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71-450: Govan Archibald Mvunyelwa Mbeki (9 July 1910 – 30 August 2001) was a South African politician , military commander, Communist leader who served as the Secretary of Umkhonto we Sizwe , at its inception in 1961. He was also the son of Chief Sikelewu Mbeki and Johanna Mahala and also the father of the former South African president Thabo Mbeki and political economist Moeletsi Mbeki . He was

142-531: A "manganese greensand" filter. "Pot-Perm" is also obtainable at pool supply stores and is used additionally to treat wastewater. Historically it was used to disinfect drinking water and can turn the water pink. Modern hiking and survivalist guides advise against using potassium permanganate in the field because it is difficult to dose correctly. It currently finds application in the control of nuisance organisms such as zebra mussels in fresh water collection and treatment systems. A major application of KMnO 4

213-806: A 'toy telephone': "You can say what you like, but your words have no effect because the wires are not connected to an exchange". In 1948 Mbeki stood as a candidate for the Natives Representative Council but lost the election. When the CPSA/ SACP was banned in 1950 by the apartheid government, Mbeki remained in the African National Congress (ANC). In 1952 Mbeki was imprisoned together with Raymond Mhlaba and Vuyisile Mini for three months in Rooi Hel ('Red Hell' or North End Prison, Port Elizabeth) for disobeying apartheid laws by participating in

284-573: A car radiator); as a water sterilizer; and for creating distress signals on snow. Potassium permanganate is added to "plastic sphere dispensers" to create backfires, burnouts, and controlled burns . Polymer spheres resembling ping-pong balls containing small amounts of permanganate are injected with ethylene glycol and projected towards the area where ignition is desired, where they spontaneously ignite seconds later. Both handheld helicopter- unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or boat-mounted plastic sphere dispensers are used. Potassium permanganate

355-528: A component of flash powder . It is now replaced with other oxidizers, due to the instability of permanganate mixtures. Potassium permanganate is produced industrially from manganese dioxide , which also occurs as the mineral pyrolusite . In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 tonnes. The MnO 2 is fused with potassium hydroxide and heated in air or with another source of oxygen, like potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate . This process gives potassium manganate : With sodium hydroxide,

426-557: A crucial role in ensuring that the pages and columns reflected the conditions, demands, and aspirations of black working-class people, particularly in the countryside. He also worked on the Guardian , New Age , Fighting Talk and Liberation , and worked with 'Jock' Harold Strachan in the Port Elizabeth area, and helped him produce the newsletter Izwi Lomzi ("Voice of the People"). Mbeki

497-481: A good job, actually. Meanwhile, in November 1962, the then-Minister of Justice, John Vorster , banned New Age . When the editorial board came out with its successor publication Spark , Vorster went one step further by banning not the newspaper but its editors and writers. This effectively ended Mbeki's role as editor and journalist in the country. On 11 July 1963, he was arrested with other MK high commanders. In 1964, he

568-605: A leader of the South African Communist Party and the African National Congress . After the Rivonia Trial , he was imprisoned (1963–1987) on charges of terrorism and treason , together with Nelson Mandela , Walter Sisulu , Raymond Mhlaba , Ahmed Kathrada and other eminent ANC leaders, for their role in the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK). He was sometimes mentioned by his nickname " Oom Gov ". Govan Mbeki

639-480: A mixture of aqueous potassium permanganate with a quaternary ammonium salt results in ion exchange, precipitating the quat salt of permanganate. Solutions of these salts are sometimes soluble in organic solvents: Similarly, addition of a crown ether also gives a lipophilic salt. Permanganate reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give chlorine and manganese(II): In neutral solution, permanganate slowly reduces to manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ). This

710-507: A multifaceted variety of positions of responsibility both domestically and internationally. The role of the politician has changed dramatically over time, for example, Pericles of Athens played an important role in politics in ancient Greece both in public life and in decision-making as depicted in Philip Foltz's 19th-century painting. Over time the figure of the politician has evolved to include many forms and functions. For example, In

781-471: A new business venture using their political connections. The personal histories of politicians have been frequently studied, as it is presumed that their experiences and characteristics shape their beliefs and behaviors. There are four pathways by which a politician's biography could influence their leadership style and abilities. First, a politician’s biography may shape their core beliefs, which are essential to shaping their worldview. The second pathway

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852-504: A parasite that infects and usually kills freshwater aquarium fish. In 1659, Johann Rudolf Glauber fused a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO 2 ) and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that, when dissolved in water, gave a green solution ( potassium manganate ) which slowly shifted to violet and then finally red. The reaction that produced the color changes that Glauber observed in his solution of potassium permanganate and potassium manganate (K 2 MnO 4 )

923-414: A role in legislative gridlock and negatively impact public perception, which negatively impacts politicians’ interests. Additionally, research highlighted that politicians, especially populist politicians, may create a challenge for themselves by increasingly accusing the media of spreading misinformation or “fake news.” Such accusations can undermine the credibility of media platforms, even though trust in

994-694: A role in shaping shape voter behavior and political preferences Also, educational background in politics also plays an important role in shaping the political awareness of politicians and plays a major role in increasing people’s confidence in them. Some critics often accuse politicians of not communicating with the public. They accuse politicians' speeches of being sometimes overly formal, filled with many euphemisms and metaphors, and generally seen as an attempt to "obscure, mislead, and confuse". Lack of awareness, selfishness, manipulation , and dishonesty are perceptions that people often accuse politicians of, and many see them as prioritizing personal interests over

1065-539: A teaching diploma. Mbeki met other African struggle leaders while attending the university. For a time Mbeki worked as a teacher, but lost his job because of his political activities. He was a member of the South African Communist Party (SACP, then the Communist Party of South Africa, or CPSA) from the late 1930s, and joined the African National Congress in 1935. He then set up a co-operative store in Idutywa and began

1136-601: A very strong oxidizing agent , can react with a variety of groups. Under acidic conditions, the alkene double bond is cleaved to give the appropriate carboxylic acid : Potassium permanganate oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids, illustrated by the conversion of n - heptanal to heptanoic acid: Even an alkyl group (with a benzylic hydrogen) on an aromatic ring is oxidized, e.g. toluene to benzoic acid . Glycols and polyols are highly reactive toward KMnO 4 . For example, addition of potassium permanganate to an aqueous solution of sugar and sodium hydroxide produces

1207-412: A white to orange spot on TLC plates. Potassium permanganate can be used to quantitatively determine the total oxidizable organic material in an aqueous sample. The value determined is known as the permanganate value. In analytical chemistry , a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO 4 is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations ( permanganometry ). As potassium permanganate

1278-491: A writing career. From 1938 to 1944 he was the editor of Territorial Magazine / Inkundla Ya Bantu . Mbeki left journalism in 1944 and became a government-nominated member of the Transkei Territorial Authorities General Council until 1950. His role in the CPSA/ SACP was clandestine at the time, which helps explain why he received the nomination. Mbeki disparagingly referred to the council as

1349-524: Is and the acid-induced disproportionation reaction may be written as A weak acid such as carbonic acid is sufficient for this reaction: Permanganate salts may also be generated by treating a solution of Mn ions with strong oxidants such as lead dioxide (PbO 2 ), sodium bismuthate (NaBiO 3 ), or peroxydisulfate . Tests for the presence of manganese exploit the vivid violet color of permanganate produced by these reagents. Dilute solutions of KMnO 4 convert alkenes into diols . This behaviour

1420-401: Is also used as a qualitative test for the presence of double or triple bonds in a molecule, since the reaction decolorizes the initially purple permanganate solution and generates a brown precipitate (MnO 2 ). In this context, it is sometimes called Baeyer's reagent . However, bromine serves better in measuring unsaturation (double or triple bonds) quantitatively, since KMnO 4 , being

1491-457: Is an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate. Reaction with double or triple bonds (-C=C- or -C≡C-) causes the color to fade from purplish-pink to brown. Aldehydes and formic acid (and formates ) also give a positive test. The test is antiquated. KMnO 4 solution is a common thin layer chromatography (TLC) stain for the detection of oxidizable functional groups, such as alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes, and ketones. Such compounds result in

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1562-466: Is as a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds. Significant amounts are required for the synthesis of ascorbic acid , chloramphenicol , saccharin , isonicotinic acid , and pyrazinoic acid . KMnO 4 is used in qualitative organic analysis to test for the presence of unsaturation . It is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent after the German organic chemist Adolf von Baeyer . The reagent

1633-420: Is eaten death may occur. Concentrated solutions when drunk have resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome or swelling of the airway. Recommended measures for those who have ingested potassium permanganate include gastroscopy . Activated charcoal or medications to cause vomiting are not recommended. While medications like ranitidine and acetylcysteine may be used in toxicity, evidence for this use

1704-652: Is influenced  by their social and work environments, their ideology, and the parties to which they belong, furthermore, the development of means of communication and social media have increased public participation in policy-making, leading to a reformation of  politician's identity  and increasing the complexity of political work. Politicians are influential people who use rhetoric to impact people as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They are especially known for using common themes,  and media platforms that allow them to develop their political positions,  developing communication between them and

1775-458: Is now known as the " chemical chameleon ". This report represents the first description of the production of potassium permanganate. Just under 200 years later, London chemist Henry Bollmann Condy had an interest in disinfectants; he found that fusing pyrolusite with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dissolving it in water produced a solution with disinfectant properties. He patented this solution, and marketed it as 'Condy's Fluid'. Although effective,

1846-525: Is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 tons. Potassium permanganate is the potassium salt of the tetrahedral transition metal oxo complex permanganate , in which four O ligands are bound to a manganese(VII) center. KMnO 4 forms orthorhombic crystals with constants: a = 910.5  pm , b = 572.0 pm, c = 742.5 pm. The overall motif

1917-521: Is one of the principal chemicals used in the film and television industries to "age" props and set dressings. Its ready conversion to brown MnO 2 creates "hundred-year-old" or "ancient" looks on hessian cloth (burlap), ropes, timber and glass. Potassium permanganate can be used to oxidize cocaine paste to purify it and increase its stability. This led to the Drug Enforcement Administration launching Operation Purple in 2000, with

1988-425: Is oxidised by potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), manganese oxide (MnO 2 ) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), in the presence of water, is presented as follows: 3 C 2 H 4 + 12 KMnO 4 + 2 H 2 O → 6 CO 2 + 2 H 2 O + 12 MnO 2 + 12 KOH Potassium permanganate is sometimes included in survival kits: as a hypergolic fire starter (when mixed with glycerol antifreeze from

2059-581: Is poor. In the United States the FDA requires tablets of the medication to be sold by prescription . Potassium permanganate, however, does not have FDA approved uses and therefore non medical grade potassium permanganate is sometimes used for medical purposes. It is available under a number of brand names including Permasol, Koi Med Tricho-Ex, and Kalii permanganas RFF. It is occasionally called "Condy's crystals". Potassium permanganate may be used to prevent

2130-613: Is recommended using for only a few days at a time due to the possibility of it irritating the skin. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not recommend its use in the crystal or tablet form. It should only be used in a diluted liquid form. Potassium permanganate was first made in the 1600s and came into common medical use at least as early as the 1800s. During World War I Canadian soldiers were given potassium permanganate (to be applied mixed with an ointment) in an effort to prevent sexually transmitted infections . Some have attempted to bring about an abortion by putting it in

2201-498: Is similar to that for barium sulfate , with which it forms solid solutions . In the solid (as in solution), each MnO − 4 centre is tetrahedral. The Mn–O distances are 1.62 Å. The purplish-black color of solid potassium permanganate, and the intensely pink to purple color of its solutions, is caused by its permanganate anion, which gets its color from a strong charge-transfer absorption band caused by excitation of electrons from oxo ligand orbitals to empty orbitals of

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2272-548: Is those personal experiences that influence a politician's skills and competence, and which determine where politicians focus their resources and attention as leaders. The third pathway refers to biographical characteristics that influence a politician's resource allocation and responses based on characteristics such as race or gender. The fourth pathway is how a politician's biography affects his public perception, which affects politicians' leadership style and their strategy for gaining people's respect. Numerous scholars have studied

2343-610: Is titrated, the solution becomes a light shade of purple, which darkens as excess of the titrant is added to the solution. In a related way, it is used as a reagent to determine the Kappa number of wood pulp. For the standardization of KMnO 4 solutions, reduction by oxalic acid is often used. In agricultural chemistry, it is used for estimation of active carbon in soil. Aqueous, acidic solutions of KMnO 4 are used to collect gaseous mercury in flue gas during stationary source emissions testing. In histology , potassium permanganate

2414-468: The British National Formulary recommends 100 mg be dissolved in a liter of water before use to form a 1:10,000 (0.01%) solution. Wrapping the dressings soaked with potassium permanganate is not recommended. Potassium permanganate is toxic if taken by mouth. Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath may occur. If a sufficiently large amount (about 10 grams)

2485-421: The chemical chameleon reaction, which involves dramatic color changes associated with the various oxidation states of manganese . A related vigorous reaction is exploited as a fire starter in survival kits. For example, a mixture of potassium permanganate and glycerol or pulverized glucose ignites readily. Its sterilizing properties are another reason for inclusion of KMnO 4 in a survival kit. Treating

2556-441: The public interest and develop long-term strategies. Challenges include how to keep up with the development of social media and confronting biased media, in addition to discrimination against them on the basis of gender , race , or belief, which requires them to adapt their communications to engage citizens, confront discrimination, and spread their message effectively. Politicians are people who participate in policy-making, in

2627-410: The 'Campaign of Defiance against Injustice Laws' (Defiance Campaign). In 1954, a tornado destroyed his store, and Mbeki was dismissed from teaching again (he would lose his job three times, and be blacklisted from others, from the 1930s onwards). Mbeki moved to Port Elizabeth and joined the editorial board of New Age , a prominent leftist newspaper linked to underground CPSA/ SACP networks. Mbeki played

2698-568: The Mexican government introduced the Federal Law on Administrative Responsibilities of Public Officials (2002) which establishes professional and accountable standards for officials against corruption and the spoils system. Also, The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 in the USA has established corruption to protect federal employees who report corruption, fraud, or other illegal activities within

2769-598: The United States of America, George Washington played a pivotal role as a politician because he was the first President of the United States of America . Today, political offices take many forms in the modern century in the United States of America such as ministers, mayors , governors , senators , and presidents, each of whom has different duties. While all government leaders are considered politicians, not all politicians are subject to voters, autocratic and dictatorial regimes remain extant. The identity of politicians

2840-400: The accused politicians remains largely unaffected. They will therefore have a negative impact on the credibility of media platforms, and this distrust may extend to the media institutions as a whole that politicians use to communicate with people. Regarding the challenges of gender dynamics, particularly the role of women in politics , some recent research focuses on the life path of women in

2911-493: The characteristics of politicians and in economic class to explain characteristics impact on politicians' effectiveness and electoral success, comparing politicians involves different dimensions such as level of government (the local and national levels), political ideology (liberal or the more conservative), economic class , and comparing the more successful and less successful in terms of elections. Demographic factors such as age, gender, education, income, and race/ethnicity, play

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2982-503: The end product is not sodium manganate but an Mn(V) compound, which is one reason why the potassium permanganate is more commonly used than sodium permanganate . Furthermore, the potassium salt crystallizes better. The potassium manganate is then converted into permanganate by electrolytic oxidation in alkaline media: Although of no commercial importance, potassium manganate can be oxidized by chlorine or by disproportionation under acidic conditions. The chlorine oxidation reaction

3053-417: The goal of monitoring the world supply of potassium permanganate; however, potassium permanganate derivatives and substitutes were soon used thereafter to avoid the operation. Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent in the synthesis of cocaine and methcathinone . Potassium permanganate is one of a number of possible treatments for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (commonly known as "ich"),

3124-413: The government. Mattozzi and Merlo argue that politicians typically follow two main career paths in modern democracies. The first is career politicians who remain in government until retirement. The second is political careerists, who have gained a reputation for their experience at various levels of government such as international, federal, state, and local governments, they often leave politics and start

3195-435: The immunity from prosecution they receive as politicians results in further corruption and evasion from legal punishment, as represented by the immunity bath depiction by J.J. Hanberg Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate is widely used in the chemical industry and laboratories as a strong oxidizing agent , and also as a medication for dermatitis , for cleaning wounds , and general disinfection . It

3266-479: The integrity of government positions. A notable example of government reform over time are The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 passed by the U.S. Congress to combat corruption, favoritism in hiring, and the spoils system. It advocated hiring based on merit and protected civil servants from political influence. In the modern century, many laws have been put in place to protect employees and reduce corruption and favoritism in employment, for example,

3337-423: The manganese(VII) center. Potassium permanganate functions as a strong oxidising agent . Through this mechanism it results in disinfection , astringent effects, and decreased smell. Potassium permanganate is used for a number of skin conditions . This includes fungal infections of the foot , impetigo , pemphigus , superficial wounds , dermatitis , and topical ulcers . Radioactive contamination of

3408-512: The neighborhoods of Browns Farm, Gugulethu , Nyanga and Crossroads in Cape Town was renamed Govan Mbeki Road. The Health Building at Glasgow Caledonian University, in Glasgow Scotland, is named after him. Notes Citations Politician A politician is a person who participates in policy-making processes , usually holding a position in government . Politicians represent

3479-669: The people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles or duties that politicians must perform vary depending on the level of government they serve, whether local , national, or international. The ideological orientation that politicians adopt often stems from their previous experience, education, beliefs, the political parties they belong to, or public opinion . Politicians sometimes face many challenges and mistakes that may affect their credibility and ability to persuade. These mistakes include corruption resulting from their misuse and exploitation of power to achieve their interests, which requires them to prioritize

3550-399: The people. Politicians of necessity become expert users of the media . Politicians in the 19th century made heavy use of newspapers , magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters to disseminate their messages to appeal to voters' emotions and beliefs in their campaigns. In the 20th century, the scope of media expanded out into radio and television, and a major change occurred as speech

3621-560: The political field and the challenges surrounding them. For example, there are studies on the "supermader" model in politics in Latin America, which illustrate the difficulties women face and how to balance their home and work and the distinction between women and men that negatively affects their acceptance in political work. . Historically, in patronage-based systems, especially in the 19th century, winning politicians replaced civil servants and government employees who were not protected by

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3692-520: The public interests. Politicians in many countries are seen as the “most hated professionals,” and the least trustworthy, leading to public skepticism and constant criticism. In addition, some politicians tend to be negative, this strategy, although it does not enhance their chances of being re-elected or gaining public support, politicians see this negativity as consistent with negative media bias, which increases their chances of securing media access and public attention. Also, lack of accountability and

3763-554: The recently opened health building at Glasgow Caledonian University . The Govan Mbeki Health Building was inaugurated in 2001 at a ceremony featuring his son Thabo . The Govan Mbeki Local Municipality in Mpumulanga is named in his honour. Order for Meritorious Service in gold (2003). In 2004 he was voted 97th in the SABC 3's Great South Africans . In 2013 a large section of road between Swartklip and Baden Powell Road, running between

3834-542: The revolt itself. Following the Rivonia Trial , Mbeki served a long-term on Robben Island , during which he managed to run education classes with prisoners, many on Marxist theory, and wrote a number of significant analyses jail, which were kept on the island and used for discussions. The surviving copies have since been published. In 1992, he published The Struggle For Liberation in South Africa: A Short History and in 1996, Sunset at Midday: Latshonilangemini! Mbeki

3905-414: The rules of government service with their supporters, a so-called “ spoils system .” In response to the corruption this system fostered, government job reforms were introduced. These reforms required elected politicians to work with existing civil servants and officials to pursue long-term public interest goals, rather than simply rewarding their supporters. This shift aimed to reduce corruption and prioritize

3976-424: The skin can be cleaned with potassium permanganate and vigorous scrubbing. For topical ulcers it is used together with procaine benzylpenicillin . Typically it is used in skin conditions that produce a lot of liquid. It can be applied as a soaked dressing or a bath. It can be used in children and adults. Petroleum jelly may be used on the nails before soaking to prevent their discoloration. For treating eczema, it

4047-529: The solution was not very stable. This was overcome by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) rather than NaOH. This was more stable, and had the advantage of easy conversion to the equally effective potassium permanganate crystals. This crystalline material was known as 'Condy's crystals' or 'Condy's powder'. Potassium permanganate was comparatively easy to manufacture, so Condy was subsequently forced to spend considerable time in litigation to stop competitors from marketing similar products. Early photographers used it as

4118-497: The speed of spread and interaction. Politicians, who rarely meet voters in person, seek to use the media as a means of communicating with people, winning votes, and obtaining political roles. Some research confirms that the media increases the popularity of a politician, and indicates that negative news has a stronger effect on popularity than positive news. Some research has suggested that politicians tend to use social media more than traditional media because their perception of

4189-416: The spread of glanders among horses. Almost all applications of potassium permanganate exploit its oxidizing properties. As a strong oxidant that does not generate toxic byproducts, KMnO 4 has many niche uses. Potassium permanganate is used extensively in the water treatment industry. It is used as a regeneration chemical to remove iron and hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) from well water via

4260-573: The subject of controversy in 2006 when plans were made to exhume them, and place them in a museum. These plans were called off after Mbeki's family refused the request. Mbeki received an honorary doctorate in the Social Sciences from the University of Amsterdam in 1978. His son Moeletsi attended the ceremony, as Mbeki was imprisoned at Robben Island. On 26 June 1980, the Secretary General of

4331-461: The then-illegal African National Congress , Alfred Nzo , announced the conferring of the Isitwalandwe Medal , the ANC's highest honour, on Mbeki. Mbeki was, however, not present to receive the award, because he was serving a life imprisonment sentence on Robben Island . Mbeki received international recognition for his political achievements including the renaming (at Mandela's suggestion) of

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4402-662: The traditional media’s influence as a public informant greatly affects their satisfaction with democratic processes. So they prefer to use social media and communicate directly with people in order to have greater control over their message and easier communication. This continuous evolution in media has made politicians adapt their discourse to these diverse and evolving platforms for greater communication and effectiveness. In this century of advanced communications, politicians face challenges and difficulties while communicating with people through various social media platforms . The implicit importance of social media for politics stems from

4473-416: The vagina, though this is not effective. Other historical uses have included an effort to wash out the stomach in those with strychnine or picrotoxin poisoning. Side effects from topical use may include irritation of the skin and discoloration of clothing. A harsh burn on a child from an undissolved tablet has been reported. Higher concentration solutions can result in chemical burns . Therefore,

4544-413: The virtual space these platforms have created for expressing ideas and spreading mutual messages without restrictions. Misinformation , rumors, and discrimination complicate their political behavior and communication with people. Also, Political polarization created by the media plays a role in influencing politicians’ behavior and communications, which reinforces negative campaigns. They also play

4615-507: Was an accused in the Rivonia Trial and sentenced to Robben Island . In 1939, Mbeki published his first book, Transkei in the Making . A supporter of the 1950-1961 Pondoland peasant revolt , he wrote the pioneering study of the movement, South Africa: The Peasants' Revolt from 1958, which was published in 1964. Much of the book is an analysis of the political economy of the Transkei, rather than

4686-496: Was born in the Nqamakwe district of the Transkei region and was a part of the Xhosa ethnic group. As a teenager, Mbeki worked as a newsboy and messenger in the cities, and because of this, he saw the poverty urban black Africans lived in, and the constant police raids they endured. He attended Fort Hare University , completing in 1936 a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics and psychology and

4757-653: Was meanwhile actively involved in the major campaigns of the day, including the revival of the African National Congress in the 1940s, the Defiance Campaign and the Congress of the People . In 1960, the ANC was banned, and along with the underground SACP, formed Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), which became ANC's armed wing. Mbeki was involved, and, at his urging, Strachan assisted MK by turning his hand to improvised explosive devices based on substances like potassium permanganate , magnesium , glycerol and icing sugar . ...this

4828-484: Was now presented visually as well as verbally as evidenced by the Kennedy-Nixon debates , marking a new era where visual media became crucial to campaigns. The twenty-first century has provided wide and diverse media platforms represented by Facebook, and Twitter, which has now become X, Instagram, YouTube, and others. This development has made their rhetorical messages faster, shorter more efficient, and characterized by

4899-412: Was our job – devices and explosives. So I said, for God’s sake, why me? And they said, no well, you were a bomber pilot in the war, you see, so you must know how to make bombs. I said, but for Christ’s sake, Govan, (Mbeki) we didn’t make our own bombs. And they said, but you know about those things and I said, no, bombs were made in bloody factories, I don’t know. So he said, anyway, you’re appointed. We did

4970-668: Was released from custody after serving 24 years in the Robben Island prison on 5 November 1987. He served in South Africa's post- apartheid Senate from 1994 to 1997 as Deputy President of the Senate, and then the Senate's successor, the National Council of Provinces , from 1997 to 1999. Mbeki died in Port Elizabeth on 30 August 2001. He was given state funeral during his son's presidency ( Thabo ) on 8 September 2001. His remains were

5041-440: Was used as a bleaching agent. Ethylene absorbents extend storage time of bananas even at high temperatures. This effect can be exploited by packing bananas in polyethylene together with potassium permanganate. By removing ethylene by oxidation, the permanganate delays the ripening, increasing the fruit's shelf life up to 4 weeks without the need for refrigeration. The chemical reaction, in which ethylene (C 2 H 4 )

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