grand coda . If a large group of dancers participate, the terms coda générale or grand coda générale may be used. The ensemble of a ballet company, especially the ensemble apart from the featured dancers. Being a part of the corps means one is neither
1050-432: A person could make them more engaging and outgoing, and cause them to have a positive outlook in life. When exaggerated in hypomania, however, such a person can display excessive optimism , grandiosity , and poor decision-making, often with little regard to the consequences. A single manic episode, in the absence of secondary causes, (i.e., substance use disorders , certain medications , or general medical conditions )
1125-454: A review and meta-analysis exploring this relationship found that this assumption may be too general and empirical research evidence is lacking. In hypomania, there is less need for sleep and both goal-motivated behaviour and metabolism increase. Some studies exploring brain metabolism in subjects with hypomania, however, did not find any conclusive link; while there are studies that reported abnormalities, some failed to detect differences. Though
1200-529: A role of dopamine in mania. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA have been found in manic patients too, which may be explained by a failure of serotonergic regulation and dopaminergic hyperactivity. Limited evidence suggests that mania is associated with behavioral reward hypersensitivity, as well as with neural reward hypersensitivity. Electrophysiological evidence supporting this comes from studies associating left frontal EEG activity with mania. As left frontal EEG activity
1275-405: A soloist nor a principal dancer. ( French pronunciation: [kɔʁife] ) In some systems, a dancer of higher rank than a member of the corps de ballet, performing in small ensembles and small solo roles but not ranked as a soloist. ( French pronunciation: [də kote] ; 'sideways.') A movement traveling to the side. ( French pronunciation: [ku də pje] ; 'neck of
1350-957: Is antidepressant therapy. Studies show that the risk of switching while on an antidepressant is between 6-69 percent. Dopaminergic drugs such as reuptake inhibitors and dopamine agonists may also increase risk of switch. Other medications possibly include glutaminergic agents and drugs that alter the HPA axis . Lifestyle triggers include irregular sleep-wake schedules and sleep deprivation , as well as extremely emotional or stressful stimuli . Various genes that have been implicated in genetic studies of bipolar have been manipulated in preclinical animal models to produce syndromes reflecting different aspects of mania. CLOCK and DBP polymorphisms have been linked to bipolar in population studies, and behavioral changes induced by knockout are reversed by lithium treatment. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 has been genetically linked to bipolar, and found to be under-expressed in
1425-487: Is a syndrome with multiple causes. Although the vast majority of cases occur in the context of bipolar disorder , it is a key component of other psychiatric disorders (such as schizoaffective disorder , bipolar type) and may also occur secondary to various general medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis ; certain medications may perpetuate a manic state, for example prednisone ; or substances prone to abuse, especially stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine . In
1500-552: Is a tool, not a necessary item to dance. An alternating side-to-side movement of the working (non-supporting) leg. Typically performed in multiples, quickly and in rapid succession so that the working foot appears to be fluttering or vibrating. ( French pronunciation: [batʁi] ) A general term for jumps in which the legs open slightly sideways and close (crossed in fifth position) multiple times, alternating feet. (See "Battu.) ( French pronunciation: [baty] ; meaning 'beaten') A movement with an extra beating of
1575-438: Is both a step and action. It is commonly executed from cou-de-pied front to cou-de-pied back or vice versa. It may also be done from an extended leg position into fondu or directly through fifth position (as in concluding a jeté ). Coupé can only be performed through a closed leg position. The Vaganova School rarely uses the term coupé except as the preparation for specific allegros. Rather, "tombé through fifth position"
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#17330853297041650-457: Is conversely a movement towards the back. For example, a step travelling en avant moves forwards towards the audience, as in sissonne en avant . ( French pronunciation: [ɑ̃n aʁjɛːʁ] ; meaning 'backwards') A movement towards the back, as opposed to en avant. ( French pronunciation: [balɑ̃se] ; "balanced") A rocking sequence of three steps— fondu , relevé , fondu (down, up, down)—executed in three counts. Before
1725-484: Is defined in the American Psychiatric Association 's diagnostic manual (DSM) as a "distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration, if hospitalization is necessary)," where the mood is not caused by drugs/medication or
1800-531: Is euphoric or irritable), hypersensitivity, hypervigilance , hypersexuality, hyper-religiosity, hyperactivity and impulsivity, a compulsion to over explain (typically accompanied by pressure of speech), grandiose schemes and ideas, and a decreased need for sleep (for example, feeling rested after only 3 or 4 hours of sleep). In the case of the latter, the eyes of such patients may both look and seem abnormally "wide open", rarely blinking, and may contribute to some clinicians' erroneous belief that these patients are under
1875-546: Is generally thought to be a reflection of behavioral activation system activity, this is thought to support a role for reward hypersensitivity in mania. Tentative evidence also comes from one study that reported an association between manic traits and feedback negativity during receipt of monetary reward or loss. Neuroimaging evidence during acute mania is sparse, but one study reported elevated orbitofrontal cortex activity to monetary reward, and another study reported elevated striatal activity to reward omission. The latter finding
1950-504: Is important to manage symptoms of mania and depression, studies show relying on medications alone is not the most effective method of treatment. Medication is most effective when used in combination with other bipolar disorder treatments, including psychotherapy , self-help coping strategies, and healthy lifestyle choices. Lithium is the classic mood stabilizer to prevent further manic and depressive episodes. A systematic review found that long term lithium treatment substantially reduces
2025-560: Is limited to Lifar's choreographies. The sixth and seventh positions were not Lifar's inventions, but revivals of positions that already existed in the eighteenth century, when there were ten positions of the feet in classical ballet. The first basic position requires the feet to be flat on the floor and turned out (pointing in opposite directions as a result of rotating the legs at the hips). Heels together, and toes going outwards. The feet point in opposite directions, with heels spaced approximately 12 inches (30 cm) apart One foot
2100-687: Is more commonly used. In the United States, "coupé" may be used to denote the position cou-de-pied, not unlike "passé" is used to denote the position retiré in addition to the action of passing through retiré. ( French pronunciation: [kuʁy] ; 'run,' past participle, as in 'making small quick steps.') In most cases, this holds the calves together and the feet in a tight fifth position en pointe or demi-pointe and travels forward, backward, or to either side. E.g. pas de bourrée couru (also called bourrée for short). ( French pronunciation: [kʁwɑze] ; meaning 'crossed.') One of
2175-425: Is not always the case that the clearly manic/hypomanic bipolar patient needs or wants medical help; such persons often either retain sufficient self-control to function normally or are unaware that they have "gone manic" severely enough to be committed or to commit themselves . Manic persons often can be mistaken for being under the influence of drugs . In a mixed affective state , the individual, though meeting
2250-400: Is of Russian origin c. 1930, with the suffix -mane coming from maniya ( mania ). Showing lightness of movement in leaps and jumps. A dancer exhibiting ballon will appear to spring effortlessly, float in mid-air, and land softly like a balloon. In classical ballet, the term ballonné is a step where the leg is extended (can be front, side, or back) at 45 degrees. The knee is then bent and
2325-475: Is often sufficient to diagnose bipolar I disorder . Hypomania may be indicative of bipolar II disorder . Manic episodes are often complicated by delusions and/or hallucinations ; and if the psychotic features persist for a duration significantly longer than the episode of typical mania (two weeks or more), a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder is more appropriate. Certain obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders as well as impulse-control disorders share
Glossary of ballet - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-429: Is out-of-character and risky, foolish or inappropriate may result from a loss of normal social restraint. Some people also have physical symptoms, such as sweating , pacing, and weight loss . In full-blown mania, often the manic person will feel as though their goal(s) are of paramount importance, that there are no consequences, or that negative consequences would be minimal, and that they need not exercise restraint in
2475-427: Is placed in front of the other so that the heel of the front foot is near the arch of the rear foot. There are two types of fourth position: ouverte and croise. In both cases, one foot is placed approximately 12 inches (30 cm) in front of the other. In open fourth position the heels are aligned, while in closed fourth position the heel of the front foot is aligned with the toe of the back foot. In fifth position,
2550-414: Is present) of the following must have been consistently present: Though the activities one participates in while in a manic state are not always negative, those with the potential to have negative outcomes are far more likely. If the person is concurrently depressed, they are said to be having a mixed episode . The World Health Organization 's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) defines
2625-420: Is thrust into the air, the underneath leg follows and beats against the first leg, sending it higher. The landing is then made on the underneath leg. Cabriole may be done devant, derrière and à la seconde in any given position of the body such as croisé, effacé, écarté, and so on. ( French pronunciation: [kɑ̃bʁe] ; literally 'arched.') A bending at the waist in any direction, forward, backward, or to
2700-610: Is used to promptly alleviate symptoms of agitation, aggression , and psychosis . Antidepressant monotherapy is not recommended for the treatment of depression in patients with bipolar disorders I or II, and no benefit has been demonstrated by combining antidepressants with mood stabilizers in these patients. Some atypical antidepressants , however, such as mirtazapine and trazodone , have been occasionally used after other options have failed. In Electroboy: A Memoir of Mania by Andy Behrman, he describes his experience of mania as "the most perfect prescription glasses with which to see
2775-491: Is useful from a descriptive and differential diagnostic point of view. Mania varies in intensity, from mild mania ( hypomania ) to delirious mania, marked by such symptoms as disorientation, acute psychosis , incoherence, and catatonia . Standardized tools such as Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale can be used to measure severity of manic episodes. Because mania and hypomania have also long been associated with creativity and artistic talent, it
2850-667: The ICD-10 , there are several disorders with the manic syndrome: organic manic disorder ( F06.30 ), mania without psychotic symptoms ( F30.1 ), mania with psychotic symptoms ( F30.2 ), other manic episodes ( F30.8 ), unspecified manic episode ( F30.9 ), manic type of schizoaffective disorder ( F25.0 ), bipolar disorder , current episode manic without psychotic symptoms ( F31.1 ), bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic with psychotic symptoms ( F31.2 ). Before beginning treatment for mania, careful differential diagnosis must be performed to rule out secondary causes. The acute treatment of
2925-1369: The amygdala and other subcortical structures such as the ventral striatum tend to be increased, although results are inconsistent and likely dependent upon task characteristics such as valence. Reduced functional connectivity between the ventral prefrontal cortex and amygdala along with variable findings supports a hypothesis of general dysregulation of subcortical structures by the prefrontal cortex. A bias towards positively valenced stimuli , and increased responsiveness in reward circuitry may predispose towards mania. Mania tends to be associated with right hemisphere lesions, while depression tends to be associated with left hemisphere lesions. Post-mortem examinations of bipolar disorder demonstrate increased expression of Protein Kinase C (PKC). While limited, some studies demonstrate manipulation of PKC in animals produces behavioral changes mirroring mania, and treatment with PKC inhibitor tamoxifen (also an anti-estrogen drug) demonstrates antimanic effects. Traditional antimanic drugs also demonstrate PKC inhibiting properties, among other effects such as GSK3 inhibition. Manic episodes may be triggered by dopamine receptor agonists , and this combined with tentative reports of increased VMAT2 activity, measured via PET scans of radioligand binding , suggests
3000-640: The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease has been associated with mania, especially with electrodes placed in the ventromedial STN . A proposed mechanism involves increased excitatory input from the STN to dopaminergic nuclei. There are certain psychoactive substances that can induce a state of manic psychosis, including: amphetamine , cathinone , cocaine , MDMA , methamphetamine , methylphenidate , oxycodone , phencyclidine , designer drugs , etc. Mania can also be caused by physical trauma or illness . When
3075-670: The ability to think clearly. Racing thoughts and misperceptions lead to frustration and decreased ability to communicate with others. Mania may also, as earlier mentioned, be divided into three "stages". Stage I corresponds with hypomania and may feature typical hypomanic characteristics, such as gregariousness and euphoria . In stages II and III mania, however, the patient may be extraordinarily irritable, psychotic or even delirious . These latter two stages are referred to as acute and delirious (or Bell's), respectively. Various triggers have been associated with switching from euthymic or depressed states into mania. One common trigger of mania
Glossary of ballet - Misplaced Pages Continue
3150-408: The air and brings the second foot to meet it in the back before switching to the front to land, creating a beating action with the legs. In a brisé en arrière, the process is reversed, with the front leg brushing to the back and beating to land in front. ( French pronunciation: [bʁa kʁwaze] ; literally 'crossed arms') Arm placement in which one arm is extended in second position away from
3225-454: The audience while the other is curved in first position (Cecchetti fourth position en avant or RAD/French third position). ( Italian pronunciation: [braˈvuːra] ) A flashy, showy and elaborate style of dance that involves a lot of elaborate steps and style to similar music. Usually during a key solo. Quick movement of the feet, can be performed on pointe or on demi-pointe. The dancer straightens one leg (the leg in back) and bends
3300-489: The body. The alignment of the thigh compared to the midline in Attitude derrière will vary depending on the techniques. The foot of the supporting leg may be flat on the floor, en demi-pointe (ball of the foot), or en pointe (tips of the toes). The standing leg can be straight or bent ("fondu"). ( French pronunciation: [ɑ̃n avɑ̃] ; meaning 'forwards') A movement towards the front, as opposed to en arrière , which
3375-748: The causes are physical, it is called secondary mania . In some individuals, manic symptoms are also correlated with the season of spring. The mechanism underlying mania is unknown, but the neurocognitive profile of mania is highly consistent with dysfunction in the right prefrontal cortex , a common finding in neuroimaging studies. Various lines of evidence from post-mortem studies and the putative mechanisms of anti-manic agents point to abnormalities in GSK-3 , dopamine , Protein kinase C , and Inositol monophosphatase . Meta analysis of neuroimaging studies demonstrate increased thalamic activity, and bilaterally reduced inferior frontal gyrus activation. Activity in
3450-419: The cortex. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide has been associated with bipolar in gene linkage studies, and knockout in mice produces mania like-behavior. Targets of various treatments such as GSK-3 , and ERK1 have also demonstrated mania like behavior in preclinical models. Mania may be associated with strokes, especially cerebral lesions in the right hemisphere. Deep brain stimulation of
3525-400: The current DSM-5 , hypomanic episodes are separated from the more severe full manic episodes, which, in turn, are characterized as either mild, moderate, or severe, with certain diagnostic criteria (e.g., catatonia , psychosis ). Mania is divided into three stages: hypomania, or stage I; acute mania, or stage II; and delirious mania ( delirium ), or stage III. This "staging" of a manic episode
3600-406: The elevated mood and energy level typical of hypomania could be seen as a benefit, true mania itself generally has many undesirable consequences, including suicidal tendencies , and hypomania can, if the prominent mood is irritable as opposed to euphoric , be a rather unpleasant experience. In addition, the exaggerated case of hypomania can lead to problems. For instance, trait-based positivity for
3675-399: The feet are parallel, with the heel of the front foot in contact with the big toe of back foot, and the heel of the back foot in contact with the last toe of the front foot. Serge Lifar (1905–1986) codified two additional positions known as the sixth and seventh positions, with the feet turned in, not out like the first five positions. In Lifar's sixth position, the legs are turned in with
3750-470: The feet change positions in the air. For example, beginning in fifth position with the right foot front, plié , jump switching the right leg to the back, and land in fifth position with the left foot front. In the Vaganova vocabulary, petit changement de pieds indicates a changement where the feet barely leave the floor. (Literally 'chased.') ( French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ klɔʃ] ; meaning 'like
3825-413: The feet included, as in jeté battu . ( French pronunciation: [bʁize] ; literally 'broken') A jump consisting of an assemblé traveling either forward (en avant) or backward (en arrière), with an extra beat that "breaks" the jump in its travel. To execute a brisé en avant, the dancer demi-pliés in fifth position and brushes the back leg (through first position) to the front, then springs into
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#17330853297043900-424: The feet side-by-side and parallel. Similar to fourth position, but performed en pointe with heels in center with each other. There are two seventh positions, determined by whether the left or right foot is placed in front. Mania Mania , also known as manic syndrome , is a psychiatric behavioral syndrome defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal , affect , and energy level. During
3975-550: The first count, one foot extends in a dégagé to second position ( balancé de côté ) or to the front ( balancé en avant ) or rear ( balancé en arrière ). The second foot in the sequence (in any direction) assembles behind the first to relevé in fifth or fourth position. ( French pronunciation: [balɑ̃swaʁ] ; "swing [children's toy]") Swinging the working leg between front (devant) and back (derrière) through first position , usually in conjunction with grands battements or attitudes and involving seesaw like shifting of
4050-499: The floor. There are five basic positions in modern-day classical ballet , known as the first through fifth positions. In 1725, dancing master Pierre Rameau credited the codification of these five positions to choreographer Pierre Beauchamp . Two additional positions, known as the sixth and seventh positions, were codified by Serge Lifar in the 1930s while serving as Ballet Master at the Paris Opéra Ballet , though their use
4125-448: The floor; on the floor. Italian, or French adage , meaning 'slowly, at ease.' ( Italian pronunciation: [alˈleːɡro] ; meaning 'happy') ( French pronunciation: [alɔ̃ʒe] ; meaning 'elongated.') Refers to a foot and leg position when the toes and knees are extended and elongated, rather than forming the usual soft curve. Can also refer to a similar arm position. The apparent elegance and precision exhibited by
4200-426: The flow of thoughts. Racing thoughts also interfere with the ability to fall asleep. Manic states are always relative to the normal state of intensity of the affected individual; thus, already irritable patients may find themselves losing their tempers even more quickly, and an academically gifted person may, during the hypomanic stage, adopt seemingly "genius" characteristics and an ability to perform and articulate at
4275-437: The foot (demi-pointe/relevé), or on the tips of the toes (en pointe). ( French pronunciation: [aʁɔ̃di] ; meaning 'rounded') A position of the hand. Rounded, in contrast with allongé ('stretched out', as in arabesque). ( French pronunciation: [asɑ̃ble] ; literally 'assembled') Sometimes also pas assemblé . A jump that takes off from one foot and lands on two feet. When initiated with two feet on
4350-559: The foot brought to a sur le cou-de-pied position. This can also be done as a relevé or jump. A ballotté is a jumping step in classical ballet that consists of coupé dessous and small developpés performed with a rocking and swinging movement. The step can be performed with the leg extensions at 45 or 90 degrees. A sturdy horizontal bar, approximately waist height, used during ballet warm-up exercises and training. Fixed barres are typically mounted on -covered walls; portable barres can be relocated as needed. Used for balance, not support. A barre
4425-483: The foot.') Position of the arched working foot raised to, and resting on, the ankle. This could be in front (["conditional"] devant ), behind ( derrière ), or wrapped ( sur le cou-de-pied : arch of the foot wrapped around the ankle with the heel in front of the ankle and the toes behind, often interchangeable with the devant/conditional position), depending on the activity and the school/method of ballet. ( French pronunciation: [kupe] ; meaning 'cut.') Coupé
4500-405: The general criteria for a hypomanic (discussed below) or manic episode, experiences three or more concurrent depressive symptoms. This has caused some speculation, among clinicians , that mania and depression, rather than constituting "true" polar opposites, are, rather, two independent axes in a unipolar—bipolar spectrum. A mixed affective state, especially with prominent manic symptoms, places
4575-417: The ground (e.g. from fifth position) the working leg performs a battement glissé / dégagé , brushing out. The dancer launches into a jump, with the second foot then meeting the first foot before landing. A petit assemblé is when a dancer is standing on one foot with the other extended. The dancer then does a small jump to meet the first foot. ( French pronunciation: [atityd] ) A position in which
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#17330853297044650-440: The individual's lack of judgment and insight regarding periods of exacerbation of characteristic states. Manic patients are frequently grandiose, obsessive, impulsive, irritable, belligerent, and frequently deny anything is wrong with them. Because mania frequently encourages high energy and decreased perception of need or ability to sleep, within a few days of a manic cycle, sleep-deprived psychosis may appear, further complicating
4725-686: The influence of a stimulant drug, when the patient, in fact, is either not on any mind-altering substances or is actually on a depressant drug. Individuals may also engage in out-of-character behavior during the episode, such as questionable business transactions, wasteful expenditures of money (e.g., spending sprees), risky sexual activity, abuse of recreational substances, excessive gambling, reckless behavior (such as extreme speeding or other daredevil activity), abnormal social interaction (e.g., over-familiarity and conversing with strangers), or highly vocal arguments. These behaviours may increase stress in personal relationships, lead to problems at work, and increase
4800-442: The patient at a greater risk for suicide . Depression on its own is a risk factor but, when coupled with an increase in energy and goal-directed activity, the patient is far more likely to act with violence on suicidal impulses. Hypomania , which means "less than mania", is a lowered state of mania that does little to impair function or decrease quality of life. Although creativity and hypomania have been historically linked,
4875-479: The positions of the body or épaulement . Facing one of the corners of the stage, the body presents at an oblique angle to the audience, such that the audience can see still both shoulders and hips. The working leg may be crossed to the front (devant) or to the back (derrière). Positions of the feet in ballet#Second position The positions of the feet in ballet is a fundamental part of classical ballet technique that defines standard placements of feet on
4950-432: The pursuit of what they are after. Hypomania is different, as it may cause little or no impairment in function. The hypomanic person's connection with the external world, and its standards of interaction, remain intact, although intensity of moods is heightened. But those with prolonged unresolved hypomania do run the risk of developing full mania, and may cross that "line" without even realizing they have done so. One of
5025-495: The risk of altercations with law enforcement. There is a high risk of impulsively taking part in activities potentially harmful to the self and others. Although "severely elevated mood" sounds somewhat desirable and enjoyable, the experience of mania is ultimately often quite unpleasant and sometimes disturbing, if not frightening, for the person involved and for those close to them, and it may lead to impulsive behaviour that may later be regretted. It can also often be complicated by
5100-468: The risk of bipolar manic relapse, by 42%. Anticonvulsants such as valproate , oxcarbazepine , and carbamazepine are also used for prophylaxis . More recent drug solutions include lamotrigine and topiramate , both anticonvulsants as well. In some cases, long-acting benzodiazepines , particularly clonazepam , are used after other options are exhausted. In more urgent circumstances, such as in emergency rooms, lorazepam , combined with haloperidol ,
5175-486: The side. ( French pronunciation: [ʃɛne] ; 'chained', plural.) Also known as "chaînés turns", a common abbreviation for tours chaînés déboulés , a series of quick, 360 degree turns that alternate the feet while traveling along a straight line or in a circular path. Each foot performs a half turn, with feet held in a tight first position en pointe or demi-pointe . ( French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃ʒmɑ̃] ; literally 'change, changing.') A jump in which
5250-417: The signature symptoms of mania (and to a lesser extent, hypomania ) is what many have described as racing thoughts . These are usually instances in which the manic person is excessively distracted by objectively unimportant stimuli. This experience creates an absent-mindedness where the manic individual's thoughts totally preoccupy them, making them unable to keep track of time, or be aware of anything besides
5325-653: The suffix "-mania," namely, kleptomania , pyromania , and trichotillomania . Despite the unfortunate association implied by the name, however, no connection exists between mania or bipolar disorder and these disorders. Furthermore, evidence indicates a vitamin B 12 deficiency can also cause symptoms characteristic of mania and psychosis. Hyperthyroidism can produce similar symptoms to those of mania, such as agitation, elevated mood, increased energy, hyperactivity, sleep disturbances and sometimes, especially in severe cases, psychosis. Postpartum psychosis can also cause manic episodes ( unipolar mania ). A manic episode
5400-451: The treatment of acute mania was reviewed by Tohen and Vieta in 2009. When the manic behaviours have gone, long-term treatment then focuses on prophylactic treatment to try to stabilize the patient's mood, typically through a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy . The likelihood of having a relapse is very high for those who have experienced two or more episodes of mania or depression. While medication for bipolar disorder
5475-441: The upper body in opposition to the legs. Similar to en cloche . (Italian) A principal female ballet dancer in a ballet company. Ballerinas get more lead roles, which are referred to as principal roles as they are generally danced by principal dancers. Soloists also often dance in principal roles, but most of the time not in the first cast of the show (i.e. the cast that performs the most shows) An informal term for male dancers in
5550-486: The world... life appears in front of you like an oversized movie screen." Behrman indicates early in his memoir that he sees himself not as a person with an uncontrollable disabling illness, but as a director of the movie that is his vivid and emotionally alive life. There is some evidence that people in the creative industries have bipolar disorder more often than those in other occupations. Winston Churchill had periods of manic symptoms that may have been both an asset and
5625-452: Was interpreted in the context of either elevated baseline activity (resulting in a null finding of reward hypersensitivity), or reduced ability to discriminate between reward and punishment, still supporting reward hyperactivity in mania. Punishment hyposensitivity , as reflected in a number of neuroimaging studies as reduced lateral orbitofrontal response to punishment, has been proposed as a mechanism of reward hypersensitivity in mania. In
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