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42-562: Goor was a separate municipality until 2001, when it became part of Hof van Twente . Goor had a statue of Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol , but it was destroyed in 1787 by royalist Orangists in the defeat of the republican movement . While records of individual Jews in Goor date back to the 14th century, the first permanent records of a Jewish community date to the 1600s when residence permits were issued to Jews. The Joodse begraafplaats  [ nl ] ('Jewish cemetery') of Goor on

84-626: A Bresle test . Salinization (increasing salinity, aka freshwater salinization syndrome ) and subsequent increased metal leaching is an ongoing problem throughout North America and European fresh waterways. In highway de-icing, salt has been associated with corrosion of bridge decks, motor vehicles, reinforcement bar and wire, and unprotected steel structures used in road construction. Surface runoff , vehicle spraying, and windblown salt also affect soil, roadside vegetation, and local surface water and groundwater supplies. Although evidence of environmental loading of salt has been found during peak usage,

126-432: A face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice with a two-atom basis or as two interpenetrating face centered cubic lattices. The first atom is located at each lattice point, and the second atom is located halfway between lattice points along the fcc unit cell edge. Solid sodium chloride has a melting point of 801 °C and liquid sodium chloride boils at 1465 °C. Atomic-resolution real-time video imaging allows visualization of

168-632: A major source of food spoilage. Even though more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for humans to ingest. Many microorganisms cannot live in a salty environment: water is drawn out of their cells by osmosis . For this reason salt is used to preserve some foods, such as bacon, fish, or cabbage. In many dairy industries, salt is added to cheese as a color-, fermentation-, and texture-control agent. The dairy subsector includes companies that manufacture creamery butter, condensed and evaporated milk, frozen desserts, ice cream, natural and processed cheese, and specialty dairy products. In canning, salt

210-461: A preservative, salt inhibits the growth of bacteria. Salt acts as a binder in sausages to form a binding gel made up of meat, fat, and moisture. Salt also acts as a flavor enhancer and as a tenderizer . It is used as a cheap and safe desiccant because of its hygroscopic properties, making salting an effective method of food preservation historically; the salt draws water out of bacteria through osmotic pressure , keeping it from reproducing,

252-454: A problem in any coating application, because trapped salts cause great problems in adhesion. Naval authorities and ship builders monitor the salt concentrations on surfaces during construction. Maximal salt concentrations on surfaces are dependent on the authority and application. The IMO regulation is mostly used and sets salt levels to a maximum of 50 mg/m soluble salts measured as sodium chloride. These measurements are done by means of

294-737: A small harbour along the Twente Canal ( Zutphen - Enschede ). Permess International is one of the world's leading producers of high-quality interlinings offering a complete range of products for the textile and allied industries. The motorway A35 has a junction between Delden and Hengelo (distance to both towns 2 km). Agriculture and tourism (see below) are of economic importance as well. Railway Zutphen to Oldenzaal ( line 73): Zutphen - Lochem - Goor (mun. Hof van Twente ) - Delden (ditto) - Hengelo - Oldenzaal . Sodium chloride Sodium chloride / ˌ s oʊ d i ə m ˈ k l ɔːr aɪ d / , commonly known as edible salt ,

336-421: Is deicing of roadways in sub-freezing weather. In addition to the many familiar domestic uses of salt, more dominant applications of the approximately 250 million tonnes per year production (2008 data) include chemicals and de-icing. Salt is used, directly or indirectly, in the production of many chemicals, which consume most of the world's production. It is the starting point for the chloralkali process ,

378-399: Is added to animal hides to inhibit microbial activity on the underside of the hides and to attract moisture back into the hides. In rubber manufacture, salt is used to make buna , neoprene , and white rubber types. Salt brine and sulfuric acid are used to coagulate an emulsified latex made from chlorinated butadiene . Salt also is added to secure the soil and to provide firmness to

420-467: Is added to food, either by the food producer or by the consumer, as a flavor enhancer, preservative, binder, fermentation -control additive, texture-control agent, and color developer. The salt consumption in the food industry is subdivided, in descending order of consumption, into other food processing, meat packers, canning , baking, dairy, and grain mill products. Salt is added to promote color development in bacon, ham and other processed meat products. As

462-477: Is also used a seasoning agent, e.g. in potato chips, pretzels , and cat and dog food. Sodium chloride is used in veterinary medicine as emesis -causing agent. It is given as warm saturated solution. Emesis can also be caused by pharyngeal placement of small amount of plain salt or salt crystals. For watering plants to use sodium chloride ( NaCl ) as a fertilizer, moderate concentration is used to avoid potential toxicity: 1–3 grams (0.035–0.106 oz) per liter

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504-527: Is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl , representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chlorine ions. It is transparent or translucent, brittle, hygroscopic , and occurs as the mineral halite . In its edible form, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative . Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses . Another major application of sodium chloride

546-482: Is found in the Earth's crust as the mineral halite (rock salt), and a tiny amount exists as suspended sea salt particles in the atmosphere. These particles are the dominant cloud condensation nuclei far out at sea, which allow the formation of clouds in otherwise non-polluted air . Salt is currently mass-produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from brine wells and salt lakes . Mining of rock salt

588-578: Is generally safe and effective for most plants. Sodium chloride is used together with water as one of the primary solutions for intravenous therapy . Nasal spray often contains a saline solution. Sodium chloride is also available as an oral tablet, and is taken to treat low sodium levels. Sodium chloride is the principal extinguishing agent in dry-powder fire extinguishers that are used on combustible metal fires, for metals such as magnesium, zirconium, titanium, and lithium (Class D extinguishers). The salt forms an oxygen-excluding crust that smothers

630-987: Is near 108.7 °C (227.7 °F). The pH of a sodium chloride solution remains ≈7 due to the extremely weak basicity of the Cl ion, which is the conjugate base of the strong acid HCl. In other words, NaCl has no effect on system pH in diluted solutions where the effects of ionic strength and activity coefficients are negligible. Common salt has a 1:1 molar ratio of sodium and chlorine. In 2013, compounds of sodium and chloride of different stoichiometries have been discovered; five new compounds were predicted (e.g., Na 3 Cl, Na 2 Cl, Na 3 Cl 2 , NaCl 3 , and NaCl 7 ). The existence of some of them has been experimentally confirmed at high pressures and other conditions: cubic and orthorhombic NaCl 3 , two-dimensional metallic tetragonal Na 3 Cl and exotic hexagonal NaCl. This indicates that compounds violating chemical intuition are possible, in simple systems under non-ambient conditions. Salt

672-586: Is primarily added as a flavor enhancer and preservative . It also is used as a carrier for other ingredients, dehydrating agent, enzyme inhibitor and tenderizer. In baking, salt is added to control the rate of fermentation in bread dough. It also is used to strengthen the gluten (the elastic protein-water complex in certain doughs) and as a flavor enhancer, such as a topping on baked goods. The food-processing category also contains grain mill products. These products consist of milling flour and rice and manufacturing cereal breakfast food and blended or prepared flour. Salt

714-569: Is used to flocculate and increase the density of the drilling fluid to overcome high downwell gas pressures. Whenever a drill hits a salt formation, salt is added to the drilling fluid to saturate the solution in order to minimize the dissolution within the salt stratum. Salt is also used to increase the curing of concrete in cemented casings. In textiles and dyeing, salt is used as a brine rinse to separate organic contaminants, to promote "salting out" of dyestuff precipitates, and to blend with concentrated dyes to increase yield in dyebaths and make

756-475: Is used to produce glass , sodium bicarbonate , and dyes , as well as a myriad of other chemicals. In the Mannheim process , sodium chloride is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid . Sodium chloride is heavily used, so even relatively minor applications can consume massive quantities. In oil and gas exploration, salt is an important component of drilling fluids in well drilling. It

798-707: The Twente region, who ruled this area on behalf of the bishop of Utrecht , had in the late Middle Ages his residence in Goor. In its surroundings some castles were built, among them the house of the important Heeckeren family in 1412. Goor had a small harbour along the river Regge (which flows to the Vecht near Ommen ), but when the Twente canal was opened in 1936, a new industrial port was built there. The factory Eternit , that produces building materials containing asbestos , brought Goor unwillingly into trouble. For decades, everyone in Goor

840-594: The Borghoek dates to 1720. The Jewish population expanded rapidly in the second half of the 18th century. In 1748, Goor had 13 Jewish residents; that number increased to 238 Jews by 1809. In 1821, the Jews of Goor joined with Jews living in the neighboring towns of Diepenheim and Markelo to build the Ringsynagoge ('regional synagogue'). The Jewish community thrived throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. Jews contributed to

882-562: The Dutch government erected a national monument in the Joodse gemeenschap , memorializing the Jews whom the Nazis murdered. Railway Station: Goor 52°13′59″N 6°35′05″E  /  52.23306°N 6.58472°E  / 52.23306; 6.58472 Hof van Twente Hof van Twente ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɔfɑn ˈtʋɛntə] ) is a municipality in the region Twente , in

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924-461: The colors look sharper. One of its main roles is to provide the positive ion charge to promote the absorption of negatively charged ions of dyes. For use in the pulp and paper industry , it is used to manufacture sodium chlorate , which is then reacted with sulfuric acid and a reducing agent such as methanol to manufacture chlorine dioxide , a bleaching chemical that is widely used to bleach wood pulp . In tanning and leather treatment, salt

966-566: The economic development of Goor and the Twente region. The Jewish Lavino brothers set up a weaving school in Goor. Godfried Salomonson (1838–1911), a Jewish man, established the " Koninklijke Stoomweverij te Nijverdal " ('the Royal Nijverdal Steam Bleaching Works') in 1836 with the express purpose of serving as the center of the Dutch Industrial Revolution . In 1902, a new synagogue on Schoolstraat replaced

1008-452: The efficiency can have large economic paybacks. Some applications of chlorine include PVC thermoplastics production, disinfectants, and solvents. Sodium hydroxide is extensively used in many different industries enabling production of paper, soap, and aluminium etc. Sodium chloride is used in the Solvay process to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride . Sodium carbonate, in turn,

1050-600: The fire. Since at least medieval times, people have used salt as a cleansing agent rubbed on household surfaces. It is also used in many brands of shampoo , toothpaste, and popularly to de-ice driveways and patches of ice. Sodium chloride crystals have a transmittance of at least 90% (through 1 mm) for infrared light having wavelengths in the range 0.2– 18  μm . They were used in optical components such as windows and lenses, where few non-absorbing alternatives existed in that spectral range. While inexpensive, NaCl crystals are soft and hygroscopic – when exposed to

1092-447: The formula [Na(H 2 O) 8 ] , with the Na–O distance of 250  pm . The chloride ions are also strongly solvated, each being surrounded by an average of six molecules of water. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from pure water. The eutectic point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31% mass fraction of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution

1134-476: The foundation on which highways are built. The salt acts to minimize the effects of shifting caused in the subsurface by changes in humidity and traffic load. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions that interfere with action of soap and contribute to the buildup of a scale or film of alkaline mineral deposits in household and industrial equipment and pipes. Commercial and residential water-softening units use ion-exchange resins to remove ions that cause

1176-444: The gritting vehicles despite being stockpiled prior to use. In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt. Other additives had been used in road salt to reduce the total costs. For example, in the US, a byproduct carbohydrate solution from sugar-beet processing was mixed with rock salt and adhered to road surfaces about 40% better than loose rock salt alone. Because it stayed on

1218-429: The hardness. These resins are generated and regenerated using sodium chloride. The second major application of salt is for deicing and anti-icing of roads, both in grit bins and spread by winter service vehicles . In anticipation of snowfall, roads are optimally "anti-iced" with brine (concentrated solution of salt in water), which prevents bonding between the snow-ice and the road surface. This procedure obviates

1260-673: The heavy use of salt after the snowfall. For de-icing, mixtures of brine and salt are used, sometimes with additional agents such as calcium chloride and/or magnesium chloride . The use of salt or brine becomes ineffective below −10 °C (14 °F). Salt for de-icing in the United Kingdom predominantly comes from a single mine in Winsford in Cheshire . Prior to distribution it is mixed with <100 ppm of sodium ferrocyanide as an anticaking agent , which enables rock salt to flow freely out of

1302-419: The industrial process to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide , according to the chemical equation This electrolysis is conducted in either a mercury cell, a diaphragm cell, or a membrane cell. Each of those uses a different method to separate the chlorine from the sodium hydroxide. Other technologies are under development due to the high energy consumption of the electrolysis, whereby small improvements in

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1344-471: The initial stage of crystal nucleation of sodium chloride. The Thermal conductivity of sodium chloride as a function of temperature has a maximum of 2.03 W/(cm K) at 8 K (−265.15 °C; −445.27 °F) and decreases to 0.069 at 314 K (41 °C; 106 °F). It also decreases with doping . From cold (sub-freezing) solutions, salt crystallises with water of hydration as hydrohalite (the dihydrate NaCl·2 H 2 O ). In 2023, it

1386-461: The nearby city of Hengelo . In Markelo, prehistoric mounds " tumuli ", containing graves have been excavated. Hof van Twente is situated in the heart of the province Overijssel: south-west of Almelo , north-east of the Achterhoek region (Prov. Gelderland ) and south-east of Rijssen-Holten . The small cities of Goor and Delden have some important industry (cement, metallics, plastics). Goor has

1428-682: The old Ringsynagoge . As antisemitism gripped Nazi Germany in the late 1920s, Goor (like the rest of the Netherlands) saw an influx of Jewish refugees. The Nazis occupied the Netherlands in 1940. On March 24, 1945, Allied bombers hit and damaged the Goor Synagogue which had survived the Nazi occupation as a storehouse. During the war, nearly the entire Jewish community had been openly murdered or sent to concentration camps where they were killed. In 1970,

1470-408: The province Overijssel in the eastern Netherlands . The municipality was established January 1, 2001, as the result of the merger of the municipalities of Diepenheim, Goor, Markelo, Ambt Delden, and Stad Delden. The larger places are printed in bold types . Goor (Dutch for: low, swampy land) achieved city rights in 1263. However, it never became an important city. The "Drost" (a kind of mayor) of

1512-585: The road longer, the treatment did not have to be repeated several times, saving time and money. In the technical terms of physical chemistry, the minimum freezing point of a water-salt mixture is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt. Freezing near this concentration is however so slow that the eutectic point of −22.4 °C (−8.3 °F) can be reached with about 25 wt% of salt. Road salt ends up in fresh-water bodies and could harm aquatic plants and animals by disrupting their osmoregulation ability. The omnipresence of salt in coastal areas poses

1554-510: The spring rains and thaws usually dilute the concentrations of sodium in the area where salt was applied. A 2009 study found that approximately 70% of the road salt being applied in the Minneapolis-St Paul metro area is retained in the local watershed. Some agencies are substituting beer , molasses , and beet juice instead of road salt. Airlines utilize more glycol and sugar rather than salt-based solutions for deicing . Salt

1596-463: The vertices of a regular octahedron . In the language of close-packing , the larger chloride ions (167 pm in size ) are arranged in a cubic array whereas the smaller sodium ions (116 pm ) fill all the cubic gaps (octahedral voids) between them. This same basic structure is found in many other compounds and is commonly known as the NaCl structure or rock salt crystal structure. It can be represented as

1638-487: The water in ambient air, they gradually cover with "frost". This limits application of NaCl to dry environments, vacuum-sealed areas, or short-term uses such as prototyping. Materials that are mechanically stronger and less sensitive to moisture, such as zinc selenide and chalcogenide glasses , more widely used than NaCl. In solid sodium chloride, each ion is surrounded by six ions of the opposite charge as expected on electrostatic grounds. The surrounding ions are located at

1680-484: Was discovered that under pressure, sodium chloride can form the hydrates NaCl·8.5H 2 O and NaCl·13H 2 O. The attraction between the Na and Cl ions in the solid is so strong that only highly polar solvents like water dissolve NaCl well. When dissolved in water, the sodium chloride framework disintegrates as the Na and Cl ions become surrounded by polar water molecules. These solutions consist of metal aquo complex with

1722-400: Was permitted to use production refuse containing asbestos in order to pave their own paths and roads. Not earlier than about 1990, it was known in Goor that especially small particles of this material can cause cancer . In major parts of the city the soil had to be removed and either cleaned or replaced by non-polluted material. Delden achieved its city rights in 1333. Its circle-shaped centre

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1764-451: Was surrounded by earthen walls. It came into existence thanks to the Twickel castle, situated less than one mile north of Delden. This castle, that in its present form dates from the 17th century, is still inhabited by a German noble family (Zu Castell - Rüdenhausen). In 1886, near this castle, salt was discovered under the ground. This led to the exploration of this material, still going on in

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