The Spanish Missions in New Mexico were a series of religious outposts in the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México — present day New Mexico . They were established by Franciscan friars under charter from the monarchs of the Spanish Empire and the government of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in a policy called Reductions to facilitate the conversion of Native Americans into Christianity .
21-593: The Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument is a complex of three Spanish missions located in the U.S. state of New Mexico , near Mountainair . The main park visitor center is in Mountainair. Construction of the missions began in 1622 and was completed in 1635. Once, thriving Native American trade communities of Tiwa and Tompiro language -speaking Pueblo people inhabited this remote frontier area of central New Mexico. They had an extensive area of pueblo dwellings and related kivas and other structures. Early in
42-720: A hundred years, is by far the best known of the Salinas pueblos, and in fact is one of the most celebrated ruins in all of the Southwest. This is not strange, [since] it is altogether the largest ruin of any Christian temple that exists in the United States; and connected with it from the first, there has been the glamor of romance and the strange charm of mystery, which adds tenfold to ordinary interest. How and when it first received its deceptive title of "Gran Quivira" we may never know; there are dozens of traditions and theories and imaginings. From
63-510: A royal decree forbidding Moriscos from the use of Arabic on all occasions , formal and informal, speaking and writing. Using Arabic in any sense of the word would be regarded as a crime. They were given three years to learn a "Christian" language, after which they would have to get rid of all Arabic written material. It is unknown how many of the Moriscos complied with the decree and destroyed their own Arabic books and how many kept them in defiance of
84-501: A substantial extent. The same situation happens in European populations of non-Spanish origin, like Italian and German populations in Chile and Venezuela ; this is voluntarily as some of them still speak their native languages. The Philippine archipelago was ruled from Mexico as a territory of New Spain , from 1565 to 1821 and as a province of Spain until 1898. Since the late 16th century,
105-590: Is also used in the narrow linguistic sense of the Spanish language replacing indigenous languages. Within Spain , the term "Hispanicization" can refer to the cultural and linguistic absorption of the ethnically Berber Guanches , the indigenous people of the Canary Islands in the century following their subjugation in the 15th century. It is relatively rarely used as a synonym for "Castilianization" ( castellanización ) i.e.
126-519: The Hispanic culture has intemperately influenced, shaped, and become the foundation of modern Filipino cultural landscape. Derived from Austronesian and Iberian influences, modern Filipino culture is a blend of Eastern and Western (mostly Spanish) traditions. Although most Filipinos still primarily speak an Austronesian language , the Philippine languages have thousands of Spanish loanwords. Furthermore,
147-424: The 17th century Spanish Franciscans believed the area ripe for their missionary efforts. However, by the late 1670s the entire Salinas District, as the Spanish had named it, was depopulated of both Indian and Spaniard. What remains today are austere yet beautiful reminders of this earliest contact between Pueblo Indians and Spanish Colonials: the ruins of three mission churches, at Quarai, Abó, and Gran Quivira, and
168-578: The 1970s) and San Antonio (Hispanic majority by the 1980s). In Spanish America it is also used to refer to the imposition of the Spanish language in the former Spanish colonies and its adoption by indigenous peoples . This refers to Spain's influence which began in the late 15th century and the Spanish Empire beginning in the colonization of the Canary Islands in 1402 which is now part of Spain. Later
189-492: The King's decree; the decree is known to have triggered one of the largest Morisco Revolts . Ultimately, the Moriscos had only two choices – either accept a complete Hispanicization and give up any trace of their original identity, or be deported to North Africa. According to the 2000 United States Census , about 75% of all Hispanics spoke Spanish at home. Hispanic retention rates are so high in parts of Texas and New Mexico and along
210-750: The Southwest region. They also introduced European diseases to which native people had little or no acquired immunity . Fray Marcos de Niza , sent by Coronado , first saw the area now known as New Mexico in 1539. The first permanent settlement was Mission San Gabriel, founded in 1598 by Juan de Oñate near what is now known as Okay Owingeh, formerly known as the San Juan Pueblo . 35° 30' 25.092'' N 106° 43' 10.992'' W 36° 3' 14.472'' N, 106° 4' 15.06'' W On Spanish Missions in neighboring regions: On general missionary history: On colonial Spanish American history: Hispanicization Hispanicization ( Spanish : hispanización ) refers to
231-545: The border because the percentage of Hispanics living there is also very high. Laredo, Texas ; Chimayo, New Mexico ; Nogales, Arizona ; and later in the 20th century Coachella, California , for example, all have Hispanic populations greater than 90 percent. Furthermore, these places have had a Hispanic-majority population since the time of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the area in the 17th and 18th centuries. Some previously Anglo -majority cities have since become majority Hispanic, such as Miami (Hispanic majority by
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#1732872272449252-545: The days of Coronado the name of " Quivira " had been associated with the idea of a great unknown city, of wealth and splendor, situated somewhere on the Eastern Plains; and it is not at all unlikely that when some party from the Rio Grande Valley, in search of game or gold, crossed the mountains and the wilderness lying to the east, and was suddenly amazed by the apparition of a dead city, silent and tenantless, but bearing
273-645: The evidences of large population, of vast resources, of architectural knowledge, mechanical skill, and wonderful energy, they should have associated with it the stories heard from childhood of the mythical center of riches and power, and called the new-found wonder the Gran Quivira. The Gran Quivera Historic District was listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. Spanish missions in New Mexico They attempted to Hispanicize
294-746: The historical process whereby speakers of minority Spanish languages such as Catalan, Basque, Galician, Astur-Leonese or Aragonese are linguistically assimilated and progressively abandon their language for Spanish. Since all of the aforementioned languages are co-official languages together with Castilian Spanish, the term "Castilianization" is preferred. The Moriscos (Muslims who had converted to Christianity but continued to live in distinct communities) had undergone an intensive, forced Hispanicization. Upon conversion, they were all given Spanish names by which they were known in all official documents (though in private, they probably often continued to use their original Arabic names). In 1567, Philip II of Spain issued
315-545: The indigenous peoples. The affected included the rich cultures and tribes of: many of the 21 distinct Puebloan groups ; the Tiwa ; the Navajo ; and the Apache . The missions also aimed to pacify resistance to the European invasion of the tribes' Pre-Columbian homelands and loss of traditions. The missions introduced European livestock , fruits , vegetables , and small-scale industry into
336-637: The landing of Christopher Columbus in 1492 in the Caribbean then Central America and South America . All these countries were Hispanicized; however, there are still many people there who hold a culture that still has its origins in the Indigenous peoples of the Americas . Until recently, Castilianization has been official policy by the governments of many Hispanic American countries. Only recently programs of intercultural bilingual education have been introduced to
357-609: The partially excavated pueblo of Las Humanas or, as it is known today, the Gran Quivira pueblo. The site was first proclaimed Gran Quivira National Monument on November 1, 1909. Administered by the National Park Service, the National Monument for this site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. On December 19, 1980, the footprint of the site was enlarged to include two New Mexico State Monuments on November 2, 1981. The enlarged site
378-451: The process by which a place or person becomes influenced by Hispanic culture or a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something non-Hispanic becomes Hispanic. Hispanicization is illustrated by spoken Spanish , production and consumption of Hispanic food , Spanish language music, and participation in Hispanic festivals and holidays. In the former Spanish colonies, the term
399-399: Was established in 1625 by Fray Francisco Fonte. The Gran Quivira Ruins are located about 25 miles south of Mountainair, at about 6500 feet (1981 m) above sea level. There is a small visitor center near the parking lot. A 0.5-mile (0.8 km) trail leads through partially excavated pueblo ruins and the ruins of the uncompleted mission church. The Gran Quivira, as it has been called for over
420-556: Was established in the 11th century on the edge of the existing pueblo culture, and often attracted roaming Nomadic Tribes of the eastern plains. San Gregorio de Abó Mission (located in Mountainair, New Mexico) was one of three Spanish missions constructed in or near the pueblos of central New Mexico. These missions, built in 1600s, are now a part of the Salinas Pueblo National Monument which includes San Gregorio de Abó Mission, Quarai and Gran Quivera. The mission at Abo
441-499: Was renamed on October 28, 1988. The Quarai Ruins are located about 8 miles north of Mountainair, at about 6650 feet (2026 m) above sea level. There is a visitor center and a 0.5 mile (0.8 km) trail through the ruins. In a forest, an interpretive sign reads that when Francis Gardes traveled through the area, he heard birds sing a song called "When Explorers Came". Francis Gardes's trail became Francis Garde National Historic Trail, and it passes through Quarai. The Abo Pueblo community
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