123-435: Major General Lachlan Macquarie , CB ( / m ə ˈ k w ɒr ɪ / ; Scottish Gaelic : Lachlann MacGuaire ; 31 January 1762 – 1 July 1824) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Scotland . Macquarie served as the fifth Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821, and had a leading role in the social, economic, and architectural development of the colony. He is considered by historians to have had
246-468: A District Collector (officially styled, Deputy Commissioner). The districts were further divided into sub-divisions each under the charge of a Deputy Collector or Assistant Collector, each sub-division comprising a few taluks or tehsils each administered by a tahsildar . The East India Company had raised armies in each of the Presidencies, Bombay, Bengal and Madras . The Bombay Army consisted of
369-461: A Lieutenant-Colonel. Macquarie's wife gave birth to a daughter in 1808 which died in infancy. On 8 May 1809 Macquarie was appointed to the position of Governor of New South Wales and its dependencies. He left for the colony on 22 May 1809, on HMS Dromedary , accompanied by HMS Hindostan . The 73rd Regiment of Foot came with him on the two ships. He arrived on 28 December at Sydney Cove and landed officially on 31 December, taking up his duties on
492-559: A camp for cheap convict labour. In late 1810, Macquarie toured the regions around Sydney naming and marking out the sites and street plans of future towns such as Liverpool , Windsor and Richmond . On a visit of inspection to the settlement of Hobart Town on the Derwent River in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania ) in November 1811, Macquarie was appalled at the ramshackle arrangement of
615-470: A chancellor, vice-chancellor and fellows. The governor of Bombay was ex-officio chancellor. The education department was under a director of public instruction, who was responsible for the administration of the department in accordance with the general educational policy of the state. The native states generally adopted the government system. Baroda and the Kathiawar states employed their own inspectors. In 1905
738-582: A commercial crisis and the failure of the Bank of Bombay (1866). But the peasantry gained on the whole more than they lost, and the trade of Bombay was not permanently injured. Sir Bartle Frere encouraged the completion of the great trunk lines of railways , and with the funds obtained by the demolition of the town walls (1862) he began the magnificent series of public buildings that now adorn Bombay ( Mumbai ). During this period, parts of Bombay presidency were devastated by two great famines: Great Famine of 1876–78 and
861-487: A convicted forger named William Henshall cut the centres out of the coins and counter stamp them to distinguish them as belonging to the colony of New South Wales. The central plug (known as a "dump") was valued at 15 pence and the rim (known as a holey dollar ) became a five- shilling piece. Any forging of the new currency was proclaimed as being punishable by seven years in the Newcastle coal mines. Macquarie also encouraged
984-410: A crucial influence on the transition of New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement and therefore to have played a major role in the shaping of Australian society in the early nineteenth century. Macquarie played a central role in urban planning in the colony. He had a significant impact on the development of modern Sydney , establishing the layout upon which the modern city centre
1107-524: A factory there. At the time of the transfer, powers for the island's defence and for the administration of justice were also conferred on the company; a European regiment was enrolled; and fortifications were erected which in 1673 proved sufficient to deter the Dutch from an intended attack. As English trade in Bombay increased, Surat (which had been sacked by Shivaji in 1670) began its relative decline. In 1687, Bombay
1230-555: A fortune of £20,000. His elevation to the social elite saw him meet several times with Jacob Bosanquet and the directors of the East India Company and he also had a personal introduction to King George III . He served in London as Assistant Adjutant General to Lord Harrington and was able to purchase an estate on his native Isle of Mull , which he named Jarvisfield . In 1805, Macquarie was ordered to return to India to take charge of
1353-665: A large group of Gandangara and Tharawal people near the Cataract River gorge in the upper Nepean catchment. At least 14 men, women and children were killed, some shot while others fell off the cliffs. This became known as the Appin Massacre . The corpses of two men, Cannabaygal and Dunnell, were strung up on trees as per Macquarie's instructions, the skull of Cannabaygal later being taken to Scotland . Two surviving women and three children were taken prisoner and Macquarie rewarded Wallis for his efforts by appointing him Commandant of
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#17330854890341476-604: A major general. In addition, the senior officer of the Royal Army Chaplains' Department , the Chaplain-General , is accorded "the relative precedence" – the respect, courtesies and insignia, rather than the full powers and authority – of the rank of major general. The office of Commandant General Royal Marines (CGRM), the professional head of the Royal Marines, was created at the rank of full general in 1943. In 1977,
1599-732: A number of infantry regiments, sapper and miner units and irregular cavalry. A number of these continue to exist today in the Indian Army ; examples being the Mahar Regiment , Maratha Light Infantry and the Grenadiers , amongst others, in the case of infantry, the Bombay Sappers as engineers and the Poona Horse amongst the cavalry. Under Lord Kitchener 's re-arrangement of the Indian army in 1904
1722-485: A numerous staff of clerks. The administration of justice throughout the Presidency was conducted by a High Court at Bombay, consisting of a chief justice and seven puisne judges, along with district and assistant judges throughout the districts of the Presidency. Each of the four divisions were administered by a senior Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer of the rank of Commissioner while the districts were each administered by
1845-608: A plan established by Macquarie. The colony's most prestigious buildings were built on Macquarie Street which he named after himself. Some of these still stand today including the 'Rum Hospital' part of which now serves as the Parliament House of New South Wales . The elaborate stables which Macquarie commissioned for Government House are now part of the modern structure housing the Sydney Conservatorium of Music . Other notable edifices built during Macquarie's tenure include
1968-482: A small cluster of independent zamindaris , situated in the wild and hilly tracts at the northern extremity of the Sahyadri range, and certain. principalities which, from their history or geographical position, are to some extent isolated from the rest of the presidency. Baroda State (Vadodara), one of the residencies of British India , was combined in the 1930s with the residencies of the princely states (agencies) of
2091-681: Is a "two-star" rank in the British Army and Royal Marines . The rank was also briefly used by the Royal Air Force for a year and a half, from its creation in April 1918 until August 1919. In the British Army, a major general is the customary rank for the appointment of division commander. In the Royal Marines, the Commandant General holds at least the rank of major general. A major general
2214-463: Is based, establishing Hyde Park as Australia's first public park, overseeing the construction of various public buildings along Macquarie Street , and devising the layouts of a number of settlements which today are part of Western Sydney . He also ordered the designing of a street layout for Hobart . A supporter of exploration, Macquarie authorised the 1813 expedition across the Blue Mountains ,
2337-660: Is senior to a brigadier but subordinate to a lieutenant general . The rank is OF-7 on the NATO rank scale , equivalent to a rear admiral in the Royal Navy or an air vice-marshal in the Royal Air Force and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries. The rank insignia is the star (or 'pip') of the Order of the Bath , over a crossed sword and baton. In terms of orthography, compound ranks were invariably hyphenated prior to about 1980. Nowadays
2460-574: The 86th Regiment of Foot and after arriving also became military secretary to Governor Duncan at Bombay. In 1807 he travelled overland from India to Britain via Persia and Russia, and was very impressed by the layout and architecture of St Petersburg. Later that year, Macquarie married his third cousin Elizabeth Henrietta Campbell in Devon and took command of the 73rd Regiment in Scotland as
2583-609: The Appin Massacre of Gundungurra and Dharawal people during the Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars . Lachlan Macquarie was born on the island of Ulva off the coast of the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides , a chain of islands off the West Coast of Scotland . His father, Lachlan senior, worked as a carpenter and miller, and was a cousin of a Clan MacQuarrie chieftain. His mother, Margaret,
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#17330854890342706-595: The British Army in 1776 and was assigned to the 84th Regiment of Foot . Later that year he travelled with it to North America to fight against the revolutionaries in the American War of Independence . On the way to America he participated in the Battle of the Newcastle Jane, the first naval victory for a British merchant ship over an American privateer . Macquarie was initially stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia and obtained
2829-695: The Dominion of India . When provinces were replaced with states when the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the day India became the first republic in the Commonwealth of Nations , Bombay Province became Bombay State , a Part-A state. The Bombay Presidency was bounded on the north by Baluchistan , the Punjab and Rajputana ; on the east by Indore , the Central Provinces and Hyderabad ; on
2952-555: The Indian Civil Service . For making laws there was a legislative council, consisting of the Governor and his executive council, with certain other persons, not fewer than eight or more than twenty, at least half of them being non-officials. Each of the members of the executive council had in his charge one or two departments of the government; and each department had a secretary, an under-secretary , and an assistant secretary , with
3075-520: The Indian famine of 1896–97 . British India's Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, enacted in 1921, expanded the Legislative Council to include more elected Indian members, and introduced the principle of dyarchy , whereby certain responsibilities, including agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of
3198-658: The Khandesh Agency , Surgana and Jawhar ; South Konkan and Dharwar, comprising Janjira , Sawantwadi and Savanur , as well as the territories under the Deccan States Agency , including the Deccan Satara Jagirs, Ichalkaranji , Sangli Akkalkot , Bhor , Aundh , Phaltan , Jath and Daphalapur, the southern Maratha states, comprising Kolhapur , among other states, and Khairpur in Sindh. The native states under
3321-512: The National Trust of Australia and is inscribed "The Father of Australia". A statue of Macquarie commissioned by the NSW Government and created by Terrance Plowright in 2012, stands at the north entrance to Hyde Park in the centre of Sydney. A nearby inscription reads: "He was a perfect gentleman, a Christian and supreme legislator of the human heart." The appropriateness of the statue and
3444-499: The Newcastle convict settlement. Hostilities continued for most of the rest of 1816 with Macquarie proclaiming no Aborigines were allowed into the settled areas without a passport and issuing search and destroy orders for a further 10 Aboriginal men. By early 1817, these actions by Macquarie forced an end to Aboriginal resistance in what is now known as the Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars . Macquarie's policies, especially his championing of
3567-541: The Parramatta Native Institution for the education of Aboriginal children. Around forty Aboriginal children, some of whom were 'decoyed away' from their parents and others taken during frontier conflict, became students and were taught in the British tradition by William and Elizabeth Shelley. The children seem to have been mostly well-treated and in 1819, Maria Lock topped the colony-wide examinations. However,
3690-577: The Talpur dynasty in the Battle of Hyderabad . At its greatest extent, the Bombay Province comprised the present-day state of Gujarat , the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the divisions of Konkan , Desh & Kandesh , and also northwestern Carnataca ; it also included Pakistan 's Sindh Province (1847–1935) and Aden of present-day Yemen (1839–1932). The districts and provinces of
3813-695: The Third Anglo-Mysore War , under General Abercromby, participating in the Capture of Cannanore and the 1792 Siege of Seringapatam . He was promoted to Major of Brigade of troops on the Malabar Coast in August 1793 and became a Freemason that same year at Bombay. In September 1793 Macquarie married Jane Jarvis, daughter of the late Chief Justice of Antigua , Thomas Jarvis, who had owned slave plantations there . According to their marriage settlement, Miss Jarvis
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3936-461: The dowry by way of his marriage treaty with princess Catherine De Braganza , daughter of John IV of Portugal . The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat in the Gulf of Cambay after it was sacked , to the relatively safe Bombay Harbour in 1687. The province was brought under direct rule along with other parts of British India through Pitt's India Act , after
4059-561: The nationalisation of the East India Company. Major territorial acquisitions were made by the company after Anglo-Maratha Wars when the whole of the Peshwa 's dominions and much of the Gaekwad 's sphere of influence were annexed to the Bombay Presidency in stages up until 1818. Aden including Socotra were placed under Bombay in 1839, Sind was annexed by the company in 1843 after defeating
4182-404: The "supervision" of the government of Bombay were divided, historically and geographically, into two main groups. The northern or Gujarat group includes the territories of the Gaekwad of Baroda , with the smaller states which form the administrative divisions of Kutch , Palanpur , Rewa Kantha, and Mahi Kantha. These territories, with the exception of Kutch, have a historical connection, as being
4305-413: The 'exclusive' colonists such as John Macarthur , Samuel Marsden and Archibald Bell who were strongly against the social reforms of Macquarie. They wanted the convicts to be removed from the government building works in the towns and instead labouring on their large sheep-grazing land acquisitions. Bigge concurred with these opinions and saw that government expediture could be significantly decreased and
4428-618: The 16th century, due to the colonial era of the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein . While in the Belgaum area of the Carnatic region , Lingayatis dating to the 12th century, was accepted by nearly 45% of the population. The Marathas were the predominant caste numbering 3,650,000 (1901), 1,900,000 Kunbis and other 350,000 Konkanis , and another 1,400,000 Marathas not specified. The chief languages of
4551-515: The Army's Royal Flying Corps and the Navy's Royal Naval Air Service , so the ranks were a compromise between these two traditions. The insignia of the rank was derived from that of a Royal Navy rear-admiral and featured a broad gold stripe on the cuff below one narrow gold stripe. The two stripes were surmounted by an eagle (volant and affronty) under a King's crown. The RAF replaced the rank of major-general with
4674-530: The Blue Mountains and become the first non-Indigenous people to view the great plains of the interior. Later that same year George Evans , directed by Macquarie to further explore this inland region, came upon and named the Macquarie River . In 1815, Macquarie ordered the establishment of Bathurst on this river, which became Australia's first inland British settlement. Evans conducted further exploration to
4797-555: The Bombay Presidency into a regular province, and made Sind a separate province, with relations with the princely state of Khairpur managed by Sindh. It enlarged the elected provincial legislature and expanded provincial autonomy vis a vis the central government. In the 1937 elections , the Indian National Congress won the elections in Bombay but declined to form the government. The Governor Sir George Lloyd invited Sir Dhanjishah Cooper , to form an interim ministry which
4920-740: The British Army, a division is commanded by a major general. However, other appointments may also be held by major generals. For example, the Commandant of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst is a major general. Until around the 1980s, the heads of each branch of service, such as the Royal Armoured Corps , the Royal Artillery and the Corps of Infantry , were major generals. Other, administrative, commands were also appointments for
5043-660: The British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 Treaty of Salbai , by which the island of Salsette , adjacent to Bombay island, was ceded to the British, while Bharuch was ceded to the Maratha ruler Scindia . The British annexed Surat in 1800. British territory was enlarged in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803. The East India Company received
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5166-588: The British responsible for their external affairs. Relations between British India and the states were managed by British agents placed at the principal native capitals; their exact status varied in the different states according to the relations in which the principalities stood with the paramount power. The principal groups of states were North Gujarat , comprising Kutch , Kathiawar Agency , Palanpur Agency , Mahi Kantha Agency , Ambliara Rewa Kantha Agency and Cambay ; South Gujarat, comprising Dharampur , Bansda and Sachin ; North Konkan, Nasik and Khandesh, of
5289-460: The British wool industry strengthened if large numbers of convicts were assigned to these 'men of capital' as cheap labour. Bigge's reports subsequently depicted Macquarie as having an error of conduct in making New South Wales a place for the convicts to reform back into society rather than a place of punishment, and stated that his policies of remediation toward the emancipated were not only 'inexpedient and dangerous' but were 'an act of violence' to
5412-637: The Governor's Executive Council. Some of the prominent Indian members of the Executive Council were Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad , R. P. Paranjpye , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah , Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi , Rafiuddin Ahmed , Siddappa Totappa Kambli , Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Sir Cowasji Jehangir . In 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sindh became a separate province on 1 April 1936. The Government of India Act 1935 made
5535-421: The Governor, named a promising coastal inlet Port Macquarie . Macquarie's policy toward Aboriginal Australians consisted of co-operation and assimilation, backed by military coercion. On arrival in the colony in 1810 Macquarie gave a speech expressing the wish that "Natives of this Country...may be always treated with kindness and attention", and for the next four years very little conflict occurred. However, in
5658-567: The Great Indian Peninsula, Indian Midland, Bombay, Baroda & Central India, and the Rajputana , Malwa & Southern Mahratta systems. In 1905 the total length of railway under the Bombay government open for traffic was 7,980 miles (12,840 km), which did not include the railway system in Sindh . The University of Bombay was established in 1857, and had an administration consisting of
5781-595: The Parramatta Female Orphan School, St James Church , and the Hyde Park Barracks . He also officially named and established Hyde Park as a public recreation area. These buildings were constructed by Macquarie in defiance of the British government's ban on expensive public building projects in the colony and reflect the tension between Macquarie's vision of Sydney as a Georgian city and that of powerful British colonists who saw it as not much more than
5904-408: The Portuguese. In 1661 Bombay was ceded to the Kingdom of England as part of the dowry of the infanta Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . So lightly was the acquisition esteemed in England, and so unsuccessful was the administration of the crown officers, that in 1668 Bombay was transferred to the East India Company for an annual payment of £10, and the company established
6027-439: The Presidency known as Western Presidency was begun in 1618 at Surat in present-day Gujarat , when the East India Company established a factory , protected by a charter obtained from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir . In 1626 the Dutch and the English made an unsuccessful attempt to gain possession of the island of Bombay in the coastal Konkan region from Portugal , and in 1653 proposals were suggested for its purchase from
6150-451: The Town that no regular account of them could be taken". Macquarie received £1,300 in prize money after the city was looted . In 1800, Macquarie was part of the British entourage headed by Governor Duncan that forced Mir Nasiruddin Khan of Surat to sign a treaty with the East India Company dictating the handover of that province to Company rule. In 1801, Macquarie was appointed by General David Baird as Deputy Adjutant-General of
6273-458: The allies or tributaries of the Gaekwad until 1805, when final engagements were included between that prince and the British government . The southern or Maratha group includes Kolhapur, Akalkot, Sawantwari, and the Satara and southern Mahratta Jagirs, and has a historical bond of union in the friendship they showed to the British in their final struggle with the power of the peshwa until 1818. The remaining territories may conveniently be divided into
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#17330854890346396-419: The arrival its first judge, Jeffery Hart Bent , Macquarie's relationship with the courts became fractious. Bent, a staunch conservative, brought solicitors Frederick Garling and William Moore with him and refused to hear cases brought by ex-convict lawyers. The subsequent personal antipathy between him and Macquarie resulted in making the court unworkable. Bent complained to the British Government that Macquarie
6519-496: The beginning of the Indian film industry. Around one year before, Ramchandra Gopal (known as Dadasaheb Torne ) had filmed a stage drama called Pundalik and shown it in the same theatre. However, the credit for making the first Indian feature film is attributed to Dadasaheb Phalke. Other producers at Bombay during the presidency era were Sohrab Modi , Himanshu Rai , V. Shantaram , Shashadhar Mukherjee , and Ardeshir Irani . Ever since production of films took place, there started
6642-448: The campaign against the rebel forces of Pazhassi Raja in the jungles around Manantheri . Employing guerilla tactics, Pazhassi inflicted sizable casualties on the 77th, killing a number of officers with Macquarie himself being wounded in the foot. The British torched all the villages in the district but conceded defeat with the East India Company forced into a peace treaty with Pazhassi. Macquarie resigned from his commanding role soon after
6765-417: The campaign. He participated in front-line combat during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War against the forces of Tipu Sultan , helping defeat them first at the Battle of Seedaseer and then at the siege and storming of Tipu's palace at Srirangapatna in 1799. He described the "glorious" aftermath where the bodies of Tipu and his people "lay in such immense Heaps on the Ramparts...as well as in different Parts of
6888-414: The capital. The four divisions were Sind, the northern or Gujarat, the central or Deccan and the southern or Carnatic . The government of Bombay was administered by a Governor-in-Council , consisting of the Governor as president and two ordinary members. The Governor was appointed by the British Crown on the advice of the Secretary of State for India . The members of his council were appointed from
7011-441: The city that came up over the seven islands of Bombay . The first mainland territory was acquired in the Konkan region with the Treaty of Bassein . Poona was the summer capital . The Bombay province has its beginnings in the city of Bombay that was leased in fee tail to the East India Company , via the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 by King Charles II of England , who had in turn acquired Bombay on 11 May 1661, through
7134-425: The class of goods produced. In addition to the mills there were (1901) 178,000 hand-loom weavers in the province, who still have a position of their own in the manipulation of designs woven into the cloth. Silk goods were manufactured in Ahmedabad , Surat , Yeola , Nasik , Thana and Bombay , the material decorated with printed or woven designs; competition from European goods caused the silk industry to decline in
7257-425: The collection of taxes doubly unwelcome, naturally excited a certain amount of misgiving and resentment; but on the whole the population was prosperous and contented, and under Lord Elphinstone (1853–1860) the presidency passed through the crisis of the Revolt of 1857 without any general rising. Outbreaks among the troops at Karachi , Ahmedabad and Kolhapur were quickly put down, two regiments being disbanded, and
7380-425: The colonial surgeon, while Andrew Thompson and Simeon Lord were appointed as magistrates. The gentry in the colony, known as the "exclusives" were outraged at these appointments with some refusing to work alongside the promoted ex-convicts. However, an 1812 inquiry into the convict system in Australia by a Select committee on Transportation , supported Macquarie's liberal policies. The committee concluded that
7503-433: The colonisation in the Bathurst district, Macquarie personally selected ten settlers, many of whom were emancipists. Obstacles to these social reforms included a severe drought in 1814, causing widespread loss of crops and livestock. Many farmers were close to insolvency with the ensuing depression. Also, the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 brought a renewed flood of both convicts and settlers to New South Wales, doubling
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#17330854890347626-430: The colony should be made as prosperous as possible so as to provide work for the convicts and to encourage them to become settlers after being given their freedom. Macquarie also looked favourably on issuing land grants to emancipists, and in 1811 when wishing to expand British settlement to the south-west, he issued a large amount of 30 and 40 acre grants in the Appin region to ex-convicts. Later, in 1818, when expanding
7749-452: The creation of the colony's first bank, the Bank of New South Wales , in 1817. Macquarie was given specific instructions to encourage morality and orderliness in the colony. He promoted marriage and church attendance, increased police patrols and made laws against public alcohol consumption. Central to this policy were the emancipists : convicts whose sentences had expired or who had been given conditional or absolute pardons. Macquarie wanted
7872-441: The districts of Bharuch , Kaira , etc., and the Maratha Gaekwad rulers of Baroda acknowledged British sovereignty. In 1803, the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette , the islands of the harbour (since 1774), Surat and Bankot (since 1756); but between this date and 1827 the framework of the presidency took shape. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805 and enlarged in 1818. Baji Rao II ,
7995-434: The early 20th century. The custom of investing savings in gold and silver ornaments gave employment to many goldsmiths: the metal was usually supplied by the customer, and the goldsmith charged for his labour. Ahmedabad and Surat are famous for their carved woodwork. Many of the houses in Ahmedabad are covered with elaborate wood-carving, and excellent examples exist in Broach , Baroda , Surat , Nasik and Yeola . Salt
8118-481: The early governors who sought to establish Australia as a country, rather than as a prison camp. The nationalist school of Australian historians have treated him as a proto-nationalist hero. Macquarie formally adopted the name Australia for the continent, the name earlier proposed by the first circumnavigator of Australia, Matthew Flinders . The origin of the name "Australia" is closely associated with Macquarie who first used it in an official despatch in 1817. As well as
8241-419: The emancipated convicts and the lavish expenditure of government money on public works, aroused opposition both in the colony and in London, where the government still saw New South Wales as fundamentally a penal colony, a place to be dreaded by the convicts. Therefore, in 1819 Earl Bathurst appointed an English judge, John Bigge , to visit New South Wales and report on its administration. Bigge consulted with
8364-407: The established colonists. Macquarie offered his resignation several times, which was accepted in 1820 with Thomas Brisbane replacing him as governor in 1821. Macquarie served longer than any other governor but not long after, in 1824, the overall power within the role was reduced by the introduction of the New South Wales Legislative Council , Australia's first legislative body, appointed to advise
8487-466: The event of the Natives making the smallest show of resistance – or refusing to surrender when called upon so to do – the officers Commanding the Military Parties have been authorized to fire on them to compel them to surrender; hanging up on Trees the Bodies of such Natives as may be killed on such occasions, in order to strike the greater terror into the Survivors. On 17 April, the detachment of 33 grenadiers led by Captain James Wallis managed to corner
8610-601: The ex-convicts to live reformed, law-abiding Christian lives. Initially he favoured Anglicanism only but in 1820 cautiously welcomed officially-approved Catholic priests. Some of these emancipated convicts were either skilled professionals or had become very wealthy by operating commercial enterprises in the colony. Macquarie viewed these types of ex-convicts as ideal models of social transformation, and rewarded them by elevating their social standing and appointing them to important government positions. For example, Francis Greenway became colonial architect, Dr William Redfern became
8733-407: The first Governor appointed by the Crown. The Governor's Council was reformed and expanded under the Indian Councils Act 1861 , the Indian Councils Act 1892 , the Indian Councils Act 1909 , the Government of India Act 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935 . The establishment of an orderly administration, one outcome of which was a general fall of prices that made the unwonted regularity of
8856-529: The first successful British traversal of the region. He ordered the establishment of Bathurst , the first inland British settlement in Australia. While seeking to promote morality and orderliness, Macquarie favoured the liberal treatment of ex-convicts, known as emancipists , appointing them to prominent government positions and providing generous land grants. Despite expressing a desire for Aboriginal peoples to be treated kindly, in 1816 he gave orders that led to
8979-616: The following day. In making this appointment, the British government changed its practice of appointing naval officers as governor and chose an army commander in the hope that he could secure the co-operation of the corrupt and insubordinate New South Wales Corps . Aided by the fact he arrived in New South Wales at the head of his own unit of regular troops, Macquarie was unchallenged by the New South Wales Corps, whose officers led by John Macarthur had mutinied against and imprisoned
9102-507: The governor. Macquarie returned to Scotland, and died in London in 1824 while busy defending himself against Bigge's charges. However, his reputation continued to grow after his death, especially among the emancipists and their descendants, who were the majority of the Australian population until the Australian gold rushes . Today he is regarded by many as the most enlightened and progressive of
9225-528: The influence of Maclaine, he was offered a lieutenancy in the 77th (Hindoostan) Regiment of Foot, a British Army unit, which he took up on Christmas Day 1787. The cost of this regiment was met by the East India company because it was raised specifically for service in India. Macquarie arrived with his regiment at Bombay in August 1788 where he was stationed for two years. He saw active service from 1790 to 1792 during
9348-568: The inscription have been questioned in view of his punitive expeditions against Indigenous people. On Anzac Day in April 2023, protesters vandalised the statue with graffiti alleging Macquarie had been involved in genocide; the protest drew criticism from some in the local community. Many places, buildings and institutions in Australia have been named in Macquarie's honour (some of these were named by Macquarie himself). They include: Major-general (United Kingdom) Major general ( Maj Gen )
9471-540: The institution was also a conscious attempt to reduce the influence and future of Indigenous culture and may have contributed to further disillusion and hostility. Macquarie also developed a strategy of rewarding Aboriginals who assisted the British by declaring them 'chiefs of their tribe' and presenting them with a brass breast-plate (known as a gorget ) engraved with their name and title even though it often did not reflect their actual clan status. Macquarie also rewarded these 'chiefs' with small parcels of land set aside for
9594-682: The junior rank of ensign on 9 April 1777. On 18 January 1781, he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to the 71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot , and served with them in New York City and Charleston . Macquarie safely saw out the end of the rebellion by being posted in Jamaica at the time of the British defeat in the war. In June 1784 Macquarie returned to Scotland, where he managed the Lochbuie estates of his uncle, Captain Murdoch Maclaine. Through
9717-403: The justice system. Macquarie himself chose to keep the peace with the remaining NSW Corps officers and maintained an ambivalent attitude to the rebellion against Bligh. Part of Macquarie's undertaking of bringing order to the colony was to refashion the convict settlement into an urban environment of organised towns with streets and parks. The street layout of modern central Sydney is based upon
9840-676: The large British-Indian expeditionary force assigned to link up with Sir Ralph Abercromby 's army to expel the French Army from Egypt . Macquarie sailed with his regiment to Egypt from India with the French already in retreat toward Alexandria . He arrived there two days after the capitulation of Alexandria to the British. Macquarie remained in Egypt for about a year during which time he met up with his brother. Macquarie contracted syphilis while in Egypt. In 1803, Macquarie returned to Britain having amassed
9963-422: The last of the peshwas , who had attempted to shake off the British yoke, was defeated in the Battle of Khadki , captured subsequently and pensioned ( 1817 /1818), and large portions of his dominions ( Pune , Ahmednagar , Nasik , Solapur , Belgaum , Kaladgi, Dharwad , etc.) were included in the Presidency, the settlement of which was completed by Mountstuart Elphinstone , governor from 1819 to 1827. His policy
10086-558: The lease of the Panch Mahals from Scindia (1853). In 1862, North Canara was transferred from Madras Presidency to Bombay while South Canara remained with Madras. In 1859, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria , the Bombay Presidency, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British Crown. Henry Bartle Frere (1862–1867) was
10209-458: The many geographical features named after him, many institutions in Australia such as Macquarie University in Sydney are also named in his honour. Macquarie was promoted to colonel in 1810, Brigadier-General in 1811 and major-general in 1813, while serving as governor. Macquarie was buried on the Isle of Mull in a mausoleum near Salen with his wife, daughter and son. The grave is maintained by
10332-501: The most important were cotton, Deccan hemp ( Hibiscus cannabinus ), and sunn or tag ( Crotalaria juncea ). Much was done to improve the cotton of the presidency. American varieties were introduced with much advantage in the Dharwad collectorate and other parts of the southern Maratha country. In Khandesh the indigenous plant from which one of the lowest classes of cotton in the Bombay market takes its name has been almost entirely superseded by
10455-474: The mountains; as well as if possible to apprehend the Natives who have committed the late murders and outrages, with the view of their being made dreadful and severe examples of, if taken alive. — I have directed as many Natives as possible to be made Prisoners, with the view of keeping them as Hostages until the real guilty ones have surrendered themselves, or have been given up by their Tribes to summary Justice. — In
10578-536: The old Bombay command was abolished and its place was taken by the Western army corps under a lieutenant-general . The army corps was divided into three divisions under major-generals. The 4th (Quetta) Division, with headquarters at Quetta , comprised the troops in the Quetta and Sind districts. The 5th division, with headquarters at Mhow , consisted of three brigades, located at Nasirabad , Jabalpur and Jhansi , and included
10701-563: The population of the Bombay Presidency was rural and engaged in agriculture. The staple crops were Sorghum ( jowar ), and Pearl millet ( bajra ) in the Deccan and Khandesh. Rice was the chief product of the Konkan. Wheat, generally grown in the northern part of the Presidency, but specially in Sind and Gujarat, was exported to Europe in large quantities from Karachi, and on a smaller scale from Bombay. Barley
10824-563: The population was 19,916,438 Hindu , 4,567,295 Muslim, 535,950 Jain , 78,552 Parsi and Irani Zoroastrians, and approximately 200,000 Christians. A significant number of Bene Israeli and Paradesi Jews were also present, most of them emigrated in 1948 after the Partition of Palestine and the establishment of the Jewish homeland ( British mandate of Palestine ) in Israel. In Sindh , Islam had been
10947-541: The predominant religion after the Caliphate of Sunni Arab origins conquered it the 8th century. In Gujarat the predominant religion remained Hinduism, although the Sultanate of Guzerat has left its influence and imprints in northern parts of the province. The Deccan region is the home of Marathis , who constituted 30% of the population. The Konkan region was home to various Konkani Christian minorities and communities since
11070-569: The presidency were directly under British rule, while the internal administration of the native or princely states was in the hands of local rulers. The presidency, however, managed the defence of princely states and British relations with them through political agencies . The Bombay Presidency along with the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency were the three major centres of British power in South Asia . The first English settlement in
11193-405: The presidency, of which by far the greater number were engaged in the preparation and manufacture of cotton. The industry is centred in Bombay, which contains nearly two-thirds of the mills. During the decade 1891–1901 the mill industry passed through a period of depression due to widespread plague and famine, but on the whole there was a marked expansion of the trade as well as a great improvement in
11316-579: The previous Mhow, Deesa, Nagpur , Narmada and Bundelkhand districts, with the Bombay district north of the Tapti . The 6th division, with headquarters at Pune, consisted of three brigades, located at Bombay, Ahmednagar and Aden. It comprised the previous Poona district, Bombay district south of the Tapti, Belgaum district north of the Tungabhadra , and Dharwar and Aurangabad districts. The overwhelming majority of
11439-421: The previous governor, William Bligh . When he arrived in Sydney in 1809 he was accompanied by his Indian "slave-boy" named George Jarvis, whom he had purchased in 1795 for 160 rupees at age 6 (along with a 7-year-old named Hector). Jarvis was named after his deceased wife's brother while Hector later escaped. He wrote about them in his diaries: "very fine, well-looking healthy Black Boys". Macquarie's first task
11562-507: The province were Sindhi in Sindh, Gujarati in northern division, Marathi in Konkan and the central division, Gujarati and Marathi in Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency , and Marathi and Canarese in the southern division. There were also Bhil (120,000) and Gipsy (30,000) dialects. The Presidency was divided into four Commisserates and twenty-four districts with Bombay city as
11685-405: The rank is almost equally invariably non-hyphenated. When written as a title, especially before a person's name, both words of the rank are always capitalised, whether using the "traditional" hyphenated style or the modern un-hyphenated style. When used as common nouns, they might be written in lower-case: "Major General Montgomery was one of several major generals to be promoted at this time." In
11808-549: The rank of air vice-marshal on 1 August 1919. Despite the short duration, the significance of the RAF to modern warfare was indicated by the number of senior officers who did hold the rank of major-general in the RAF: Bombay Presidency The Bombay Presidency or Bombay Province , also called Bombay and Sind (1843–1936), was an administrative subdivision (province) of India, with its capital in
11931-484: The rank of major general: in April 2019, James Morris was appointed as commander of the Standing Joint Force , with the rank of major general. As in the British Army, a Royal Marines major general ranks below a lieutenant general and above a brigadier. From its foundation on 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force (RAF) briefly used the rank of major-general. The service was a wartime amalgamation of
12054-457: The rank was downgraded to lieutenant general, and it was further reduced to of major general in 1996. On 30 April 2021, Lieutenant General Robert Magowan assumed the office of CGRM; he was succeeded on 25 November 2022 by Gwyn Jenkins , who already held the rank of full general from his appointment as Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff . Royal Marines in tri-service roles may still hold
12177-677: The rebellions in Gujarat , among the Bhils , and in the southern Maratha country were local and isolated. Under Sir Bartle Frere agricultural prosperity reached its highest point, as a result of the American Civil War and the consequent enormous demand for Indian cotton in Europe. The money thus poured into the country produced an epidemic of speculation known as the Share Mania (1864–1865), which ended in
12300-555: The south by Madras Presidency and the Kingdom of Mysore ; and on the west by the Arabian Sea . Within these limits were the Portuguese settlements of Goa , Daman and Diu , and the native state of Baroda which has direct relations with the government of India; while politically Bombay included the territory of Aden, in present-day Yemen . The total area, including Sind but excluding Aden,
12423-513: The south-west in 1815 at the behest of the Governor and named the Lachlan River after him. Macquarie appointed John Oxley as surveyor-general and sent him on expeditions in 1817–18 to further explore the Lachlan River, Liverpool Plains and the north coast of New South Wales and to find suitable lands for colonisation. Oxley, following the tradition of labelling the geographic features after
12546-406: The superior Hinganghat variety. Miscellaneous crops: sugarcane , requiring a rich soil and a perennial water-supply, and only grown in favoured localities, chile peppers , potatoes, turmeric and tobacco. The chief industries of Bombay Presidency involved the milling of cotton. In the late 19th century steam mills sprang up in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Khandesh . In 1905 there were 432 factories in
12669-499: The total number of educational institutions was 10,194 with 593,431 pupils. There were ten art colleges, of which two were managed by government, three by native states, and five were under private management. It was in the year 1913 that the first college of commerce in Asia, Sydenham College , was established. Sind Medical School, medical school in Hyderabad, Sind was established in 1881 and
12792-475: The town and ordered the government surveyor James Meehan to survey a regular street layout. This survey determined the form of the current centre of the city of Hobart. Another town-planning reform initiated by Macquarie was made when he ordered all traffic on New South Wales roads to keep to the left. Macquarie is credited with producing the first official currency specifically for circulation in Australia. In 1812 he purchased 40,000 Spanish dollar coins and had
12915-489: The trend of film making that established and further progressed, resulting in formation of the film industry and new film production companies as well as studios . Outside the Presidency, numerous small states princely states such as those of Kathiawar and Mahikantha came under British suzerainty in a system of subsidiary alliances between 1807 and 1820. The native states eventually comprised some 353 separate units, administered internally by their own princes, with
13038-559: The use of their families. The first receiver of these rewards was Bungaree who in 1815 was issued a gorget, a boat and 15 acres at Georges Head . In 1816, gorgets and land parcels were given to Colebee and Nurragingy by Macquarie for their role in assisting the military operations against hostile Aboriginals along the Nepean River. The practice of colonists giving gorgets to 'loyal' Aboriginals continued for many decades throughout Australia. In March 1816, considerable Aboriginal resistance
13161-399: The various initiatives taken by the rebel government—for example, all "pardons, leases and land grants" made by the rebels were revoked. However, after an avalanche of petitions from leaseholders were sent to Macquarie, he soon back-flipped and ratified them all. Although the New South Wales Corps and its monopoly were soon ended, the military influence survived, with officers having sway over
13284-480: The white population. Macquarie utilised his civic building programme to encourage employment and economic activity. Macquarie's efforts to allow emancipists to take up official positions also extended to the judicial system where, due to a lack of solicitors, convicted former lawyers such as Edward Eagar were allowed to take on civil cases. In 1814, with the establishment of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and
13407-513: The winter of 1814 a number of settlers and Aboriginal people were killed in conflict in the Nepean River region. Macquarie initially made proclamations to promote peace but also later sent an armed expedition to patrol the area. Aiming to advance better relations, Macquarie organised a conference at Parramatta on 28 December 1814 for all Aboriginal people in the region, and in January 1815 he opened
13530-450: Was 188,745 sq mi (488,850 km ), of which 122,984 sq mi (318,530 km ) were under British and 65,761 under native rule. The total population was 25,468,209 in 1901, of which 18,515,587 were resident in British territory and 6,908,648 in native states. The Bombay Presidency had a large and diverse population. The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209. By religion
13653-617: Was a great sponsor of British exploration in the colony. He himself participated in a number of expeditions around the Sydney Basin and to other regions including Jervis Bay , Port Stephens , the Hunter River , Bathurst and Van Diemen's Land . He invariably named the landmarks and new settlements he came across after himself, his wife or members of the British aristocracy. In 1813 he authorised Gregory Blaxland , William Wentworth and William Lawson to conduct their successful crossing of
13776-454: Was affiliated with the University of Bombay. According to the census of 1901, out of a population of 25.5 million nearly 24 million were illiterate. The film production era is said to have commenced in Bombay from 1913 when the first film, Raja Harishchandra by Dadasaheb Phalke made in 1912, was first shown publicly on 3 May 1913 at Mumbai's Coronation Cinema , effectively marking
13899-519: Was blameworthy of authoritarian excesses, while Macquarie complained that Bent was insubordinate. As a result, Earl Bathurst , the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in an effort to keep society in the colony functioning, recalled Bent to England and censured Macquarie. This situation contributed to Commissioner John Thomas Bigge being sent in 1819 to enquire into the affairs of New South Wales. Macquarie
14022-610: Was encountered especially at Silverdale where a large group of Aborigines killed four settlers with a combination of spears and stolen muskets. Macquarie ordered the mobilisation of three detachments of the military in order to go: into the Interior and remote parts of the Colony, for the purpose of Punishing the Hostile Natives, by clearing the Country of them entirely, and driving them across
14145-772: Was joined by Jamnadas Mehta of the Lokashahi Swarajya Paksha ( Democratic Swarajya Party ), Sir Siddappa T. Kambli of the Non-Brahmin Party and Hoosenally Rahimtoola of the Muslim League. The Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under B. G. Kher was sworn in. Council of Ministers in Kher's Cabinet: In 1939, all of the Congress ministries in the British Indian provinces resigned and Bombay
14268-544: Was made in large quantities in the government works at Kharaghoda and Udu in Ahmedabad , and was exported by rail to Gujarat and central India . There was one brewery at Dapuri near Pune . The Province was well supplied with railways, all of which, with one exception, concentrated at Bombay City . The exception is the North-Western line, which enters Sind from the Punjab and terminated at Karachi. The other chief lines are
14391-620: Was made the headquarters of all the East India Company 's possessions in India. However, in 1753 the governor of Bombay became subordinate to that of Calcutta . During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire expanded rapidly, claiming Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the disintegrating Mughal Empire . In western Gujarat , including Kathiawar and Kutch , the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. The first conflict between
14514-612: Was placed under the Governor's rule . After the end of World War II , the Indian National Congress re-entered politics and won the 1946 election under the leadership of Kher who was again elected as Chief Minister. The Bombay Presidency became Bombay State when India was granted independence on 15 August 1947 and Kher continued as the Chief Minister of the state, serving until 1952. In 1947, Bombay Province became part of
14637-559: Was principally grown in the northern parts of the presidency. Finger millet ( Nachani ) and kodra furnished food to the Kolis , Bhils, Waralis, and other hill tribes. Of the pulses the most important are the chickpea or Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum ), pigeon pea or tur ( Cajanus cajan ), catjang or kulti ( Vigna unguiculata cylindrica ), and urad bean ( Vigna mungo ). Principal oilseeds were sesame or til ( Sesamum indicum ), mustard , castor bean , safflower and linseed . Of fibres
14760-469: Was the sister of the influential Murdoch Maclaine , 19th laird of Lochbuie . Despite this, his parents were relatively poor and probably illiterate, leasing and working a small farm as sub-tenants at Oskamull. In his early teens, Macquarie was sent to Edinburgh to be educated, possibly attending the Royal High School of Edinburgh where he learnt English and arithmetic. Macquarie volunteered to join
14883-577: Was to restore orderly, lawful government and discipline in the colony following the Rum Rebellion of 1808 against Governor William Bligh . Macquarie was ordered by the British government to arrest two of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion, John Macarthur and Major George Johnston . However, by the time that Macquarie arrived in Sydney, both Macarthur and Johnston had already sailed for England to defend themselves. Macquarie immediately set about cancelling
15006-441: Was to rule as far as possible on native lines, avoiding all changes for which the population was not yet ripe; but the grosser abuses of the old regime were stopped, the country was pacified, the laws were codified, and courts and schools were established. The period that followed is notable mainly for the enlargement of the Presidency through the lapse of certain native states, by the addition of Aden (1839) and Sindh (1843), and
15129-456: Was worth £6,000 which was paid out to Macquarie three years later when she died of tuberculosis . In 1795, he saw further action leading troops at the successful siege of the Dutch fort at Cochin . A year later Macquarie participated in the taking of Colombo and other Dutch possessions in Ceylon , and was made commander of the occupying garrison at Galle . In May 1797, Macquarie led troops during
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