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51-718: The gang was originally formed in Fujinomiya , Shizuoka Prefecture , but moved its activities east in 1991 when it merged with a gang in Hachiōji , Tokyo . The Goto-gumi, as an affiliate of Japan's largest yakuza organization, the Kobe -based Yamaguchi-gumi , was seen as a vanguard for Yamaguchi expansion into the Kantō region . The gang achieved notoriety the following year when five of its members assaulted and seriously injured Japanese filmmaker Juzo Itami in retaliation for Itami's negative portrayal of

102-528: A member of the Southern Court ascended to the throne as Emperor Go-Daigo . Go-Daigo wanted to overthrow the shogunate, and he openly defied Kamakura by naming his own son his heir. In 1331 the shogunate exiled Go-Daigo, but loyalist forces, including Kusunoki Masashige , rebelled. They were aided by Ashikaga Takauji , a constable who turned against the Kamakura when dispatched to put down Go-Daigo's rebellion. At

153-513: A specialized fighting class. Lords required the loyal services of vassals, who were rewarded with fiefs of their own; the fief holders then exercised local military rule. Once Minamoto no Yoritomo had consolidated his power, he established a new government at his family home in Kamakura . He called his government a bakufu ( 幕府 , tent government) , but because he was given the ancient high military title Sei-i Taishōgun by Emperor Go-Toba ,

204-533: Is 1881 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.4 °C. Per Japanese census data, the population of Fujinomiya has recently plateaued after a long period of growth. Fujinomiya has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 22 members. Fujinomiya

255-573: Is also located in Fujinomiya. Kamakura period The Kamakura period ( 鎌倉時代 , Kamakura jidai , 1185–1333) is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate , officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo after the conclusion of the Genpei War , which saw the struggle between the Taira and Minamoto clans. The period

306-704: Is an industrial center within Shizuoka Prefecture, traditionally with a heavy emphasis on the paper industry . Other manufacturing industries include rotating equipment, automotive parts, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Fujinomiya has 21 public elementary schools and 13 public junior high schools operated by the city government. The city has four public high schools operated by the Shizuoka Prefectural Board of Education. The city also has one private junior school, and two private high schools. The prefectural Shizuoka Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry College

357-450: Is known for the emergence of the samurai , the warrior caste, and for the establishment of feudalism in Japan. There are various theories as to the year in which the Kamakura period and Kamakura shogunate began. In the past, the most popular theory was that the year was 1192, when Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Seii Taishōgun ( 征夷大将軍 ) . Later, the prevailing theory was that the year

408-410: Is located in central Shizuoka Prefecture on an upland plateau on the foothills and lower slopes of Mount Fuji, with an altitude ranging from 35 to 3,336 m (115 to 10,945 ft). The average temperature is 15.6 °C (60.1 °F). Much of the city lies within the borders of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park . Fujinomiya is known as one of the main starting points for climbing trips to Mount Fuji ,

459-483: The Fuji clan served as the high priest of the shrine. Nearby is the sanctuary of Taiseki-ji temple, founded in 1290 by Nikkō Shōnin as the headquarters of Nichiren Shōshū Buddhism. Fujinomiya is closely related to Mount Fuji, and was located in the crossroad of Ōmiya and Murayamaguchi mountain pilgrimage trails. During the Kamakura period , the hunting event Fuji no Makigari arranged by shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo

510-729: The Minamoto in 1180. The head of Hōjō was installed as a regent for the shōgun ; the regent was termed the Shikken during the period, although later positions were created with similar power such as the Tokusō and the Rensho . Often the Shikken was also the Tokusō and Rensho . Under the Hōjō, the shōgun became a powerless figurehead. With the protection of

561-720: The Mongol -led Yuan dynasty were momentous events in Japanese history. Nichiren had predicted these invasions years earlier, in his Rissho Ankoku Ron , a letter to the regency. Japanese relations with China had been terminated in the mid-ninth century after the deterioration of the Tang dynasty and the turning inward of the Heian court. Some commercial contacts were maintained with the Southern Song dynasty in later centuries, but Japanese pirates made

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612-559: The Mongols in 1274 and again in 1281. To reduce the amount of chaos, the Hōjō rulers decided to decentralize power by allowing two imperial lines – Northern and Southern court , to alternate the throne. In the 1330s, the Southern court under Emperor Go-Daigo revolted and eventually led to the Siege of Kamakura in 1333 which ended the rule of the shogunate. With this, the Kamakura period ended. There

663-520: The Shōen manor system which had taken root in this era resulted in the increased prosperity and literacy of peasants which in turn provided more financial support for Buddhist teachers and their studies. The first originators of Kamakura Buddhism schools were Hōnen and Shinran who emphasized belief and practice over formalism. In the latter part of the 12th-century Dōgen and Eisai traveled to China and upon their return to Japan founded, respectively,

714-507: The Sōtō and Rinzai schools of Zen. Dōgen rejected affiliations with the secular authorities whereas Eisai actively sought them. Whereas Eisai thought that Zen teachings would revitalize the Tendai school, Dōgen aimed for an ineffable absolute, a pure Zen teaching that was not tied to beliefs and practices from Tendai or other orthodox schools and with little guidance for leading people how to live in

765-556: The financial industry , real estate industry , construction industry , and in the political world . Also, the Goto-gumi had allegedly been very influential in the entertainment industry . The Goto-gumi had allegedly been connected to the Hong Kong mafia , and police reports indicated that the Goto-gumi had smuggled firearms from the Philippines , where they had connections with some of

816-586: The Emperor, a figurehead himself, strains emerged between Kyoto and Kamakura, and in 1221 the Jōkyū War broke out between the cloistered Emperor Go-Toba and the second regent Hōjō Yoshitoki . The Hōjō forces easily won the war, and the imperial court was brought under the direct control of the shogunate. The shōgun 's constables gained greater civil powers, and the court was obliged to seek Kamakura's approval for all of its actions. Although deprived of political power,

867-525: The Minamoto, although Yoritomo had eliminated most serious challengers to his authority. When he died suddenly in 1199, his son Minamoto no Yoriie became shōgun and nominal head of the Minamoto, but Yoriie was unable to control the other eastern warrior families. By the early 13th century, a regency had been established by Hōjō Tokimasa —a member of the Hōjō clan , a branch of the Taira that had allied itself with

918-572: The Northern Fujiwara Fujiwara no Yasuhira was defeated by Yoritomo in 1189, and the 100-year-long prosperity of the north disappeared. The old court resided in Kyoto , continuing to hold the land over which it had jurisdiction, while newly organized military families were attracted to Kamakura. Despite a strong beginning, Yoritomo failed to consolidate the leadership of his family on a lasting basis. Intrafamily contention had long existed within

969-522: The U.S. This was done without prior consultation of the Japanese National Police Agency . The journalist who uncovered the deal, Jake Adelstein , received threats from Goto and was given police protection in the US and in Japan. Fujinomiya, Shizuoka Fujinomiya ( 富士宮市 , Fujinomiya-shi ) is a city located in central Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2019 ,

1020-630: The Yuan demands, dismissed the Goryeo messengers, and started defensive preparations. After further unsuccessful entreaties, the first Mongol invasion took place in 1274. More than 600 ships carried a combined ethnic Mongol, Han , and Korean force of 23,000 troops armed with catapults , combustible missiles, and bows and arrows. In fighting, these soldiers grouped in close cavalry formations against samurai, who were accustomed to one-on-one combat. Local Japanese forces at Hakata , on northern Kyūshū , defended against

1071-541: The advantageous mainland force, which, after one day of fighting was destroyed by the onslaught of a sudden typhoon . Kublai realized that nature, not military incompetence, had been the cause of his forces' failure so, in 1281, he launched a second invasion. Seven weeks of fighting took place in northwestern Kyūshū before another typhoon struck, again destroying the Yuan fleet, which was mostly composed of hastily acquired, flat-bottomed Chinese ships especially vulnerable to powerful typhoons. Although Shinto priests attributed

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1122-444: The city had an estimated population of 132,507 in 56,655 households, and a population density of 340 persons per km². The total area of the city is 388.99 square kilometres (150.19 sq mi). The city name comes from the former shrine name of Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha , "Fujinomiya". It is an ancient settlement that developed as a prosperous toriimae-machi (town in front of torii ) of Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha, where

1173-695: The country's high-ranking military officers. Members, especially senior members often visited foreign countries to acquire shooting skills. In 2001 the FBI 's representative in Tokyo arranged for Tadamasa Goto , then the head of the Goto-gumi, to receive a liver transplant in the United States in return for a $ 100,000 donation to the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles and information about Yamaguchi-gumi operations in

1224-530: The court nobles over the warriors' caste. The reality, however, was that the forces who had arisen against Kamakura had been set on defeating the Hōjō, not on supporting the emperor. Ashikaga Takauji finally sided with the Northern Court in a civil war against the Southern Court represented by Go-Daigo. The long War Between the Courts lasted from 1336 to 1392. Early in the conflict, Go-Daigo was driven from Kyoto, and

1275-624: The court retained extensive estates. Several significant administrative achievements were made during the Hōjō regency. In 1225 the third regent Hōjō Yasutoki established the Council of State, providing opportunities for other military lords to exercise judicial and legislative authority within the Kamakura regime. The Hōjō regent presided over the council, which was a successful form of collective leadership. The adoption of Japan's first military code of law—the Goseibai Shikimoku —in 1232 reflected

1326-412: The daily concerns of people. Nichiren rejected the focus on "next-worldly" salvation such a rebirth in a Pure Land and instead aimed for "this-worldly" personal and national liberation through a simple and accessible practice. Ippen emphasized a popularized form of nenbutsu recitation with an emphasis on practice rather than concentrating on an individual's underlying mental state. As time evolved

1377-452: The distinctions between "Old" and "New" Buddhisms blurred as they formed "cultic centers" and various forms of founder worship. The medieval structures of these schools evolved into hierarchical head temple-branch temple structures with associated rituals and forms of worship. This culminated in the state-sanctioned formalized schools of the Tokugawa period. The repulsions of two invasions by

1428-475: The early Kamakura period, the shogunate continued warfare against the Northern Fujiwara which was only defeated in 1189. Then, the authority to the Kamakura rulers waned in the 1190s and power was transferred to the powerful Hōjō clan in the early 13th century with the head of the clan as regent ( Shikken ) under the shogun which became a powerless figurehead. The later Kamakura period saw the invasions of

1479-489: The future. The invasions also caused disaffection among those who expected recompense for their help in defeating the Yuan dynasty. There were no lands or other rewards to be given, however, and such disaffection, combined with overextension and the increasing defense costs, led to a decline of the Kamakura bakufu . Additionally, inheritances had divided family properties, and landowners increasingly had to turn to moneylenders for support. Roving bands of rōnin further threatened

1530-454: The government established a council centered around collective leadership. The period saw the adoption of Japan's first military code of law in 1232. There was an expansion of Buddhist teachings into Old Buddhism ( Kyū Bukkyō ) and New Buddhism ( Shin Bukkyō ). The Kamakura period marked Japan's transition to a land-based economy and the concentration of advanced military technologies in the hands of

1581-568: The government is often referred to in Western literature as the Shogunate. Yoritomo followed the Fujiwara form of house government and had an administrative board ( 政所 , Mandokoro ) , a board of retainers ( 侍所 , Samurai-dokoro ) , and a board of inquiry ( 問注所 , Monchūjo ) . After confiscating estates in central and western Japan, he appointed stewards for the estates and constables for

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1632-559: The great temples of Nara , collectively classified by scholars as "Old Buddhism" or Kyū Bukkyo , continued to thrive, adapt, and exert influence. For example, all of the above six reformers had studied at the Tendai Mt. Hiei at some point in their lives. Throughout the Kamakura period, older Buddhist sects including Shingon , Tendai , and the Nara temple schools such as Kegon , Hossō , Sanron , and Ritsu continued to thrive and adapt to

1683-425: The modern city was established with the merger of Omiya town with neighboring Fujioka village. The city expanded by annexing neighboring Fujine village in 1955, and Kitayama, Shiraito, Kamiide and Ueno villages in 1956. From 1987, Aum Shinrikyo had their headquarters in the city. The most recent merger was on 23 March 2010, when the town of Shibakawa (from Fuji District ) was merged into Fujinomiya. Fujinomiya

1734-623: The newer "Kamakura" schools found followers among the new Kamakura government, and its samurai . . The times that gave way to the Kamakura period were marked by political and military conflict, natural disasters, and social malaise attributed to the perceived arrival of the Latter Day of the Law . The new social order of a declining aristocracy and ascending military and peasant classes resulted in new forms of religion, both indigenous and Buddhist while Indian and Chinese influence continued. Furthermore,

1785-457: The next 635 years. As might be expected, the literature of the time reflected the unsettled nature of the period. The Hōjōki describes the turmoil of the period in terms of the Buddhist concepts of impermanence and the vanity of human projects. The Heike Monogatari narrated the rise and fall of the Taira clan , replete with tales of wars and samurai deeds. A second literary mainstream

1836-545: The open seas dangerous. At a time when the shogunate had little interest in foreign affairs and ignored communications from China and the Goryeo dynasty , news arrived in 1268 of a new Mongol-led regime in Beijing . Its leader, Kublai , demanded that the Japanese pay tribute to the new Yuan dynasty and threatened reprisals if they failed to do so. Unused to such threats, Kyoto raised the diplomatic counter of Japan's divine origin, rejected

1887-519: The primary route connecting Suruga with Kai Province . During the Edo period , the area was tenryō territory under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate . British consul Sir Rutherford Alcock made the first recorded ascent on Mount Fuji by a non-Japanese person from Fujinomiya in 1860. During the cadastral reform of the early Meiji period in 1889, the area was reorganized into Omiya Town and eight villages with Fuji District, Shizuoka . On 1 June 1942,

1938-459: The profound transition from court to militarized society. While legal practices in Kyoto were still based on 500-year-old Confucian principles, the new code was a highly legalistic document that stressed the duties of stewards and constables, provided means for settling land disputes, and established rules governing inheritances . It was clear and concise, stipulated punishments for violators of its conditions, and parts of it remained in effect for

1989-414: The provinces. As shōgun , Yoritomo was both the steward and the constable general. The Kamakura shogunate was not a national regime, however, and although it controlled large tracts of land, there was strong resistance to the stewards. The regime continued warfare against the Northern Fujiwara , but never brought either the north or the west under complete military control. However, the fourth leader of

2040-465: The same time, Nitta Yoshisada , another eastern chieftain, rebelled against the shogunate, which quickly disintegrated, and the Hōjō were defeated. In the swell of victory, Go-Daigo endeavored to restore imperial authority and tenth-century Confucian practices. This period of reform, known as the Kenmu Restoration , aimed at strengthening the position of the emperor and reasserting the primacy of

2091-474: The secular world. The final stage of Kamakura Buddhism, occurring some 50 years after Hōnen, was marked by new social and political conditions as the aristocracy declined, the military class asserted new influence, and Buddhist-infused local kami practice among peasants flourished. These changing conditions created a climate that encouraged religious innovation. Nichiren and Ippen attempted at this time to create down-to-earth teachings that were rooted in

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2142-523: The stability of the shogunate. The Hōjō reacted to the ensuing chaos by trying to place more power among the various great family clans. To further weaken the Kyoto court, the bakufu decided to allow two contending imperial lines—known as the Southern Court or junior line and the Northern Court or senior line—to alternate on the throne. The method worked for several successions until

2193-411: The summit of which is partly within the borders of the city. As with most of Shizuoka Prefecture, the area enjoys a warm maritime climate with hot, humid summers and mild, cool winters. The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ). The average annual temperature in Fujinomiya is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall

2244-479: The time of the expulsion, the supreme godfather Shinobu Tsukasa was in jail, and the expulsion was officially accepted by the number-two, Kiyoshi Takayama , the head of the second Kodo-kai . In April 2009 Tadamasa Goto publicly entered study for Buddhist priesthood. In 2011 a Japanese man believed to be connected to the Goto-gumi was killed in Thailand. The Goto-gumi was active in various fields of business, such as

2295-485: The trend of the times. At the start of the Kamakura period, the Mount Hiei monasteries had become politically powerful, appealing primarily to those capable of systematic study of the sect's teachings. The Shingon sect and its esoteric ritual continued to enjoy support largely from the noble families in Kyoto . However, with the increasing popularity of the new Kamakura schools, the older schools partially eclipsed as

2346-557: The two defeats of the Mongols to a "divine wind" or kamikaze , a sign of heaven's special protection of Japan, the invasion left a deep impression on the shogunate leaders. Long-standing fears of the Chinese threat to Japan were reinforced. The victory also convinced the warriors of the value of the shogunate form of government. The Yuan invasions had been a drain on the economy, and new taxes had to be levied to maintain defensive preparations for

2397-530: The yakuza in his film Minbo no Onna . A former member confessed in 2008 that Itami's death in 1997, reported as a suicide at a time, was a murder carried out by Goto-gumi members who created a forged suicide note and then forced him to jump from the roof of his office building at gunpoint. On October 14, 2008 Goto was expelled from the Yamaguchi-gumi and the Goto-gumi was split into two parts, headed by two chief executives of Goto's named Rachi and Tsukamoto. At

2448-510: Was 1185, when Yoritomo established the Shugo ( 守護 ) , which controlled military and police power in various regions, and the Jitō ( 地頭 ) , which was in charge of tax collection and land administration. Japanese history textbooks as of 2016 do not specify a specific year for the beginning of the Kamakura period, as there are various theories about the year the Kamakura shogunate was established. During

2499-494: Was a short re-establishment (1333–1336) of imperial rule under Go-Daigo assisted by Ashikaga Takauji and Nitta Yoshisada but would later lead to direct rule under Ashikaga, forming the Ashikaga shogunate in the succeeding Muromachi period . Several significant administrative achievements were made during the Hōjō regency. These provided the opportunities for other military lords to exercise judicial and legislative authority and

2550-570: Was held in the ancient region of Fujino , where the Revenge of the Soga Brothers incident also took place. These events were disseminated as historical materials such as Ōrai Mono (historical primary education textbooks created mainly in the form of letters), and as the subject of entertainment such as kabuki , noh , and jōruri . Fujinomiya was a post town (fortified during the Sengoku period ) on

2601-506: Was the continuation of anthologies of poetry in the Shin Kokin Wakashū , of which twenty volumes were produced between 1201 and 1205. During the Kamakura period six new Buddhist schools (classified by scholars as "New Buddhism" or Shin Bukkyo ) were founded: During this time the pre-existing schools of Tendai , founded by Saichō (767–822), Shingon , founded by Kūkai (774–835), and

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