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67-457: Gooseberry ( / ˈ ɡ uː s b ɛ r i / GOOSS -berr-ee or / ˈ ɡ uː z b ɛ r i / GOOZ -berr-ee (American and northern British) or / ˈ ɡ ʊ z b ər i / GUUZ -bər-ee (southern British)) is a common name for many species of Ribes (which also includes currants ), as well as a large number of plants of similar appearance, and also several unrelated plants (see List of gooseberries ). The berries of those in

134-495: A lagoon . Only drastic administrative intervention saved the county from utter destruction. The counts and large monasteries took the lead in these efforts, building the first heavy emergency dikes to bolster critical points. Later special autonomous administrative bodies were formed, the waterschappen ("water control boards"), which had the legal power to enforce their regulations and decisions on water management . They eventually constructed an extensive dike system that covered

201-460: A sociolect . Some people, especially in the area north of Amsterdam, still speak the original dialect of the county, Hollandic. This dialect is present in the north: Volendam and Marken and the area around there, West Friesland and the Zaanstreek ; and in a southeastern fringe bordering the provinces of North Brabant and Utrecht . In the south on the island of Goeree-Overflakkee , Zeelandic

268-467: A logo redesign that changed "Holland" to "NL". The name Holland first appeared in sources for the region around Haarlem , and by 1064 was being used as the name of the entire county. By the early twelfth century, the inhabitants of Holland were called Hollandi in a Latin text. Holland is derived from the Old Dutch term holtlant ('wood-land'). This spelling variation remained in use until around

335-438: A number of sections to produce a taxonomy of seven subgenera; Ribes (sections Ribes , Heretiera , Berisia ) Coreosma , Calobotrya (sections Calobotrya , Cerophyllum ), Symphocalyx , Grossularioides , Grossularia , Parilla . Taxonomy, according to Berger, modified by Sinnott (1985): Some authors continued to treat Hesperia and Lobbia as subgenera. Early molecular studies suggested that subgenus Grossularia

402-888: A preferred host plant for comma butterfly ( Polygonia c-album ), whose larvae frequently feed upon the plant during the development stage, v-moth ( Macaria wauaria ), and gooseberry sawfly ( Nematus ribesii ). Nematus ribesii grubs will bury themselves in the ground to pupate; on hatching into adult form, they lay their eggs, which hatch into larvae on the underside of gooseberry leaves. Gooseberries are edible and can be eaten raw, or cooked as an ingredient in desserts, such as pies , fools and crumbles . Early pickings are generally sour and more appropriate for culinary use. This includes most supermarket gooseberries, which are often picked before fully ripe to increase shelf life. Gooseberries are also used to flavour beverages such as sodas , flavoured waters , or milk , and can be made into fruit wines and teas . Gooseberries can be preserved in

469-649: A rich source of vitamin C (31% of the Daily Value ), with no other micronutrients in significant content. Ribes Ribes ( / ˈ r aɪ b iː z / ) is a genus of about 200 known species of flowering plants , most of them native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere . The species may be known as various kinds of currants, such as redcurrants , blackcurrants , and whitecurrants , or as gooseberries , and some are cultivated for their edible fruit or as ornamental plants . Ribes

536-522: A separate county in the Holy Roman Empire . The first count known about with certainty was Dirk I , who ruled from 896 to 931. He was succeeded by a long line of counts in the House of Holland (who were in fact known as counts of Frisia until 1101). When John I died childless in 1299, the county was inherited by Count John II of Hainaut . By the time of William V ( House of Wittelsbach ; 1354–1388)

603-520: A whole, after Napoleon made his brother Louis Bonaparte the monarch of the Kingdom of Holland . The people of Holland are referred to as "Hollanders" in both Dutch and English, though in English this is now unusual. Today this refers specifically to people from the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland. Strictly speaking, the term "Hollanders" does not refer to people from the other provinces in

670-417: Is groseille à maquereau , translated as 'mackerel berries', due to their use in a sauce for mackerel in old French cuisine. The word first appears in written English in the 16th Century. In Britain, gooseberries may informally be called goosegogs . Gooseberry bush was 19th-century slang for pubic hair , and from this comes the saying that babies are "born under a gooseberry bush". Gooseberry growing

737-660: Is Dutch . Hollanders sometimes call the Dutch language " Hollands, " instead of the standard term Nederlands . Inhabitants of Belgium and other provinces of the Netherlands use "Hollands" to mean a Hollandic dialect or strong accent. Standard Dutch was historically largely based on the dialect of the County of Holland , incorporating many traits derived from the dialects of the previously more powerful Duchy of Brabant and County of Flanders . Strong dialectal variation still exists throughout

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804-582: Is Zealand . The region is bordered on the east by the IJsselmeer and four Dutch provinces. Holland is protected from the sea by a long line of coastal dunes . The highest point in Holland, about 55 metres (180 ft) above sea level, is in the Schoorlse Duinen  [ nl ] (Schoorl Dunes). Most of the land area behind the dunes consists of polder landscape lying well below sea level . At present

871-489: Is constantly under development on the edges of the built-up areas. Nevertheless, much of the province still has a rural character. The remaining agricultural land and natural areas are highly valued and protected. Most of the arable land is used for intensive agriculture , including horticulture and greenhouse agri-businesses. The land that is now Holland has not been geographically "stable" since prehistoric times. The western coastline shifted up to 30 kilometres (19 miles) to

938-493: Is insufficient resolution to justify further taxonomic revision. There are around 200 species of Ribes . Selected species include: Ribes is widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere, and also extending south in the mountainous areas of South America. Species can be found in meadows or near streams. Currants are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. The genus Ribes includes

1005-457: Is spoken. The province of Holland gave its name to a number of colonial settlements and regions that were called Nieuw Holland or New Holland . The largest was the island continent presently known as Australia : New Holland was first applied to Australia in 1644 by the Dutch seafarer Dirk Hartog as a Latin Nova Hollandia , and remained in international use for 190 years. New Zealand

1072-420: Is the seat of government of the Netherlands. These cities, combined with Utrecht and other smaller municipalities, effectively form a single metroplex —a conurbation called Randstad . The Randstad area is one of the most densely populated regions of Europe, but still relatively free of urban sprawl . There are strict zoning laws . Population pressures are enormous, property values are high, and new housing

1139-406: Is the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae . Ribes species are medium shrublike plants with marked diversity in strikingly diverse flowers and fruit. They have either palmately lobed or compound leaves, and some have thorns. The sepals of the flowers are larger than the petals, and fuse into a tube or saucer shape. The ovary is inferior, maturing into a berry with many seeds. Ribes

1206-579: Is the single genus in the Saxifragales family Grossulariaceae. Although once included in the broader circumscription of Saxifragaceae sensu lato , it is now positioned as a sister group to Saxifragaceae sensu stricto . First treated on a worldwide basis in 1907, the infrageneric classification has undergone many revisions, and even in the era of molecular phylogenetics there has been contradictory evidence. Although sometimes treated as two separate genera, Ribes and Grossularia (Berger 1924),

1273-473: The Oxford English Dictionary takes the more literal derivation from goose and berry as probable because "the grounds on which plants and fruits have received names associating them with animals are so often inexplicable that the inappropriateness in the meaning does not necessarily give good grounds for believing that the word is an etymological corruption". The French for gooseberry

1340-527: The Arctic Circle, and it is found wild as far north as 63°. The dry summers of the French and German plains are less suited to it, though it is grown in some hilly districts with tolerable success. The gooseberry in the south of England will grow well in cool situations and may sometimes be seen in gardens near London flourishing under the partial shade of apple trees , but in the north it needs full exposure to

1407-769: The Low Countries . Today, Holland proper is the region where the original dialects are least spoken, in many areas having been completely replaced by standard Dutch, and the Randstad has the largest influence on the developments of the standard language—with the exception of the Dutch spoken in Belgium. Despite this correspondence between standard Dutch and the Dutch spoken in the Randstad, there are local variations within Holland itself that differ from standard Dutch. The main cities each have their own modern urban dialect, that can be considered

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1474-673: The Peace of Münster signed in 1648. In the Dutch Rebellion against the Habsburgs during the Eighty Years' War , the naval forces of the rebels, the Watergeuzen , established their first permanent base in 1572 in the town of Brill . In this way, Holland, now a sovereign state in a larger Dutch confederation, became the centre of the rebellion. It became the cultural, political and economic centre of

1541-607: The Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands . A strong impression of Holland was planted in the minds of other Europeans, which then was projected back onto the Republic as a whole. Within the provinces themselves, a gradual slow process of cultural expansion took place, leading to a "Hollandification" of the other provinces and a more uniform culture for the whole of the Republic. The dialect of urban Holland became

1608-606: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands . Holland was divided into the present provinces North Holland and South Holland in 1840, after the Belgian Revolution of 1830. This reflected a historical division of Holland along the IJ into a Southern Quarter ( Zuiderkwartier ) and a Northern Quarter ( Noorderkwartier ), but the present division is different from the old division. From 1850, a strong process of nation formation took place,

1675-673: The United Provinces ( Dutch : Verenigde Provinciën ), in the 17th century, the Dutch Golden Age , the wealthiest nation in the world. After the King of Spain was deposed as the count of Holland, the executive and legislative power rested with the States of Holland, which was led by a political figure who held the office of Grand Pensionary . The largest cities in the Dutch Republic were in

1742-621: The standard language . The formation of the Batavian Republic , inspired by the French Revolution , led to a more centralised government. Holland became a province of a unitary state . Its independence was further reduced by an administrative reform in 1798, in which its territory was divided into several departments called Amstel , Delf , Texel , and part of Schelde en Maas . From 1806 to 1810, Napoleon styled his vassal state, governed by his brother Louis Napoleon and shortly by

1809-578: The 14th century, at which time the name stabilised as Holland (alternative spellings at the time were Hollant and Hollandt ). A popular but erroneous folk etymology holds that Holland is derived from hol land ('hollow land' in Dutch), purportedly inspired by the low-lying geography of the land. "Holland" is informally used in English and other languages, including sometimes the Dutch language itself, to mean

1876-521: The Burgundian Netherlands, Holland was the dominant province in the north; the political influence of Holland largely determined the extent of Burgundian dominion in that area. The last count of Holland was Philip III, better known as Philip II , king of Spain. He was deposed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration , although the kings of Spain continued to carry the titular appellation of Count of Holland until

1943-453: The Dutch language (" Flemish "), or even any southern variety of Dutch within the Netherlands itself. In English, Dutch refers to the Netherlands as a whole, but there is no commonly used adjective for "Holland". The word "Hollandish" is no longer in common use. " Hollandic " is the name linguists give to the dialect spoken in Holland, and is occasionally also used by historians and when referring to pre-Napoleonic Holland. Initially, Holland

2010-648: The Elder 's Natural History ; the hot summers of Italy , in ancient times as at present, would be unfavourable to its cultivation. Although gooseberries are now abundant in Germany and France , it does not appear to have been much grown there in the Middle Ages , though the wild fruit was held in some esteem medicinally for the cooling properties of its acid juice in fevers ; while the old English name, Fea-berry , still surviving in some provincial dialects, indicates that it

2077-545: The Hollanders, to whom certain qualities are ascribed within a mental geography , a conceptual mapping of spaces and their inhabitants. On the other hand, some Hollanders take Holland's cultural dominance for granted and treat the concepts of "Holland" and "the Netherlands" as coinciding. Consequently, they see themselves not primarily as Hollanders, but simply as Dutch ( Nederlanders ). This phenomenon has been called "hollandocentrism". The predominant language spoken in Holland

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2144-603: The Netherlands a high peat plateau had grown, forming a natural protection against the sea. Much of the area was marsh and bog . By the tenth century the inhabitants set about cultivating this land by draining it. However, the drainage resulted in extreme soil shrinkage, lowering the surface of the land by up to 15 metres (49 feet). To the south of Holland, in Zeeland , and to the north, in Frisia , this development led to catastrophic storm floods literally washing away entire regions, as

2211-550: The Netherlands being culturally unified and economically integrated by a modernisation process, with the cities of Holland as its centre. Holland is located in the west of the Netherlands. A maritime region, Holland lies on the North Sea at the mouths of the Rhine and the Meuse (Maas). It contains numerous rivers and lakes, and has an extensive inland canal and waterway system. To the south

2278-470: The Netherlands, but colloquially "Hollanders" is sometimes used in this wider sense. In Dutch, the word Hollands is the adjectival form for Holland . Hollands is also colloquially used by some Dutch people in the sense of Nederlands (the Dutch language), occasionally with the intention of contrasting with other types of Dutch people or forms of the language—for example Limburgish , the Belgian varieties of

2345-426: The Netherlands. This casual usage is commonly accepted in other countries, and is even employed by many Dutch themselves. However, some in the Netherlands (particularly those from regions outside Holland or the west) find it undesirable or misrepresentative to use the term for the whole country. In January 2020, the Netherlands officially dropped its support of the word Holland for the whole country, which included

2412-406: The area of the Netherlands. Looking at land alone, it is 5,488 square kilometres (2,119 square miles) in area. The combined population was 6.5 million in 2018. The main cities in Holland are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Amsterdam is formally the capital of the Netherlands and its largest city. The Port of Rotterdam is Europe's largest and most important harbour and port. The Hague

2479-525: The autumn will take root quickly and begin to bear fruit within a few years. Nevertheless, bushes planted from seed also rapidly reach maturity, exhibit similar pest-tolerance, and yield heavily. Fruit is produced on lateral spurs and the previous year's shoots. Gooseberries must be pruned to insolate the interior and make space for the next year's branches, as well as reduce scratching from the spines when picking. Overladen branches can be (and often are) cut off complete with berries without substantially harming

2546-582: The berries, while game animals, coyotes, foxes and raccoons browse the foliage. Humans cultivate gooseberries as insect habitats or directly for the sweet fruits. Numerous cultivars have been developed for both commercial and domestic use. Of special note are Ribes 'Careless', 'Greenfinch', 'Invicta', 'Leveller', and 'Whinham's Industry', to which the Royal Horticultural Society has awarded Garden Merit . Ribes gooseberries are commonly raised from cuttings rather than seed; cuttings planted in

2613-490: The coastline and the polders, thus protecting the land from further incursions by the sea. However, the Hollanders did not stop there. Starting around the 16th century, they took the offensive and began land reclamation projects, converting lakes, marshy areas and adjoining mudflats into polders . This continued well into the 20th century. As a result, historical maps of medieval and early modern Holland bear little resemblance to present maps. This ongoing struggle to master

2680-461: The consensus has been to consider it as a single genus, divided into a number of subgenera , the main ones of which are subgenus Ribes (currants) and subgenus Grossularia (gooseberries), further subdivided into sections. Janczewski (1907) considered six subgenera and eleven sections. Berger's twelve subgenera based on two distinct genera (see Senters & Soltis (2003) Table 1) have subsequently been demoted to sections. Weigend (2007) elevated

2747-521: The count of Holland was also the count of Hainaut and Zealand . After the St. Lucia's flood in 1287 the part of Frisia west of the later Zuiderzee , West Friesland , was conquered. As a result, most provincial institutions, including the States of Holland and West Frisia , would for more than five centuries refer to "Holland and West Frisia" as a unit. The Hook and Cod wars started around this time and ended when

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2814-701: The countess of Holland, Jacoba or Jacqueline was forced to cede Holland to the Burgundian Philip III, known as Philip the Good , in 1432. In 1432, Holland became part of the Burgundian Netherlands and since 1477 of the Habsburg Seventeen Provinces . In the 16th century the county became the most densely urbanised region in Europe, with the majority of the population living in cities. Within

2881-407: The east and storm surges regularly broke through the row of coastal dunes. The Frisian Isles , originally joined to the mainland, became detached islands in the north. The main rivers, the Rhine and the Meuse (Maas) , flooded regularly and changed course repeatedly and dramatically. The people of Holland found themselves living in an unstable, watery environment. Behind the dunes on the coast of

2948-526: The edible currants: blackcurrant , redcurrant , and white currant , as well as the European gooseberry, Ribes uva-crispa , and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currants used in cakes and puddings, which are from the Zante currant , a small-fruited cultivar of the grape Vitis vinifera . Ribes gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena . The genus also includes

3015-435: The form of jams , dried fruit , as the primary or a secondary ingredient in pickling , or stored in sugar syrup . Pastry dishes often pair gooseberry with flavors such as hazelnut , honey , raspberry , strawberry , and white chocolate . Raw gooseberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates , and 1% each of fat and protein . In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw gooseberries supply 44 calories and are

3082-518: The fruit of Ribes glandulosum as a fertility enhancer to assist women in becoming pregnant. European immigrants who settled in North America in the 18th century typically made wine from both red and white currants. [REDACTED] Media related to Ribes at Wikimedia Commons Holland The area of the former County of Holland roughly coincides with the two current Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland into which it

3149-535: The fruit, Kruisbezie , may have been corrupted into the present English vernacular word. Towards the end of the 18th century the gooseberry became a favourite object of cottage-horticulture, especially in Lancashire , where the working cotton -spinners raised numerous varieties from seed , their efforts having been chiefly directed to increasing the size of the fruit. Of the many hundred sorts enumerated in recent horticultural works, few perhaps equal in flavour some of

3216-645: The genus Ribes (sometimes placed in the genus Grossularia ) are edible and may be green, orange, red, purple, yellow, white, or black. The goose in gooseberry has been mistakenly seen as a corruption of either the Dutch word kruisbes or the allied German Krausbeere , or of the earlier forms of the French groseille . Alternatively, the word has been connected to the Middle High German krus ('curl, crisped'), in Latin as grossularia . However,

3283-513: The gooseberry has been cultivated for so long that it is difficult to distinguish wild bushes from feral ones, or to determine where the gooseberry fits into the native flora of the island. Common as it is now on some of the lower slopes of the Alps of Piedmont and Savoy , it is uncertain whether the Romans were acquainted with the gooseberry, though it may possibly be alluded to in a vague passage of Pliny

3350-419: The group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance, R. sanguineum . There are restrictions on growing some Ribes species in some U.S. states, as they are the main alternate host for white pine blister rust . Blackfoot people used blackcurrant root ( Ribes hudsonianum ) for the treatment of kidney diseases and menstrual and menopausal problems. The Cree used

3417-452: The lowest point in Holland is a polder near Rotterdam , which is about 7 metres (23  ft ) below sea level. Continuous drainage is necessary to keep Holland from flooding. In earlier centuries, windmills were used for this task. The landscape was (and in places still is) dotted with windmills, which have become a symbol of Holland. Holland is 7,494 square kilometres (2,893 square miles ), land and water included, making it roughly 13% of

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3484-535: The older denizens of the fruit-garden, such as the Old Rough Red and Hairy Amber . The climate of the British Isles seems peculiarly adapted to bring the gooseberry to perfection, and it may be grown successfully even in the most northern parts of Scotland ; indeed, the flavour of the fruit is said to improve with increasing latitude. In Norway even, the bush flourishes in gardens on the west coast nearly up to

3551-514: The peat layer disintegrated or became detached and was carried away by the flood water. From the Frisian side the sea even flooded the area to the east, gradually hollowing Holland out from behind and forming the Zuiderzee (the present IJsselmeer). This inland sea threatened to link up with the "drowned lands" of Zealand in the south, reducing Holland to a series of narrow dune barrier islands in front of

3618-477: The plant. Heavy nitrogen composting produces excessive growth, weakening the bush to mildew. Gooseberries, like other members of genus Ribes are banned or restricted in several states of the United States of America because they are secondary (telial) hosts for white pine blister rust . Gooseberry bushes ( Ribes ) are hosts to magpie moth ( Abraxas grossulariata ) caterpillars . Gooseberry plants are also

3685-495: The province of Holland, such as Amsterdam , Rotterdam , Leiden , Alkmaar , The Hague , Delft , Dordrecht and Haarlem . From the great ports of Holland, Hollandic merchants sailed to and from destinations all over Europe , and merchants from all over Europe gathered to trade in the warehouses of Amsterdam and other trading cities of Holland. Many Europeans thought of the United Provinces first as Holland rather than as

3752-437: The reality of everyday Holland. These stereotypes were deliberately created in the late 19th century by official "Holland Promotion" to attract tourists. The predominance of Holland in the Netherlands has resulted in regionalism on the part of the other provinces, a reaction to the perceived threat that Holland poses to their local culture and identity. The other provinces have a strong, and often negative, image of Holland and

3819-528: The son of Louis, Napoleon Louis Bonaparte , as the " Kingdom of Holland ". This kingdom encompassed much of what would become the modern Netherlands. The name reflects how natural at the time it had become to equate Holland with the non-Belgian Netherlands as a whole. During the period when the Low Countries were annexed by the French Empire and actually incorporated into France (from 1810 to 1813), Holland

3886-441: The sun to bring the fruit to perfection. It will succeed in almost any soil but prefers a rich loam or black alluvium, and, though naturally a plant of rather dry places, will do well in moist land, if drained. The gooseberry was more populous in North America before it was discovered that it carries blister rust , deadly to certain pines, resulting in its removal from forest areas. Black bears, various birds and small mammals eat

3953-425: The water played an important role in the development of Holland as a maritime and economic power, and has traditionally been seen as developing the presumed collective character of its inhabitants: stubborn, egalitarian and frugal. The stereotypical image of Holland is a contrived amalgam of tulips , windmills , clogs , Edam cheese and the traditional dress ( klederdracht ) of the village of Volendam , far from

4020-516: The whole of the modern country of the Netherlands . This example of pars pro toto or synecdoche is similar to the tendency to refer to the United Kingdom as "England", and developed due to Holland's becoming the dominant province and thus having the majority of political and economic interactions with other countries. Between 1806 and 1810 "Holland" was the official name for the country as

4087-452: Was a remote corner of the Holy Roman Empire . Gradually, its regional importance increased until it began to have a decisive, and ultimately dominant, influence on the History of the Netherlands . Until the start of the 12th century, the inhabitants of the area that became Holland were known as Frisians . The area was initially part of Frisia . At the end of the 9th century, West-Frisia became

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4154-489: Was actually embedded within subgenus Ribes . Analysis of combined molecular datasets confirms subgenus Grossularia as a monophyletic group, with two main lineages, sect. Grossularia and another clade consisting of glabrous gooseberies, including Hesperia , Lobbia and Robsonia . Other monophyletic groups identified were Calobotrya , Parilla , Symphocalyx and Berisia . However sections Ribes , Coreosma and Heritiera were not well supported. Consequently, there

4221-531: Was divided into départements Zuyderzée , and Bouches-de-la-Meuse . From 1811 to 1813, Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance served as governor-general . He was assisted by Antoine de Celles, Goswin de Stassart and François Jean-Baptiste d'Alphonse. In 1813, Dutch dignitaries proclaimed the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands . In 1815, Holland was restored as a province of

4288-406: Was divided, and which together include the Netherlands' three largest cities: the capital city ( Amsterdam ), the home of Europe's largest port ( Rotterdam ), and the seat of government ( The Hague ). Holland has a population of 6,583,534 as of November 2019, and a population density of 1203/km . The name Holland has frequently been used informally to refer to the whole of the country of

4355-469: Was likewise named after the Dutch province of Zealand , after an exploratory voyage lead by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman landed there. In the Netherlands Nieuw Holland would remain the usual name of the continent until the end of the 19th century; it is now no longer in use there, the Dutch name today being Australië . While "Holland" has been replaced in English as the official name for

4422-547: Was popular in 19th-century Britain. The 1879 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica described gooseberries thus: The gooseberry is indigenous to many parts of Europe and western Asia , growing naturally in alpine thickets and rocky woods in the lower country, from France eastward, well into the Himalayas and peninsular India. In Britain , it is often found in copses and hedgerows and about old ruins, but

4489-474: Was similarly valued in Britain, where it was planted in gardens at a comparatively early period. William Turner describes the gooseberry in his Herball , written about the middle of the 16th century, and a few years later it is mentioned in one of Thomas Tusser's quaint rhymes as an ordinary object of garden culture. Improved varieties were probably first raised by the skilful gardeners of Holland , whose name for

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