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28-618: Graford is a town in Palo Pinto County , Texas , United States. The population was 669 at the 2020 census . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km), all land. As of the census of 2000, 578 people, 213 households, and 145 families resided in the city. The population density was 819.9 inhabitants per square mile (316.6/km). The 238 housing units averaged 337.6 per square mile (131.3/km). The racial makeup of

56-511: A vigilante group charged Choctaw Tom's camp, indiscriminately murdering and injuring women and children along with the men. Governor Hardin Richard Runnels ordered John Henry Brown to the area with 100 troops. An examining trial was conducted about the Choctaw Tom raid, but no indictments resulted. In May 1859, John Baylor and a number of whites confronted United States troops at

84-522: A female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were not families. About 26.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.90% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.52, and the average family size was 3.02. As of the 2010 census, 2.0 same-sex couples per 1,000 households were in the county. In the county, the age distribution was 26.0% under 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 or older. The median age

112-502: A household in the city was $ 30,972, and for a family was $ 33,676. Males had a median income of $ 25,885 versus $ 18,182 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 12,648. About 9.1% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 19.7% of those age 65 or over. The City of Graford is served by the Graford Independent School District and home to

140-610: A state-wide reputation and probably knew more persons in Texas than any other one man." Brown's papers are preserved in the Texas Hall of State in Dallas's Fair Park . A number of places or institutions were named for him: Brown Street, in Dallas's Oak Lawn neighborhood; and John Henry Brown School, an elementary school opened in 1912 in South Dallas . During the 1950s the demographics of

168-689: A training camp for the unit. In 1941, Camp Wolters was turned over to the United States Army . It was redesignated Wolters Air Force Base in 1951. Five years later, the base reverted to the Army as a helicopter training school. The base closed in 1973 when the helicopter school transferred to Fort Rucker (now Fort Novosel ) in Alabama . Possum Kingdom Lake was acquired from the Brazos River Authority in 1940. The Civilian Conservation Corps constructed

196-410: Is now known as the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association. The Fence Cutting Wars in Texas lasted about 5 years, 1883–1888. As farmers and ranchers began to compete for precious land and water, cattlemen found feeding their herds more difficult, prompting cowboys to cut through fences. Texas Governor John Ireland prodded a special assembly to order the fence cutters to cease. In response,

224-647: The Dallas – Fort Worth combined statistical area . It is located in the western Cross Timbers ecoregion. The Brazos Indian Reservation, founded by General Randolph B. Marcy in 1854, provided a safety area from warring Comanche for Delaware , Shawnee , Tonkawa , Wichita , Choctaw , and Caddo . Within the reservation , each tribe had its own village and cultivated agricultural crops. Government-contracted beef cattle were delivered each week. Citizens were unable to distinguish between reservation and nonreservation tribes, blaming Comanche and Kiowa depredations on

252-532: The Graford High School Jackrabbits. Palo Pinto County, Texas Palo Pinto County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2020 census , its population was 28,409. The county seat is Palo Pinto . The county was created in 1856 and organized the following year. Palo Pinto County comprises the Mineral Wells micropolitan statistical area , which is part of

280-523: The benefits. Eventually, the town of Mineral Wells was platted. Mineral Wells State Park and Trailway, a short distance to east of the town of Mineral Wells in Palo Pinto County, was opened to the public in 1981; it lies in Parker County. The Texas National Guard organized the 56th Cavalry Brigade in 1921, and four years later, Brigadier General Jacob F. Wolters was given a grant to construct

308-478: The city was 94.64% White, 0.69% Native American, 3.63% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 4.84% of the population. Of the 213 households, 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were not families. About 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who

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336-468: The facilities, and the Possum Kingdom State Park opened to the public in 1950. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 986 sq mi (2,550 km ), of which 34 sq mi (88 km ) (3.4%) are covered by water. As of the census of 2000, 27,026 people, 10,594 households, and 7,447 families were residing in the county. The population density

364-449: The history of the region, including The History of Dallas County, 1837-1887, The Life and Times of Henry Smith, Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas, and The History of Texas from 1685 to 1892 . Brown died in Dallas at the age of 74. He was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Dallas. A newspaper report of Brown's funeral recorded that the procession "was one of the longest ever seen in Dallas"; another one four years later said Brown "had

392-457: The late 20th century, Brown has been the subject of significant criticism. His writing and speeches, particularly in the antebellum years, expressed considerable racism and discrimination against African Americans , most of whom in Texas gained freedom only after the Civil War and emancipation. He also opposed abolitionists and later whites who were sympathetic to the freedmen . John Henry Brown

420-455: The legislature made fence-cutting and pasture-burning crimes punishable with prison time, while at the same time regulating fencing. The practice abated with sporadic incidents of related violence in 1888. James and Amanda Lynch first moved to the area in 1877. In digging a well on their property, they discovered the water seemed to benefit their well-being. Word spread about the water's healing powers, and people from all over came to experience

448-620: The military. As the Civil War approached, Brown was selected in 1861 to chair the committee that prepared Texas's articles of secession . Beginning service in the Confederate States Army as a private , he rose to the rank of major, serving on the staff of Brig. Gen. Benjamin McCulloch , then as assistant adjutant general on the staff of Gen. Henry E. McCulloch . Because of health issues, Brown returned to Texas in 1863; he served

476-544: The rank of first sergeant . He was involved in several battles in the succeeding two years. In April 1843 Brown returned to Missouri, where in July of that year he married Marion F. Mitchel. They eventually had five children together. In 1845 the couple migrated to Texas to live. In 1846, Brown was commissioned as a major in the militia of Texas , which had joined the union as a state in December 1845. He resumed his newspaper career

504-656: The remainder of the war in the Texas militia. Brown was displeased with the Union's victory. Like numerous other Confederates, he moved with his family to Mexico in June 1865, where they lived until 1871. They returned to the U.S. and settled in Dallas . In 1872 Brown was elected again to the Texas state legislature. He continued to be politically active, holding numerous state and local appointments and offices. Most notably he served as Dallas's mayor from 1885 to 1887. From 1880 until his death in 1895, Brown wrote and edited several books on

532-506: The reservation Indians. A newspaper in Jacksboro, Texas , titled The White Man advocated removal of all tribes from North Texas. During December 1858, Choctaw Tom, who was a Yowani married to a Hasinai woman, who was at times an interpreter to Sam Houston , and a group of reservation Indians received permission for an off-the-reservation hunt. On December 27, Captain Peter Garland and

560-581: The reservation, demanding the surrender of certain tribal individuals. The military balked, and Baylor retreated, but in so doing killed an Indian woman and an old man. Baylor's group was later attacked by Indians off the reservation, where the military had no authority to intervene. At the behest of terrified settlers, the reservation was abandoned that year. In 1856, the Texas State Legislature established Palo Pinto County from Bosque and Navarro Counties and named it for Palo Pinto Creek. The county

588-650: The same year. In 1848, the Brown family moved to Indianola, Texas . There Brown founded a newspaper and published a number of documents on the history of Texas and the Southwest . Brown became the associate editor of a newspaper in Galveston in 1854. He was elected that year to the Texas legislature, and in 1856 he became mayor of Galveston. He returned to the state legislature in 1857. After another term, he moved to Belton, Texas , and continued activities in both journalism and

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616-406: The school's neighborhood changed from early generations of European Americans and Jewish immigrants; it became primarily African-American. In 1955, Brown Elementary School was the focus of Dallas's first desegregation -related legal action, as an African-American family sued for the right of their children to attend the segregated whites-only school that was half a block from their home; the suit

644-476: Was 28 people/sq mi (11 people/km ). The 14,102 housing units averaged 15 per square mile (5.8/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 88.19% White, 2.32% African American, 0.67% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 6.59% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. About 13.57% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race. Of the 10,594 households, 30.40% had children under 18 living with them, 55.60% were married couples living together, 10.40% had

672-629: Was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.30 males. The median income for a household was $ 31,203, and for a family was $ 36,977. Males had a median income of $ 28,526 versus $ 18,834 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 15,454. About 12.30% of families and 15.90% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.50% of those under age 18 and 11.80% of those age 65 or over. 32°45′11″N 98°18′47″W  /  32.75318°N 98.31302°W  / 32.75318; -98.31302 John Henry Brown Since

700-448: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.38. In the city, the population was distributed as 30.1% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males. The median income for

728-611: Was born in 1820 in Pike County , Missouri Territory , the son of Henry S. Brown and Margaret Kerr (Jones) Brown. He received little formal schooling but apprenticed as a youth in a printer's office and various newspapers in Missouri . At age 17, Brown moved to the recently established Republic of Texas and soon was working for a newspaper in Austin . His military career began in 1840 in skirmishes against Indians , and by 1841 he had attained

756-510: Was dismissed. In succeeding decades, desegregation did occur and was ordered by federal courts in the 1970s. Meanwhile, community resentment grew as local residents learned about Brown's racist rhetoric, as illustrated in these excerpts from Michael Phillips, White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841-2001 (2006): While Brown's racist writing may have been typical of opinions of antebellum white slaveholders, local Dallas residents objected to their children having to attend

784-463: Was organized the next year, with the town of Golconda chosen to be the seat of government. The town was renamed Palo Pinto in 1858. Ranching entrepreneurs Oliver Loving and Charles Goodnight , who blazed the Goodnight-Loving Trail , along with Reuben Vaughan, were the nucleus of the original settlers. An 1876 area rancher meeting regarding cattle rustling became the beginnings of what

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