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71-1016: For much of its early history, Grace's main business was in South America, in maritime shipping , railroads, agriculture, and silver mining, with 30,000 employees in Peru. In the 1950s, Grace began to diversify and grew into a Fortune 100 worldwide conglomerate . After emerging from a prolonged bankruptcy period of 12 years in 2014, the company spun off its other major operating divisions. In 2015, Grace separated into two independent public companies. Its Catalysts and Material Technologies business segments remained in Grace, and what would later become GCP Applied Technologies Inc. held its Construction Products and Darex Packaging Technologies businesses. In September 2021, Standard Industries acquired Grace (the Catalysts and Material Technologies business segments). The company

142-460: A 13-year bankruptcy case stemming from asbestos claims and immediately built a new 90,000 sq ft headquarters building on its 160-acre Columbia campus. The company has been involved in several controversial incidents of proven and alleged corporate crimes, including exposing workers and residents of an entire town to asbestos contamination in Libby and Troy , Montana , water contamination (the basis of

213-653: A 160-acre research complex, the Washington Research Center, in Columbia, Maryland. It also commissioned the New York City skyscraper, the W. R. Grace Building , as its world headquarters, in midtown Manhattan, where it directed worldwide operations, including Grace Container Products. In 1953, the company became a public company via an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . In 1954,

284-514: A United Nations agency, and the Nautical Institute are seeking improved international standards for mariners. Satellite phones have improved communication and efficiency aboard sea-faring ships. This technology has contributed to crew welfare, although both equipment and fees are expensive. Ocean voyages are steeped in routine. Maritime tradition dictates that each day be divided into six four-hour periods. Three groups of watch keepers from

355-455: A United States international carrier flying down the west coast of South America. Panagra ultimately evolved into a jet carrier flying from Miami and New York to South America before merging with Braniff Airways in 1967, becoming Braniff's South American network. These routes were sold to Eastern Air Lines in 1982 and then to American Airlines in 1990. In 1945, the founder's grandson, J. Peter Grace , became president. Under his leadership,

426-556: A can sealant plant in Minhing, China, near Shanghai , becoming the first wholly foreign-owned, private company to do business in The People's Republic of China . In February 2016, Grace completed the corporate spin-off of GCP Applied Technologies . In July 2016, the company acquired a catalysts business from BASF . In June 2021, the company acquired a unit from Albemarle Corporation . In September 2021, Standard Industries acquired

497-402: A cargo engineer works with the deck department during cargo operations, as well as being a watchkeeping engineer. A common engine crew for a ship includes: Many American ships also carry a motorman . Other possible positions include machinist , electrician , refrigeration engineer, and tankerman. Engine cadets are engineer trainees who are completing sea time necessary before they can obtain

568-689: A mariner's off-duty time is largely a solitary affair, pursuing hobbies, reading, writing letters, and sleeping. On modern ocean-going vessels, typically registered with a flag of convenience , life has changed immensely in the last 20 years. Most large vessels include a gym and often a swimming pool for use by the crew. Since the Exxon Valdez incident , the focus of leisure time activity has shifted from having officer and crew bars, to simply having lounge-style areas where officers or crew can sit to watch movies. With many companies now providing TVs and DVD players in cabins, and enforcing strict smoking policies, it

639-748: A member of a country's martial navy . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , the total number of merchant ships of at least 1,000 gross register tons in the world was 30,936. In 2010, it was 38,988, an increase of 26%, across many countries . As of December 2018 , a quarter of all merchant mariners were born in the Philippines . A ship may also be categorized as to how it is operated. Ships and other watercraft are used for maritime transport. Types can be distinguished by propulsion , size or cargo type. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers , or in

710-594: A separate asbestos property damage trust. In 1995, the European Patent Office (EPO) granted a patent on an anti-fungal product derived from the neem tree to the United States Department of Agriculture and W. R. Grace. The Indian government challenged the patent when it was granted, claiming that the process for which the patent had been granted had been in use in India for more than 2,000 years. In 2000,

781-549: A ship, including Junior Assistant Purser , Senior Assistant Purser , Purser , Chief Purser , Medical Doctor , Professional Nurse , Marine Physician Assistant , and hospital corpsman , are considered administrative positions and are therefore regulated by Certificates of Registry issued by the United States Coast Guard . Pilots are also merchant marine officers and are licensed by the Coast Guard. Formerly, there

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852-711: A shipping division. Grace Line began service in 1882, with ports of call between Peru and New York. Regular steamship service was established in 1893, with a subsidiary called the New York & Pacific Steamship Co., that operated under the British flag. Ships built outside the United States before 1905 were banned from the US registry. US-flag service began in 1912 with the Atlantic and Pacific Steamship Company. The activities of both companies and

923-461: A strategy referred to as " slow steaming ". A ship's complement can be divided into four categories: Officer positions in the deck department include but not limited to the Master and his Chief , Second , and Third officers. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the deck department are Able Seaman and Ordinary Seaman . A common deck crew for a ship includes: A deck cadet

994-493: A time, followed by protracted shore leave. However, some seamen secure jobs on ships they like and stay aboard for years. The quick turnaround of many modern ships, spending only a few hours in port, limits a seafarer's free-time ashore. Moreover, some foreign seamen entering U.S. ports from a watch list of 25 countries face restrictions on shore leave due to maritime security concerns. However, shore leave restrictions while in U.S. ports impact American seamen as well. For example,

1065-499: A watchkeeping license. A typical steward's department for a cargo ship would be composed of a Chief Steward , a chief cook , and a Steward's Assistant . All three positions are typically filled by unlicensed personnel. The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. On large passenger vessels ,

1136-422: Is intermodal or co-modal . A nation's shipping fleet (variously called merchant navy , merchant marine, or merchant fleet) consists of the ships operated by civilian crews to transport passengers or cargo from one place to another. Merchant shipping also includes water transport over the river and canal systems connecting inland destinations, large and small. For example, during the early modern era , cities in

1207-422: Is a person who is carrying out mandatory sea time to achieve their officer of the watch certificate. Their time on board is spent learning the operations and tasks of everyday life on a merchant vessel. A ship's engine department consists of the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel. Engine staff also deal with the "Hotel" facilities on board, notably

1278-592: Is less critical today, the major waterways of the world including many canals are still very important and are integral parts of worldwide economies . Particularly, especially any material can be moved by water; however, water transport becomes impractical when material delivery is time-critical such as various types of perishable produce . Still, water transport is highly cost effective with regular schedulable cargoes, such as trans-oceanic shipping of consumer products – and especially for heavy loads or bulk cargos , such as coal , coke , ores , or grains . Arguably,

1349-406: Is not surprising that the bar is now a much quieter place on most ships. In some instances games consoles are provided for the officers and crew. The officers enjoy a much higher standard of living on board ocean-going vessels. Crews are generally poorly paid, poorly qualified and have to complete contracts of approximately 9 months before returning home on leave. They often come from countries where

1420-1024: The Hanseatic League began taming Northern Europe 's rivers and harbors. Similarly, the Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the port cities on the Great Lakes in Canada and the United States with the Atlantic Ocean shipping routes, while the various Illinois canals connect the Great Lakes and Canada with New Orleans . Ores, coal, and grains can travel along the rivers of the American Midwest to Pittsburgh or to Birmingham , Alabama. Professional mariners are known as merchant seamen, merchant sailors, and merchant mariners, or simply seamen, sailors, or mariners. The terms "seaman" or "sailor" may also refer to

1491-475: The Industrial Revolution had its first impacts where cheap water transport by canal, navigations, or shipping by all types of watercraft on natural waterways supported cost-effective bulk transport . Containerization revolutionized maritime transport starting in the 1970s. "General cargo" includes goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels. When a cargo is carried in more than one mode, it

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1562-543: The International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots notes a trend of U.S. shipping terminal operators restricting seamen from traveling from the ship to the terminal gate. Furthermore, in cases where transit is allowed, special "security fees" are at times assessed. Such restrictions on shore leave, coupled with reduced time in port, translate into longer periods at sea. Mariners report that extended periods at sea living and working with shipmates, who for

1633-541: The Peruvian government nationalized properties in Peru owned by the company. Harold Logan, Grace's executive vice president, stated the company would join in governmental-level talks over compensation of expropriated American concerns. The loss of Grace's properties in Peru began in 1969 when 25,000 acres of sugarcane plantations were taken over in agrarian reform. The sugar lands were at Paramonga , 110 miles north of Lima , and at Cartavio, near Trujillo , 200 miles farther up

1704-540: The Steward's Assistant , the chief cook , and other Steward's Department crewmembers. In the United States Merchant Marine , a chief steward must have a Merchant Mariner's Document issued by the United States Coast Guard . Because of international law , conventions, and agreements , all chief cooks who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries. Staff officer positions on

1775-436: The sewage , lighting, air conditioning and water systems. They deal with bulk fuel transfers, and require training in firefighting and first aid , as well as in dealing with the ship's boats and other nautical tasks- especially with cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers and deck workers. On LPG and LNG tankers , however,

1846-465: The 1980s, W. R. Grace had owned the following restaurants: American Cafe, Del Taco , Coco's Bakery , El Torito , Hungry Tiger and various restaurants it had purchased from General Mills . In 1966, the company bought a 53% controlling stake in Miller Brewing for $ 36 million from Lorraine Mulberger, the granddaughter of Frederick Miller , who sold the stake for religious reasons. The company sold

1917-718: The 4 month mark for officers, with generous leave. Most ocean-going vessels now operate an unmanned engine room system allowing engineers to work days only. The engine room is computer controlled by night, although the duty engineer will make inspections during unmanned operation. Engineers work in a hot, humid, noisy atmosphere. Communication in the engine room is therefore by hand signals and lip-reading, and good teamwork often stands in place of any communication at all. The environmental impact of shipping includes greenhouse gas emissions , acoustic , and oil pollution . The International Maritime Organization (IMO) estimates that Carbon dioxide emissions from shipping were equal to 2.2% of

1988-524: The Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. The company was trying to find a resolution through federal court-supervised reorganization in response to the quickly growing number of asbestos-related bodily injury claims. On September 19, 2008, Grace filed a revised plan of reorganization to the same court, jointly with the asbestos injury claimants. In January 2011, the court issued an order in favor of

2059-738: The Catering Department is headed by the Chief Purser and managed by Assistant Pursers. Although they enjoy the benefits of having officer rank, they generally progress through the ranks to become pursers. Under the pursers are the department heads – such as chief cook, head waiter, head barman etc. They are responsible for the administration of their own areas. The chief steward also plans menus and compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. They may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. They may bake bread, rolls, cakes, pies, and pastries. A chief steward's duties may overlap with those of

2130-608: The Colombian Line. During World War II , Grace Lines operated transport for the U.S. War Shipping Administration , including the SS Sea Marlin . J. Peter Grace took over management of the company after his father suffered a stroke in 1945. After the war, the Grace line operated 23 ships totaling 188,000 gross tons, and 14 more on bareboat charters . In 1954 the company bought Davison Chemical Company (founded by William T. Davison as Davison, Kettlewell & Company in 1832), and

2201-560: The Dewey & Almy Chemical Company (founded in 1919 by Bradley Dewey and Charles Almy). In 1960, the Grace Line, inspired by the pioneering efforts of Sea-Land Service , Matson Navigation , and Seatrain Lines , sought to begin containerizing its South American cargo operations by converting the conventional freighters Santa Eliana and Santa Leonor into fully cellular container ships . The effort

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2272-634: The EPO ruled in India's favour, but W. R. Grace appealed, claiming that prior art about the product had never been published in a scientific journal. On March 8, 2005, that appeal was lost and the EPO revoked the Neem patent. Maritime shipping Maritime transport (or ocean transport ) or more generally waterborne transport , is the transport of people ( passengers ) or goods ( cargo ) via waterways . Freight transport by sea has been widely used throughout recorded history . The advent of aviation has diminished

2343-668: The Miller stake in 1969 to Philip Morris for $ 130 million, after first cancelling an agreed-upon sale to PepsiCo for $ 120 million. This resulted in a lawsuit. The company has its headquarters in Columbia, MD , an unincorporated census-designated place in Howard County, Maryland . Although W. R. Grace commissioned the W. R. Grace Building in New York City , built in 1971, the company no longer has any offices at that location. Previously,

2414-503: The Netherlands until 1972. Vroom & Dreesmann was reorganized into Vendex in 1972 and Vendex International in 1982. In 1987, the in-house restaurant chain La Place was opened. In 1988, Anton Dreesman was replaced as the company's CEO with Abraham Verhoef. In 1999, Vendex merged with Koninklijke Bijenkorf Beheer (KBB), the parent company of retail chains De Bijenkorf and Hema , and

2485-686: The US Shipping board decided to place the five ships up for bid and Dollar Shipping Company won the bid. With no large ships for the transpacific operations, Grace sold the Pacific Mail, its registered name, and goodwill to Dollar. Now without a transpacific service, Grace did not need the six intercoastal freighters and sold them to the American Hawaiian Line . At this time, Grace formed the Panama Mail Steamship Company, to operate

2556-500: The V&;D owners agreed to inject capital, but not the amount needed. Eventually, this problem was also resolved. In mid-March 2015, the rent reduction in Den Bosch and Heerlen remained unresolved. In May 2015, V&D kept working on reducing the rents and a new business plan, to be implemented in the short term, which aimed to make V&D profitable again in two years. In December 2015,

2627-728: The attraction is a life unencumbered with the restraints of life ashore. Seagoing adventure and a chance to see the world also appeal to many seafarers. Whatever the calling, those who live and work at sea invariably confront social isolation. Findings by the Seafarer's International Research Center indicate a leading cause of mariners leaving the industry is "almost invariably because they want to be with their families." U.S. merchant ships typically do not allow family members to accompany seafarers on voyages. Industry experts increasingly recognize isolation, stress, and fatigue as occupational hazards. Advocacy groups such as International Labour Organization,

2698-461: The average industrial wage is still very low, such as the Philippines or India . Officers however, come from all over the world and it is not uncommon to mix the nationality of the officers on board ships. Officers are often the recipients of university degrees and have completed vast amounts of training in order to reach their rank. Officers benefit e.g. by having larger, more comfortable cabins and table service for their meals. Contracts average at

2769-494: The book and film A Civil Action ) in Woburn, Massachusetts , and an Acton, Massachusetts , Superfund site. While Grace no longer makes asbestos or related products, at the time of its bankruptcy in 2001 it faced over 65,000 asbestos-related personal injury lawsuits involving over 129,000 claims. On April 2, 2001, Grace and its subsidiaries in the United States filed voluntary petitions for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy reorganization in

2840-818: The business, and in 1865 the company name was changed to Grace Brothers & Co. The company established headquarters in New York City in 1865. Working in fertilizer and machinery , the company was chartered in 1872 and incorporated in 1895. In 1904, Michael P. Grace became president after the death of William Grace. The company expanded, creating business divisions including Grace Shipping, Grace Cruise Lines, Grace Petroleum, Grace Drilling, and Grace Healthcare. Grace acquired and combined other companies to create and expand businesses such as Barilla Pasta , FAO Schwarz , Ingersoll-Rand , Roto-Rooter , Del Taco , and Cartavio Distilleries. In 1914, it created Grace National Bank . In 1928, an agreement between Grace and Pan American formed Pan American-Grace Airways (or Panagra),

2911-539: The case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow-draft areas, such as the Everglades , some craft, such as the hovercraft , are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Most modern merchant ships can be placed in one of a few categories, such as: Ocean liners are usually strongly built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas and adverse conditions encountered in the open ocean, having large capacities for fuel, food and other consumables on long voyages. These were

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2982-480: The coast. Grace retained small mining operations producing copper, tin, and silver, in southern Peru, about 100 miles north of Juliaca . Jose E. Flores, head of W. R. Grace S.A. Peru, closed the mining operations for Grace in Latin America when the government of Peru nationalized the remaining interests. In 1928, Grace and Pan American Airways jointly formed Pan American-Grace Airways known as Panagra, establishing

3053-414: The company acquired Davison Chemical Company and Dewey & Almy Chemical Company, entering the specialty chemicals and specialty materials industries and establishing the basis for the current product lines. In February 1981, the company announced a joint venture with Netherlands retail giant Vroom & Dreesmann , which gave its Dutch partner 50% buy-in to many of its retail stores. In 1987, Grace built

3124-508: The company had its headquarters in Boca Raton, Florida . Prior to its closing, the Boca Raton headquarters had about 130 employees. On January 27, 1999, it announced it was moving its administrative staff to the Columbia office and closing the Boca Raton headquarters. About 40 of the employees went to Columbia, and some employees went to Cambridge, Massachusetts . In 2014, the company emerged from

3195-429: The company itself. In May 2016 Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) announced that it would take over up to 20 former V&D locations by 2017. HBC said the expansion would cost CAD $ 340 million and create 2,500 jobs in the stores and another 2,500 temporary construction jobs. The Dutch stores would operate under the " Hudson's Bay " and " Saks Off Fifth " brands. As of mid-2019, Hudson's Bay Company still operated 15 stores in

3266-855: The company owned the country's largest oil-drilling fleet, ran the world's largest cattle ranch and the world's largest cocoa bean company, sugar plantations in Peru, cotton mills in Chile, silver, clay, phosphate, tin mines and processed rare earths for the US nuclear arms program. Grace owned a food group that operated 900 chain restaurant locations, and a retail division with chains for sporting goods, home improvement, jewelry, aftermarket automotive parts and leather goods. The company operated fertilizer companies, confectioners and beverage companies, including Miller Brewing . Grace pioneered genetic engineering at its Agricetus division in Wisconsin, and human gene therapy at its Aurigent Pharmaceuticals group. The company constructed

3337-685: The company. There are two accounts of the incorporation date of W. R. Grace & Co. According to The New York Times , the company was incorporated as part of the estate and successor planning in 1895. The three brothers consolidated most of their holdings into a new private company, incorporated in West Virginia , called W. R. Grace & Company. The consolidation involved W. R. Grace & Co. of New York, Grace Brothers & Co. of Lima, Peru, Grace & Co. of Valparaiso Chile , William R. Grace & Co. of London, and J. W. Grace & Co of San Francisco. According to its website, W. R. Grace & Co.

3408-617: The country. The department stores' product range included clothing and shoes, jewelry, cosmetics, books, home-entertainment products, electric goods, stationery, cards and posters, furniture and homewares. Most branches also had a La Place in-house restaurant, a travel agent and an ATM . Larger branches also had a bakery. Vroom & Dreesmann was founded in 1887 by Willem Vroom and Anton Dreesmann. The first branch opened in Weesperstraat in Amsterdam . The company expanded rapidly throughout

3479-1309: The defunct Vroom & Dreesmann locations. On August 31, 2019, the company announced that all 15 of those stores would close by year-end. The brand name V&D was bought by entrepreneurs Ronald van Zetten, Roland Kahn, and Jaco Scheffers. In 2018 a web store with the V&D brand was opened. Upon the chain's closing in 2016, V&D had 62 stores, located in Alkmaar , Almere , Alphen aan den Rijn , Amersfoort , Amstelveen , Amsterdam ( Kalverstraat ), Amsterdam-Noord at Buikslotermeerplein , Apeldoorn , Arnhem , Assen , Bergen op Zoom , Beverwijk , Breda , Delft , Den Haag , Den Helder , 's-Hertogenbosch , Deventer , Doetinchem , Dordrecht , Ede , Eindhoven , Emmen , Enschede , Goes , Gorinchem , Gouda , Groningen , Haarlem , Haarlem-Schalkwijk , Heerlen (see article ), Hellevoetsluis , Hengelo , Hilversum , Hoofddorp , Hoorn , Leeuwarden , Leiden , Leidschendam , Maastricht , Meppel , Naaldwijk , Nijmegen , Oss , Purmerend , Rijswijk , Roermond , Roosendaal , Rotterdam , Rotterdam-Zuid at Winkelcentrum Zuidplein , Sittard , Tilburg , Uden , Utrecht at Hoog Catharijne , Veenendaal , Venlo , Vlaardingen , Weert , Zaandam , Zeist , Zoetermeer , and Zwolle , all in

3550-539: The engine and deck departments work four hours on then have eight hours off watch keeping. However, there are many overtime jobs to be done daily. This cycle repeats endlessly, 24 hours a day while the ship is at sea. Members of the steward department typically are day workers who put in at least eight-hour shifts. Operations at sea, including repairs, safeguarding against piracy , securing cargo, underway replenishment , and other duties provide opportunities for overtime work. Service aboard ships typically extends for months at

3621-404: The engine department. Mariners spend much of their life beyond the reach of land. They sometimes face dangerous conditions at sea or on lakes – the fishing port of Gloucester, Massachusetts has a seaside memorial listing over 10,000 fishermen who lost their lives to the sea, and the Great Lakes have seen over 10,000 lost vessels since the 1800s, yet men and women still go to sea. For some,

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3692-487: The firm was again under court protection for insolvency . The website no longer sold articles. V&D gift cards as well as air miles were no longer accepted for payment. On 31 December 2015, V&D was declared bankrupt. The appointed liquidators kept the department stores open, pending restructuring and takeover talks with interested parties. On 26 January 2016, Supermarket chain Jumbo announced that it had acquired

3763-542: The first air link between North and South America, which began operation in 1929. In 1967, Panagra merged with Braniff International Airways . Prior to 1985, W. R. Grace operated a retail division. Among its brands were Orchard Supply Hardware and Home Centers West (sold to Wickes Companies in 1986), Handy City home improvement stores, Home Quarters Warehouse , J. B. Robinson Jewelers , Sheplers Western Wear, and Herman's World of Sporting Goods which it had acquired in 1970. These were sold to various buyers in 1985. In

3834-412: The global human-made emissions in 2012 and expects them to rise 50 to 250 percent by 2050 if no action is taken. The IEA forecasts that ammonia will meet approximately 45% of shipping fuel demands by 2050. For a port to efficiently send and receive cargo, it requires infrastructure : docks, bollards, pilings, cranes, bulk cargo handling equipment, and so on – equipment and organization supporting

3905-577: The importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for short trips and pleasure cruises . Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air or ground, but significantly slower for longer distances. Maritime transport accounts for roughly 80% of international trade , according to UNCTAD in 2020. Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge , over oceans and lakes, through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be for commerce , recreation , or military purposes. While extensive inland shipping

3976-601: The main stay of most passenger transport companies, however, due to the growth of air travel, the passenger ships saw a steady decline. Cruise ships later filled the void and are primarily used by people who still have a love of the sea and offer more amenities than the older passenger ships. A cargo ship sailing from a European port to a US one will typically take 10–12 days depending on water currents and other factors. In order to make container ship transport more economical, ship operators sometimes reduce cruising speed, thereby increasing transit time, to reduce fuel consumption,

4047-443: The most part are strangers, takes getting used to. At the same time, there is an opportunity to meet people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Recreational opportunities have improved aboard some U.S. ships, which may feature gyms and day rooms for watching movies, swapping sea stories , and other activities. And in some cases, especially tankers, it is possible for a mariner to be accompanied by members of his family. However,

4118-510: The new plan and in January 2012, the court denied all appeals and affirmed the plan. After a motion for reconsideration, the plan was reaffirmed on June 11, 2012. On February 3, 2014, Grace emerged from the asbestos-related Chapter 11 bankruptcy, which took more than 12 years. Under the plan of reorganization approved by the court, all parties filings the asbestos-related claims were to direct their inquiry to either an asbestos personal injury trust or

4189-696: The parent firm were consolidated into the Grace Steamship Company beginning in 1916. The firm originally specialized in traffic to the west coast of South America then later expanded into the Caribbean. In 1916, Grace acquired a controlling interest in the Pacific Mail Steamship Company . In 1921, Pacific received five 535 ft. President class ships from the United States Shipping Board for transpacific operation. In 1923,

4260-594: The role of the facilities. From pier to pier these may differ, one dock handling intermodal transport needs (container-ships linked to rail by cranes); another bulk handling capabilities (such as conveyors, elevators, tanks, pumps) for loading and unloading bulk cargoes like grain, coal, or fuels. Others may be outfitted as passenger terminals or for mixed mode operations. Generally, Harbors , seaports and marinas all host watercraft, and consist of components such as piers , wharfs , docks and roadsteads . Vroom %26 Dreesmann Vroom & Dreesmann ( V&D )

4331-425: The same ship negated the operating economies that full containerization promised. In 1970, Grace Line was sold to Prudential Lines for $ 44.5 million, with the merged company renamed Prudential Grace Line. It was taken over by Delta Steamship Lines in 1978, thereby extinguishing the name Grace in ocean shipping. Subsequently, Delta Steamship Lines was acquired and consolidated by Crowley Maritime in 1982. In 1974,

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4402-467: The smaller ships that were formerly owned and used by the Pacific Mail in the Central American trade. These ships were not involved in the sale to Dollar. On the death of William R. Grace in 1904, he was succeeded by William L. Sauders as company president followed by Joseph Peter Grace, Sr. (1872–1950) who became president in 1907. In 1938 the Colombian Line merged with Grace Line bringing an end to

4473-462: The subsidiary La Place . Talks continued for selling the stores that focused in February on Roland Kahn's retailer CoolCat. By 16 February, the negotiations for a takeover had broken down. About 10,000 employees lost their jobs. In V&D's latter days, Canadian retail group Hudson's Bay Company negotiated with the landlords to acquire most of the company's premises without having an interest in

4544-623: Was a Dutch chain of department stores founded in 1887. It was declared bankrupt on 31 December 2015, although its branches were still in operation until 15 February 2016. On 16 February 2016, it was announced that takeover negotiations had not led to an agreement, ultimately resulting in the company's demise. In 2015, V&D operated 67 branches throughout the Netherlands , of which 64 department stores and 3 standalone locations of La Place , V&D's former subsidiary restaurant chain which had in-house and standalone restaurants throughout

4615-464: Was a co-executor of the estate of Michael Grace with William's son and corporate successor, Joseph Peter Grace, Sr. . J. Louis Schaefer died in 1927. For most of its history, Grace's main business was cargo shipping, operating the Grace Line . To move cargo from Peru to North America and Europe , including guano and sugar , and noticing the need for other goods to be traded, William Grace founded

4686-458: Was also a radio department, headed by a chief radio officer and supported by a number of radio officers. Since the introduction of GMDSS (Satellite communications) and the subsequent exemptions from carrying radio officers if the vessel is so equipped, this department has fallen away, although many ships do still carry specialist radio officers, particularly passenger vessels. Many radio officers became 'electro-technical officers', and transferred into

4757-538: Was founded in 1854 in Peru by William Russell Grace at the age of 22. Grace left Ireland during the Great Famine and traveled to South America with his family. He went first to Peru to work as a ship chandler for the firm of Bryce and Company, to the merchantmen harvesting guano , used as a fertilizer and gunpowder ingredient due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. His brother, Michael P. Grace , joined

4828-607: Was incorporated in Connecticut in 1899. The listed capital of $ 6 million did not include Grace Brothers & Co. Limited in London or its branches in San Francisco, Lima, and Callao, Peru , nor Valparaiso, Santiago, and Concepción, Chile . J. Louis Schaefer, who joined the company as a boy, played a key role in not only W. R. Grace & Company, in which he became a vice president, but also as president of Grace National Bank . Schaefer

4899-424: Was renamed into Vendex KBB. It also inherited KBB's royal designation "Koninklijk". In 2004, Vendex KBB was sold to a new investor group that included KKR , Alpinvest and Permira . It lost its royal designation as a result, yet was allowed to keep the K in its name. In 2005, Vendex KBB changed its name into Maxeda . In 2007, Vroom & Dreesmann was rebranded into V&D and the red, white and blue logo

4970-410: Was replaced with a black logo. In 2008, the vd.nl website was launched. From 2010 to 2015, V&D was a subsidiary of Sun Capital Partners . In February 2015, it was unclear whether V&D would continue to exist. Among the reasons mentioned for its demise: After negotiations, real estate owners agreed to reduce the area and costs of the rental properties, employees agreed to a gradual pay cut, and

5041-534: Was stymied by the opposition of longshoremen in New York and Venezuela, and the ships were repeatedly laid up idle and were ultimately sold to the domestic container line Sea-Land Service in 1964. In 1963 Grace made a second attempt to containerize its South American trade when it ordered the four M-class combination passenger-cargo ships Santa Magdalaena , Santa Maria , Santa Mariana, and Santa Mercedes with partial cellular holds, but they were no more successful as mixing conventional break-bulk cargo and containers in

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