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Google Compute Engine

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Google Compute Engine ( GCE ) is the infrastructure as a service (IaaS) component of Google Cloud Platform which is built on the global infrastructure that runs Google 's search engine , Gmail , YouTube and other services. Google Compute Engine enables users (utilising authentication based on OAuth 2.0) to launch virtual machines (VMs) on demand. VMs can be launched from the standard images or custom images created by users. Google Compute Engine can be accessed via the Developer Console, RESTful API or command-line interface (CLI).

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71-634: Google announced Compute Engine on June 28, 2012 at Google I/O 2012 in a limited preview mode. In April 2013, GCE was made available to customers with Gold Support Package. On February 25, 2013, Google announced that RightScale was their first reseller. During Google I/O 2013, many features including sub-hour billing, shared-core instance types, larger persistent disks, enhanced SDN based networking capabilities and ISO/IEC 27001 certification got announced. GCE became available to everyone on May 15, 2013. Layer 3 load balancing came to GCE on August 7, 2013. Finally, on December 2, 2013, Google announced that GCE

142-405: A bootable USB drive ( Live USB ). Package management operations can be performed with different tools available on Debian, from the lowest level command dpkg to graphical front-ends like Synaptic . The recommended standard for administering packages on a Debian system is the apt toolset. dpkg provides the low-level infrastructure for package management. The dpkg database contains

213-403: A Debian installer on a single floppy disk , and wrote a new installer. By the time Debian 1.2 was released, the project had grown to nearly two hundred volunteers. Perens left the project in 1998. Ian Jackson became the leader in 1998. Debian 2.0 introduced the second official port, m68k . During this time the first port to a non-Linux kernel, Debian GNU/Hurd , was started. On December 2,

284-460: A Debian server. The repository provides packages already included in Debian, interfering with the official maintenance. Eventually, project leader Stefano Zacchiroli asked Marillat to either settle an agreement about the packaging or to stop using the "Debian" name. Marillat chose the latter and renamed the repository to deb-multimedia.org. The repository was so popular that the switchover was announced by

355-469: A choice of desktop environments. These Debian Live images allow users to boot from removable media and run Debian without affecting the contents of their computer. A full install of Debian to the computer's hard drive can be initiated from the live image environment. Personalized images can be built with the live-build tool for discs, USB drives and for network booting purposes. Installation images are hybrid on some architectures and can be used to create

426-400: A consistent and reliable price, removing the need for a separate local ephemeral disk. Persistent disks need to be created before launching an instance. Once attached to an instance, they can be formatted with the native filesystem. A single persistent disk can be attached to multiple instances in read-only mode. Each persistent disk can be up to 10 TB in size. Google Compute Engine encrypts

497-552: A developer who died of Duchenne muscular dystrophy . In late 2000, the project reorganized the archive with new package "pools" and created the Testing distribution, made up of packages considered stable, to reduce the freeze for the next release. In the same year, developers began holding an annual conference called DebConf with talks and workshops for developers and technical users. In May 2001, Hewlett-Packard announced plans to base its Linux development on Debian. In July 2002,

568-470: A different function. When a virtual machine instance is launched, an instance resource is created that uses other resources, such as disk resources, network resources and image resources. For example, a disk resource functions as data storage for the virtual machine, similar to a physical hard drive, and a network resource helps regulate traffic to and from the instances. An image resource contains an operating system and root file system necessary for starting

639-457: A fleet of VM instances. Google Compute Engine Unit (GCEU), which is pronounced as GQ, is an abstraction of computing resources. According to Google, 2.75 GCEUs represent the minimum power of one logical core (a hardware hyper-thread ) based on the Sandy Bridge platform. The GCEU was created by Anthony F. Voellm out of a need to compare the performance of virtual machines offered by Google. It

710-414: A global resource so users can launch a VM in any region based on a global image. But an address is a regional resource that is available only to the instances launched in one of the zones within the same region. Instances are launched in a specific zone that requires the zone specification as a part of all requests made to that instance. The table below summarises the scope of GCE resources: Google charges

781-466: A new distribution. Debian 0.01, released on September 15, 1993, was the first of several internal releases. Version 0.90 was the first public release, providing support through mailing lists hosted at Pixar . The release included the Debian Linux Manifesto, outlining Murdock's view for the new operating system . In it he called for the creation of a distribution to be maintained "openly in

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852-400: A public IP address. A Cloud Platform Console project can contain multiple networks, and each network can have multiple instances attached to it. A network allows the user to define a gateway IP and the network range for the instances attached to that network. By default, every project is provided with a default network with preset configurations and firewall rules. Users can choose to customize

923-431: A region for higher availability. Persistent disk snapshots lets the users copy data from existing persistent disk and apply them to new persistent disks. This is especially useful for creating backups of the persistent disk data in cases of unexpected failures and zone maintenance events. A Google Compute Engine instance is a virtual machine running on a Linux or Microsoft Windows configuration. Users can choose to modify

994-511: A region. This helps protect against unexpected failures of components, up to and including a single zone. As of August 5, 2014, there are eight zones - three each in central US region and Asia East region and two zones in Western Europe region. All resources within GCE belong to the global, regional, or zonal plane. Global resources are accessible from all the regions and zones. For example, images are

1065-451: A root persistent disk. Google Compute Engine provides CentOS and Debian images as standard Linux images. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 images are a part of the premier operating system images which are available for an additional fee. Container Linux (formerly CoreOS ), the lightweight Linux OS based on ChromiumOS is also supported on Google Compute Engine. Google Compute Engine uses KVM as

1136-464: A routing table to manage how traffic destined for a certain IP range should be routed. Similar to a physical router in the local area network, all outbound traffic is compared to the routes table and forwarded appropriately if the outbound packet matches any rules in the routes table. A region refers to a geographic location of Google's infrastructure facility. Users can choose to deploy their resources in one of

1207-423: A static IP address. A firewall resource contains one or more rules that permit connections into instances. Every firewall resource is associated with one and only one network. It is not possible to associate one firewall with multiple networks. No communication is allowed into an instance unless a firewall resource permits the network traffic, even between instances on the same network. Google Compute Engine offers

1278-693: A time-based freeze . In general, Debian has been developed openly and distributed freely according to some of the principles of the GNU Project and Free Software. Because of this, the Free Software Foundation sponsored the project from November 1994 to November 1995. However, it is no longer endorsed by GNU and the FSF due to the distribution's long-term practice of hosting non-free software repositories and, since 2022, its inclusion of non-free firmware in its installation media by default. On June 16, 1997,

1349-409: A two-year cycle was announced. Time-based freezes are intended to blend the predictability of time based releases with Debian's policy of feature based releases, and to reduce overall freeze time. The Squeeze cycle was going to be especially short; however, this initial schedule was abandoned. In September 2010, the backports service became official, providing more recent versions of some software for

1420-404: Is 20x more write IOPS and 100x more read IOPS than the standard persistent disks. An image is a persistent disk that contains the operating system and root file system that is necessary for starting an instance. An image must be selected while creating an instance or during the creation of a root persistent disk. By default, Google Compute Engine installs the root filesystem defined by the image on

1491-558: Is a free and open source Linux distribution , developed by the Debian Project, which was established by Ian Murdock in August 1993. Debian is the basis for many other distributions , such as Ubuntu , Linux Mint , Tails , Proxmox , Kali Linux , Pardus , TrueNAS SCALE , and Astra Linux . Debian is one of the oldest operating systems based on the Linux kernel and, as of September 2023,

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1562-473: Is a major advocate of IPv6 and it is an important future direction. When an instance is created, an ephemeral external IP address is automatically assigned to the instance by default. This address is attached to the instance for the life of the instance and is released once the instance has been terminated. GCE also provides mechanism to reserve and attach static IPs to the VMs. An ephemeral IP address can be promoted to

1633-466: Is a popular choice for servers , for example as the operating system component of a LAMP stack. Several flavors of the Linux kernel exist for each port. For example, the i386 port has flavors for IA-32 PCs supporting Physical Address Extension and real-time computing , for older PCs, and for x86-64 PCs. The Linux kernel does not officially contain firmware lacking source code, although such firmware

1704-522: Is an APT tool which can be used in command-line and on the GUI. GDebi can install a local .deb file via the command line like the dpkg command, but with access to repositories to resolve dependencies. Other graphical front-ends for APT include Software Center , Synaptic and Apper . GNOME Software is a graphical front-end for PackageKit , which itself can work on top of various software packaging systems. The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) define

1775-713: Is approximated by the Coremark(TM) benchmark run as part of the PerfKitBenchmarker Open Source benchmark created by Google in partnership with many Cloud Providers. Every Google Compute Engine instance starts with a disk resource called persistent disk. Persistent disk provides the disk space for instances and contains the root filesystem from which the instance boots. Persistent disks can be used as raw block devices . By default, Google Compute Engine uses SCSI for attaching persistent disks. Persistent Disks provide straightforward, consistent and reliable storage at

1846-466: Is available in non-free packages and alternative installation media. Debian offers CD and DVD images specifically built for Xfce , GNOME , KDE , MATE , Cinnamon , LXDE , and LXQt . MATE support was added in 2014, and Cinnamon support was added with Debian 8 Jessie. Less common window managers such as Enlightenment , Openbox , Fluxbox , IceWM , Window Maker and others are available. The default desktop environment of version 7 Wheezy

1917-658: Is generally available. It also expanded the OS support, enabled live migration of VMs, 16-core instances, faster persistent disks and lowered the price of standard instances. At the Google Cloud Platform Live event on March 25, 2014, Urs Hölzle , Senior VP of technical infrastructure announced sustained usage discounts, support for Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 , Cloud DNS and Cloud Deployment Manager. On May 28, 2014, Google announced optimizations for LXC containers along with dynamic scheduling of Docker containers across

1988-407: Is run for over 25% of a billing cycle, the price starts to drop: Google provides certain types of machine: The prices mentioned below are based on running standard Debian or CentOS Linux virtual machines (VMs). VMs running proprietary operating systems will be charged more. Compute Engine connects various entities called resources that will be a part of the deployment. Each resource performs

2059-457: Is simply grub, while version 1 was renamed to grub-legacy. This conflicts with distros (e.g., Fedora Linux ), where grub version 2 is named grub2. The default desktop may be chosen from the DVD boot menu among GNOME , KDE Plasma , Xfce and LXDE , and from special disc 1 CDs. Debian releases live install images for CDs, DVDs and USB thumb drives, for IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, and with

2130-650: The Azure cloud platform. Microsoft has also added a user environment to their Windows 10 desktop operating system called Windows Subsystem for Linux that offers a Debian subset. Debian has access to online repositories that contain over 51,000 packages . Debian officially contains only free software, but non-free software can be downloaded and installed from the Debian repositories. Debian includes popular free programs such as LibreOffice , Firefox web browser, Evolution mail, K3b disc burner, VLC media player , GIMP image editor, and Evince document viewer. Debian

2201-515: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Google I " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for

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2272-445: The hypervisor , and supports guest images running Linux and Microsoft Windows which are used to launch virtual machines based on the 64 bit x86 architecture. VMs boot from a persistent disk that has a root filesystem. The number of virtual CPUs, amount of memory supported by the VM is dependent on the machine type selected. Google Compute Engine offers sustained use discounts. Once an instance

2343-457: The DFSG, such as documentation with invariant sections and proprietary software , and legally questionable packages. Contrib includes packages which do comply with the DFSG but fail other requirements. For example, they may depend on packages which are in non-free or requires such for building them. Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have criticized the Debian project for hosting

2414-596: The Debian Free Software Guidelines. After the FSF withdrew their sponsorship in the midst of the free software vs. open source debate , Perens initiated the creation of the legal umbrella organization Software in the Public Interest instead of seeking renewed involvement with the FSF. He led the conversion of the project from a.out to ELF . He created the BusyBox program to make it possible to run

2485-479: The Debian Project founded the nonprofit organization Software in the Public Interest to continue financially supporting development. Debian distribution codenames are based on the names of characters from the Toy Story films. Debian's unstable trunk is named after Sid , a character who regularly destroyed his toys. First announced on August 16, 1993, Debian was founded by Ian Murdock , who initially called

2556-487: The Debian-based Ubuntu , named "4.10 Warty Warthog", was released on October 20, 2004. Because it was distributed as a free download, it became one of the most popular and successful operating systems with more than "40 million users" according to Canonical Ltd. However, Murdock was critical of the differences between Ubuntu packages and Debian, stating that it leads to incompatibilities. The 3.1 Sarge release

2627-525: The Firefox software were to change non-free artwork and to provide security patches. In February 2016, it was announced that Mozilla and Debian had reached an agreement and Iceweasel would revert to the name Firefox; similar agreement was anticipated for Icedove/Thunderbird. A fund-raising experiment, Dunc-Tank, was created to solve the release cycle problem and release managers were paid to work full-time; in response, unpaid developers slowed down their work and

2698-435: The VMs for a minimum of 10 minutes. At the end of 10th minute, instances are charged in 1-minute increments, rounded up to the nearest minute. Sustained usage based pricing will credit the discounts to the customers based on the monthly utilisation. Users need not pay a commitment fee upfront to get discounts on the regular, on-demand pricing. Compute Engine VMs boot within 30 seconds which is considered to be 4-10x faster than

2769-520: The archive but remain buildable via jigdo . Throughout Debian's lifetime, both the Debian distribution and its website have won various awards from different organizations, including Server Distribution of the Year 2011, The best Linux distro of 2011 , and a Best of the Net award for October 1998. On December 2, 2015, Microsoft announced that they would offer Debian GNU/Linux as an endorsed distribution on

2840-449: The available regions based on their requirement. As of June 1, 2014, Google Compute Engine is available in central US region, Western Europe and Asia East region. A zone is an isolated location within a region. Zones have high-bandwidth, low-latency network connections to other zones in the same region. In order to deploy fault-tolerant applications that have high availability, Google recommends deploying applications across multiple zones in

2911-410: The branches. They may be used to install a specific older version of some software. Stable and oldstable get minor updates, called point releases ; as of August 2021 , the stable release is version 11.7, released on April 29, 2023 ; 18 months ago  ( 2023-04-29 ) , and the oldstable release is version 10.10. The numbering scheme for the point releases up to Debian 4.0

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2982-505: The competition. The persistent disks of Compute Engine deliver higher IOPS consistently. With the cost of provisioned IOPS included within the cost of storage, users need not pay separately for the IOPS. Images and disk snapshots belong to the global scope which means they are implicitly available across all the regions and zones of Google Cloud Platform. This avoids the need for exporting and importing images and snapshots between regions. During

3053-461: The default network by adding or removing rules, or they can create new networks in that project. Generally, most users only need one network, although there can be up to five networks per project by default. A network belongs to only one project, and each instance can only belong to one network. All Compute Engine networks use the IPv4 protocol. Compute Engine currently does not support IPv6. However, Google

3124-569: The distinctive meaning of the word "free" as in " free and open-source software ". Packages that comply with these guidelines, usually under the GNU General Public License, Modified BSD License or Artistic License , are included inside the main area; otherwise, they are included inside the non-free and contrib areas. These last two areas are not distributed within the official installation media, but they can be adopted manually. Non-free includes packages that do not comply with

3195-401: The first Debian Constitution was ratified. From 1999, the project leader was elected yearly. APT was deployed with Debian 2.1. The number of applicants was overwhelming and the project established the new member process. The first Debian derivatives, namely Libranet , Corel Linux and Stormix 's Storm Linux, were started in 1999. The 2.2 release in 2000 was dedicated to Joel Klecker,

3266-401: The first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I " Debian Debian ( / ˈ d ɛ b i ə n / ), also known as Debian GNU/Linux ,

3337-463: The first disc image from online repositories. Debian offers different network installation methods. A minimal install of Debian is available via the netinst CD, whereby Debian is installed with just a base and later added software can be downloaded from the Internet. Another option is to boot the installer from the network. The default bootstrap loader is GNU GRUB version 2, though the package name

3408-573: The instance. Persistent disks are independent of the virtual machines and outlive an instance's lifespan. All information stored on the persistent disks is encrypted before being written to physical media, and the keys are tightly controlled by Google. Each instance can attach only a limited amount of total persistent disk space (one can have up to 64 TB on most instances) and a limited number of individual persistent disks (one can attach up to 16 independent persistent disks to most instances). Regional persistent disks can be replicated between two zones in

3479-447: The instance. Google maintains and provides images that are ready-to-use or users can customize an image and use that as an image of choice for creating instances. Depending on the needs, users can also apply an image to a persistent disk and use the persistent disk as the root file system. An instance's machine type determines the number of cores, the memory, and the I/O operations supported by

3550-407: The instances including customizing the hardware, OS, disk, and other configuration options. A network defines the address range and gateway address of all instances connected to it. It defines how instances communicate with each other, with other networks, and with the outside world. Each instance belongs to a single network and any communication between instances in different networks must be through

3621-424: The language, ranging from the highly supported German and French to the barely translated Creek and Samoan . The Debian 10 installer is available in 76 languages. Multimedia support has been problematic in Debian regarding codecs threatened by possible patent infringements, lacking source code, or under too restrictive licenses. Even though packages with problems related to their distribution could go into

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3692-401: The list of installed software on the current system. The dpkg command tool does not know about repositories. The command can work with local .deb package files, and information from the dpkg database. An Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) allows a Debian system to retrieve and resolve package dependencies from repositories . APT tools share dependency information and cached packages. GDebi

3763-523: The most memorable was the Vancouver prospectus. After a meeting held in Vancouver , release manager Steve Langasek announced a plan to reduce the number of supported ports to four in order to shorten future release cycles. There was a large reaction because the proposal looked more like a decision and because such a drop would damage Debian's aim to be "the universal operating system". The first version of

3834-462: The non-free area, software such as libdvdcss is not hosted at Debian . A notable third party repository exists, formerly named Debian-multimedia.org, providing software not present in Debian such as Windows codecs, libdvdcss and the Adobe Flash Player . Even though this repository is maintained by Christian Marillat, a Debian developer, it is not part of the project and is not hosted on

3905-491: The non-free repository and because the contrib and non-free areas are easily accessible, an opinion echoed by some in Debian including the former project leader Wichert Akkerman. The internal dissent in the Debian project regarding the non-free section has persisted, but the last time it came to a vote in 2004, the majority decided to keep it. The most popular optional Linux cross-distribution package manager are graphical (front-ends) package managers. They are available within

3976-442: The number of packages that were educational, had a medical affiliation, and ones made for people with disabilities. In 2006, as a result of a much-publicized dispute, Mozilla software was rebranded in Debian , with Firefox forked as Iceweasel and Thunderbird as Icedove. The Mozilla Corporation stated that software with unapproved modifications could not be distributed under the Firefox trademark. Two reasons that Debian modified

4047-689: The official Debian Repository but are not installed by default. They are widely popular with both Debian users and Debian software developers who are interested in installing the most recent versions of application or using the cross-distribution package manager built-in sandbox environment. While at the same time remaining in control of the security. Four most popular cross-distribution package managers, sorted in alphabetical order: Three branches of Debian (also called releases , distributions or suites ) are regularly maintained: Other branches in Debian: The snapshot archive provides older versions of

4118-401: The official blog of the Debian project. Debian offers DVD and CD images for installation that can be downloaded using BitTorrent or jigdo . Physical discs can also be bought from retailers. The full sets are made up of several discs (the amd64 port consists of 13 DVDs or 84 CDs), but only the first disc is required for installation, as the installer can retrieve software not contained in

4189-411: The persistent disks with AES-128-CB , and this encryption is applied before the data leaves the virtual machine monitor and hits the disk. Encryption is always enabled and is transparent to Google Compute Engine users. The integrity of persistent disks is maintained via a HMAC scheme. On June 18, 2014, Google announced support for SSD persistent disks. These disks deliver up to 30 IOPS per GB which

4260-442: The project released version 3.0, code-named Woody, the first release to include cryptographic software, a free licensed KDE and internationalization . During these last release cycles, the Debian project drew considerable criticism from the free software community because of the long time between stable releases. Some events disturbed the project while working on Sarge, as Debian servers were attacked by fire and hackers. One of

4331-560: The release was delayed. Debian 4.0 ( Etch ) was released in April 2007, featuring the x86-64 port and a graphical installer. Debian 5.0 ( Lenny ) was released in February 2009, supporting Marvell's Orion platform and netbooks such as the Asus Eee PC . The release was dedicated to Thiemo Seufer, a developer who died in a car crash. In July 2009, the policy of time-based development freezes on

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4402-1144: The scheduled maintenance of Google data center, Compute Engine can automatically migrate the VMs from one host to the other without involving any action from the users. This delivers better uptime to applications. Google I Look for Google I on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Google I in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use

4473-727: The second oldest Linux distribution still in active development, only behind Slackware . The project is coordinated over the Internet by a team of volunteers guided by the Debian Project Leader and three foundational documents: the Debian Social Contract , the Debian Constitution, and the Debian Free Software Guidelines . New distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate is released after

4544-402: The spirit of Linux and GNU." The Debian project released the 0.9x versions in 1994 and 1995. During this time it was sponsored by the Free Software Foundation for one year. Ian Murdock delegated the base system, the core packages of Debian, to Bruce Perens and Murdock focused on the management of the growing project. The first ports to non- IA-32 architectures began in 1995, and Debian 1.1

4615-475: The stable release. Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) was released in February 2011, featuring Debian GNU/kFreeBSD as a technology preview, along with adding a dependency-based boot system, and moving problematic firmware to the non-free section. Debian 7 ( Wheezy ) was released in May 2013, featuring multiarch support. Debian 8 ( Jessie ) was released in April 2015, using systemd as the new init system. Debian 9 ( Stretch )

4686-579: The system "the Debian Linux Release". The word "Debian" was formed as a portmanteau of the first name of his then-girlfriend (later ex-wife) Debra Lynn and his own first name. Before Debian's release, the Softlanding Linux System (SLS) had been a popular Linux distribution and the basis for Slackware . The perceived poor maintenance and prevalence of bugs in SLS motivated Murdock to launch

4757-549: Was made in June 2005. This release updated 73% of the software and included over 9,000 new packages. A new installer with a modular design, Debian-Installer , allowed installations with RAID , XFS and LVM support, improved hardware detection, made installations easier for novice users, and was translated into almost forty languages. An installation manual and release notes were in ten and fifteen languages respectively. The efforts of Skolelinux, Debian-Med and Debian-Accessibility raised

4828-468: Was released in 1996. By that time and thanks to Ian Jackson , the dpkg package manager was already an essential part of Debian. In 1996, Bruce Perens assumed the project leadership. Perens was a controversial leader, regarded as authoritarian and strongly attached to Debian. He drafted a social contract and edited suggestions from a month-long discussion into the Debian Social Contract and

4899-533: Was released in June 2017, with nftables as a replacement for iptables, support for Flatpak apps, and MariaDB as the replacement for MySQL. Debian 10 ( Buster ) was released in July 2019, adding support for Secure Boot and enabling AppArmor by default. Debian 11 ( Bullseye ) was released in August 2021, enabling persistency in the system journal, adding support for driverless scanning, and containing kernel-level support for exFAT filesystems. Debian 12 ( Bookworm )

4970-430: Was released on June 10, 2023, including various improvements and features, increasing the supported Linux Kernel to version 6.1, and leveraging new "Emerald" artwork. Debian is still in development and new packages are uploaded to unstable every day. Debian used to be released as a very large set of CDs for each architecture, but with the release of Debian 9 (Stretch) in 2017, many of the images have been dropped from

5041-532: Was temporarily switched to Xfce, because GNOME 3 did not fit on the first CD of the set. The default for the version 8 Jessie was changed again to Xfce in November 2013, and back to GNOME in September 2014. Several parts of Debian are translated into languages other than American English, including package descriptions, configuration messages, documentation and the website. The level of software localization depends on

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