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55-619: This region, like neighboring regions, has historically been economically linked to the city of Debar , which was traditionally referred to by inhabitants as simply "the City". The Islamization process is held to have occurred in Golloborda relatively late in Ottoman times. In 1519, the region was still entirely Christian. Some authors have held that the Islamization process in Golloborda to have occurred in

110-554: A dialectal continuum stretching from today's southern Austria to southeast Bulgaria . On the level of dialectology , they are divided into Western South Slavic (Slovene and Serbo-Croatian dialects) and Eastern South Slavic (Bulgarian and Macedonian dialects); these represent separate migrations into the Balkans and were once separated by intervening Hungarian, Romanian, and Albanian populations; as these populations were assimilated, Eastern and Western South Slavic fused with Torlakian as

165-623: A genetic node in Slavic studies : defined by a set of phonological, morphological and lexical innovations (isoglosses) which separate it from the Western and Eastern Slavic groups. That view, however, has been challenged in recent decades (see below). Some innovations encompassing all South Slavic languages are shared with the Eastern Slavic group, but not the Western Slavic. These include: This

220-517: A connection to the neighbouring Macedonians. However, the Muslims clearly distinguish themselves from their Orthodox brethren through the usage of the ethnonyms Muslimane and Turci , the latter of which harks back to issues of ethnic and religious identity in the Ottoman millet system . Both religious groups commonly use the ethnonym Naši (lit. "ours") to distinguish themselves from the region's native Albanian-speaking population. The Bulgarian identity

275-580: A television programme is usually in Cyrillic, but advertisements are usually in Latin. The division is partly based on religion – Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Macedonia (which use Cyrillic) are Orthodox countries, whereas Croatia and Slovenia (which use Latin) are Catholic . The Bosnian language , used by the Muslim Bosniaks , also uses Latin, but in the past used Bosnian Cyrillic . The Glagolitic alphabet

330-490: A transitional dialect. On the other hand, the breakup of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires , followed by formation of nation-states in the 19th and 20th centuries, led to the development and codification of standard languages . Standard Slovene, Bulgarian, and Macedonian are based on distinct dialects. The Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian standard variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian are based on

385-476: A two-month struggle for the city between the communist Albanian National Liberation Front and German forces holding the city, including the SS Skanderbeg division , the communists led by Haxhi Lleshi finally secured Debar on 30 August 1944. After the cessation of hostilities with the end of WW2 and the establishment of communism in both Albania and Yugoslavia , Debar passed back into Yugoslav hands. In

440-719: Is Debar (Дебар). In Albanian ; Dibër / Dibra or Dibra e Madhe (meaning "Great Dibra", in contrast to the other Dibër in Albania ). In Serbian Debar ( Дебар ), in Bulgarian Debǎr ( Дебър ), in Turkish Debre or Debre-i Bala , in Greek , Dívrē ( Δίβρη ) or Dívra ( Δίβρα ), in Ancient Greek Dēvoros , Δήβορος and in Roman times as Deborus . Debar is surrounded by

495-622: Is i or sometimes e (rarely as (i)je ), or mixed ( Ekavian–Ikavian ). Many dialects of Chakavian preserved significant number of Dalmatian words, but also have many loanwords from Venetian , Italian , Greek and other Mediterranean languages. Example: Ča je, je, tako je vavik bilo, ča će bit, će bit, a nekako će već bit! This dialect is spoken primarily in the federal state of Burgenland in Austria and nearby areas in Vienna, Slovakia , and Hungary by descendants of Croats who migrated there during

550-465: Is a city in the western part of North Macedonia , near the border with Albania , off the road from Struga to Gostivar . It is the seat of Debar Municipality . Debar has an ethnic Albanian majority of 74% and is North Macedonia's only city where ethnic Macedonians do not rank first or second demographically. The official languages are Macedonian and Albanian. The name of the city in Macedonian

605-711: Is also known for its pizza consumption. As of 2018, Debar had one pizzeria for every 3,000 residents, and emigrants from the town had opened approximately 50 pizza restaurants in the United States . Local football club Korabi plays in the Macedonian Second League (West Division). Partner towns of Debar: [REDACTED] Media related to Debar at Wikimedia Commons 41°31′N 20°32′E  /  41.517°N 20.533°E  / 41.517; 20.533 South Slavic languages#Eastern group The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of

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660-535: Is considered transitional between the Western and Eastern groups of South Slavic languages. Torlakian is thought to fit together with Bulgarian and Macedonian into the Balkan sprachbund , an area of linguistic convergence caused by long-term contact rather than genetic relation. Because of this some researchers tend to classify it as Southeast Slavic . Each of these primary and secondary dialectal units breaks down into subdialects and accentological isoglosses by region. In

715-538: Is illustrated in the following table: Several isoglosses have been identified which are thought to represent exclusive common innovations in the South Slavic language group. They are prevalently phonological in character, whereas morphological and syntactical isoglosses are much fewer in number. Sussex & Cubberly (2006 :43–44) list the following phonological isoglosses: Most of these are not exclusive in character, however, and are shared with some languages of

770-552: Is traditionally inhabited by a mixed Orthodox Macedonian/Bulgarian and Torbeš/Pomak population. Ostren administrative unit: Lejçan, Lladomericë and Tuçep are inhabited by Torbeš/Pomaks; Radovesh, Kojavec, Orzhanovë are inhabited by a Slavic speaking population which contain Torbeš/Pomaks. Okshtun i Madh, Okshtun i Vogël and Tërbaç have some Torbeš/Pomaks residing there while Pasinkë, Ostren i Madh and Ostren i Vogël are inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in

825-576: The Bessarabian Bulgarians in Ukraine ), share a number of characteristics that set them apart from other Slavic languages : Bulgarian and Macedonian share some of their unusual characteristics with other languages in the Balkans, notably Greek and Albanian (see Balkan sprachbund ). Torlakian dialects are spoken in southeastern Serbia , northern North Macedonia , western Bulgaria , southeastern Kosovo , and pockets of western Romania ; it

880-559: The Dešat , Stogovo , Jablanica and Bistra mountains. It is located 625 meters above sea level, next to Lake Debar , the Black Drin River and its smaller break-off river, Radika . The Byzantine emperor Basil II knew of its existence, historian Anna Komnena recorded the name as Devré in the Alexiad, and Feliks Petančić referred to it as Dibri in 1502. During the period from

935-618: The Slavic languages . There are approximately 30 million speakers, mainly in the Balkans . These are separated geographically from speakers of the other two Slavic branches ( West and East ) by a belt of German , Hungarian and Romanian speakers. The first South Slavic language to be written (also the first attested Slavic language) was the variety of the Eastern South Slavic spoken in Thessaloniki , now called Old Church Slavonic , in

990-489: The same dialect ( Shtokavian ). Thus, in most cases national and ethnic borders do not coincide with dialectal boundaries. Note : Due to the differing political status of languages/dialects and different historical contexts, the classifications are arbitrary to some degree. The dialects that form the eastern group of South Slavic, spoken mostly in Bulgaria and Macedonia and adjacent areas in neighbouring countries (such as

1045-761: The 12th, to early 14th century, Debar was ruled by the Albanian noble Gropa family . In the latter half of the 14th century until the first half of the 15th century it was ruled by the Principality of Kastrioti , an Albanian medieval principality ruled by the Kastrioti noble family and later from 1443 by the Albanian state, League of Lezhë . Debar fell under the rule of the Ottoman Empire when local ruler Gjon Kastrioti died shortly after his four children were taken hostage. It

1100-503: The 16th century. This dialect (or family of dialects) differs from standard Croatian, since it has been heavily influenced by German and Hungarian. It has properties of all three major dialectal groups in Croatia, since the migrants did not all come from the same area, but the linguistic standard is based on the Chakavian dialect. Kajkavian is mostly spoken in northern and northwest Croatia near

1155-481: The Albanian-Yugoslav border running through the region would cross it to cultivate farmland on the other side. During this period, the official border changed a number of times—at one point, it ran between Klenja and Steblevo , but now these two towns are both in Albania. The fates of the two sides of the region diverged much more sharply after the rise of communism in the aftermath of World War II . In 1948,

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1210-736: The Albanians. The dialect of Borova demonstrated a number of characteristics typical of the Southern Geg dialects, while also showing some influence from Central Geg which was attributed to historical migrations into the village from regions such as Mati. On the other hand, the Albanian spoken in Okshtuni and Tërbaçi were more typical of Central Geg despite the former showing some influences from Southern Geg. Debar Debar ( Macedonian : Дебaр [ˈdɛbar] ; Albanian : Dibër , Albanian definite form : Dibra or Dibra e Madhe )

1265-544: The Eastern and Western Slavic language groups (in particular, Central Slovakian dialects). On that basis, Matasović (2008) argues that South Slavic exists strictly as a geographical grouping, not forming a true genetic clade ; in other words, there was never a proto-South Slavic language or a period in which all South Slavic dialects exhibited an exclusive set of extensive phonological, morphological or lexical changes (isoglosses) peculiar to them. Furthermore, Matasović argues, there

1320-516: The Hungarian and Slovene borders—chiefly around the towns of Zagreb , Varaždin, Čakovec, Koprivnica, Petrinja, Delnice and so on. Its reflex of yat is primarily /e/ , rarely diphthongal ije ). This differs from that of the Ekavian accent; many Kajkavian dialects distinguish a closed e —nearly ae (from yat )—and an open e (from the original e ). It lacks several palatals (ć, lj, nj, dž) found in

1375-587: The Shtokavian dialect, and has some loanwords from the nearby Slovene dialects and German (chiefly in towns). Example: Kak je, tak je; tak je navek bilo, kak bu tak bu, a bu vre nekak kak bu! Slovene is mainly spoken in Slovenia . Spoken Slovene has numerous dialects, but there is no consensus on how many; estimates range from 7 to 50. The lowest estimate refers to the language's seven commonly recognized dialect groups, without subdividing any of them. Some of

1430-689: The Western dialects in the following ways: Apart from these three main areas there are several smaller, significant differences: Languages to the west of Serbia use the Latin script , whereas those to the east and south use Cyrillic . Serbian officially uses the Cyrillic script, though commonly Latin and Cyrillic are used equally. Most newspapers are written in Cyrillic and most magazines are in Latin; books written by Serbian authors are written in Cyrillic, whereas books translated from foreign authors are usually in Latin, other than languages that already use Cyrillic, most notably Russian. On television, writing as part of

1485-546: The community are considered Albanians instead of Macedonians, even by the Albanian state, and they are known to intermarry with Muslim Albanians and not with Orthodox Macedonians. Until the 1990s the local Orthodox Macedonian minority, who have since migrated, used to live in some villages alongside the Gollobordas, who today number some roughly 3,000 people. In the region of Gollobordë, villages located in North Macedonia have

1540-585: The defeat of the Ottoman armies and Albanian victories. An Ottoman army division was also stationed within the town. It was first a sanjak centre in Scutari Vilayet before 1877, and afterwards in Manastir Vilayet between 1877-1912 as Debre or Debre-i Bala ("Upper Debre" in Ottoman Turkish, as contrasted with Debre-i Zir, which was Peshkopi 's Turkish name). Debar was significantly involved in

1595-499: The ethnic (and dialectal) picture of some areas—especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also in central Croatia and Serbia (Vojvodina in particular). In some areas, it is unclear whether location or ethnicity is the dominant factor in the dialect of the speaker. Because of this the speech patterns of some communities and regions are in a state of flux, and it is difficult to determine which dialects will die out entirely. Further research over

1650-482: The findings of Aleksander Novik and his team in 2008-10, the identity of the local Slavs is largely determined by their religious backgrounds and their native language. Novik's team recorded four main options for self-identifications among the Slavs: Makedonci , Muslimane , Turci , and Naši . Intrinsically linked to the first form of identification, many of the local Slavs (Muslim or Orthodox Christian) acknowledge

1705-409: The following population demographics: Debar Municipality : Otišani has traditionally been inhabited by a Torbeš population and Džepište has traditionally been inhabited by Orthodox Macedonians and a Torbeš population. Struga Municipality : Manastirec, Drenok, Modrič and Lakaica are inhabited by Orthodox Macedonians. The local Slavs' ethno-linguistic identity is an issue of debate. According to

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1760-886: The late 18th century, whereas others asserted that the impetus to mass Islamization in the region was the bedel tax, imposed only on Christians because they were not drafted and initiated in the region in the year 1832. According to this second theory, this tax was particularly harsh and caused many families to turn to Islam as a means of avoiding it. During the same period, a mass emigration process occurred, and many Muslim families settled elsewhere, including in Debar , in Struga 's Drimkol region, and in Thessaloniki . The families that settled in Debar became Albanized, but retain memory of their origins which are denoted by their last names, including Klenja, Trebishta, Ostreni, Torbaçi, Serpetova, and others. In 1913,

1815-527: The late Ottoman period, Debre (Debar) was a town with 20,000 inhabitants, 420 shops, 9 mosques, 10 madrasas, 5 tekkes, 11 government run primary schools, 1 secondary school, 3 Christian primary schools and 1 church. In the early 19th century, when Debar rebelled against the Turkish Sultan, the French traveller, publicist, and scientist Ami Boue observed that Debar had 64 shops and 4,200 residents. According to

1870-511: The majority of the region was awarded to Albania while six villages were assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . However, despite the border that divided the region in pieces, the region remained culturally and economically unified at this time, and Debar served as the unifying point for the entire region. There were plenty of migratory movements across the border during this period, and during King Zogu 's reign, people on both sides of

1925-621: The national Albanian movement and on 1 November 1878 the Albanian leaders of the city participated in founding the League of Prizren . In 1907 the Congress of Dibra was held in the town, which made Albanian an official language within the Ottoman Empire. The congress allowed that Albanian be taught in schools legally for the first time within the Empire. Following the capture of the town of Debar by Serbia , many of its Albanian inhabitants fled to Turkey ,

1980-655: The next few decades will be necessary to determine the changes made in the dialectical distribution of this language group. The eastern Herzegovinian dialect is the basis of the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian standard variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian. Chakavian is spoken in the western, central, and southern parts of Croatia—mainly in Istria , the Kvarner Gulf, Dalmatia and inland Croatia (Gacka and Pokupje, for example). The Chakavian reflex of proto-Slavic yat

2035-643: The ninth century. It is retained as a liturgical language in Slavic Orthodox churches in the form of various local Church Slavonic traditions. The South Slavic languages constitute a dialect continuum . Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin constitute a single dialect within this continuum. The Slavic languages are part of the Balto-Slavic group , which belongs to the Indo-European language family. The South Slavic languages have been considered

2090-456: The other side. Both Muslims and Christians today live in harmony and celebrate the holidays of both faiths together. Bulgarian ethnologist Veselka Toncheva believes that this phenomenon, seen elsewhere in post-communist Albania, cannot be attributed solely to the anti-religious policies of communist leader Enver Hoxha , but also due to the perception of local communities as whole units of which local Christians and local Muslims both are part. In

2145-563: The past (and currently, in isolated areas), it was not uncommon for individual villages to have their own words and phrases. However, during the 20th century the local dialects have been influenced by Štokavian standards through mass media and public education and much "local speech" has been lost (primarily in areas with larger populations). With the breakup of Yugoslavia , a rise in national awareness has caused individuals to modify their speech according to newly established standard-language guidelines. The wars have caused large migrations, changing

2200-462: The regime of Enver Hoxha in Albania closed down the border, and a barbed wire fence was erected on the border, accompanied by guard posts. The Albanian communist state was extremely suspicious of Gollobordian communities, a fact one Macedonian author attributed to their "weak Albanian patriotism". This new heavy enforcement of the border caused many people to lose contact with their relatives who lived on

2255-441: The region of Gollobordë, villages located on the Albanian side of the border have the following population demographics: Trebisht administrative unit: Gjinovec and Klenjë are inhabited by a Slavic speaking population which contain ( Torbeš ) or Pomaks . Vërnicë is inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in the village, and also contains a significant population of Torbeš and Orthodox Macedonians . Trebisht

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2310-584: The rest went to Tirana . Of those that ended up in Istanbul , some of their number migrated to Albania, mainly to Tirana where the Dibran community formed an important segment of the capital city's population from 1920 onward and for some years thereafter. It was occupied by Kingdom of Bulgaria between 1915 and 1918. From 1929 to 1941, Debar was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Debar

2365-486: The seven groups are more heterogeneous than others, and the higher estimates reflect the varying criteria that have been used to differentiate dialects and subdialects. Slovenian dialects can be so different from each other that a speaker of one dialect may have a very difficult time understanding a speaker of another, particularly if their dialects belong to different groups. Some dialects spoken in southern Slovenia transition into Chakavian or Kajkavian Serbo-Croatian , while

2420-586: The statistics of the Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov in 1900 the population of Debar was 15,500 consisting of 10,500 Albanians , 4,500 Bulgarians , and 500 Romani . According to the last census data from 2002, the city of Debar has a population of 14,561, made up of Some of the best craftsman, woodcarving masters and builders came from the Debar region and were recognized for their skills in creating detailed and impressive woodcarvings, painting beautiful icons and building unique architecture. In fact, Debar

2475-474: The town of Debar. The monastery was rebuilt in the 19th century and is situated on the slopes of Mount Bistra , above the banks of the River Radika . The monastery was built on the remains of an older church dating from 1021. Another important religious monument is the monastery of Saint Gjorgi in the village of Rajcica in the immediate vicinity of Debar. The monastery was recently built. Grigor Parlichev

2530-502: The transition from eastern dialects to Kajkavian is general, with cases of essentially the same linguistic variety spoken on both sides of the border (this is particularly true for the upper course of the Kupa and Sutla rivers). The table below compares grammatical and phonological innovations. The similarity of Kajkavian and Slovene is apparent. In broad terms, the Eastern dialects of South Slavic (Bulgarian and Macedonian) differ most from

2585-479: The uncertain and fluid borders of the region, villages on the periphery such as Zerqani are also often included by locals. In their expedition of 2008, Alexander Rusakov and his team noted that the locals of Borova did not consider themselves to be a part of Golloborda as they associated the region only with the Slavic-speakers and their villages. The team also noted that there was no clear dialectal uniformity among

2640-498: The village and contains three families from the Torbeš/Pomak and Orthodox Macedonian/Bulgarian population. Gjoricë administrative unit: Lubalesh has some Torbeš living in the village. The Torbeš/Pomak and Orthodox Bulgarian/Macedonian population of Gollobordë are speakers of a South Slavic language ( Macedonian or Bulgarian ). The Muslim Macedonian speaking community of the area is known as Gollobordas and in Albania people from

2695-482: The villages that also contain significant populations of Torbeš/Pomaks and Orthodox Macedonians/Bulgarians. The villages of Zabzun, Borovë, Llangë, Moglicë, Prodan are located in the Stëblevë administrative unit and two villages are inhabited by Slavic populations: Stëblevë, which is inhabited by a Slavic speaking population that contains Torbeš. Sebisht is inhabited by an Albanian population that dominates demographically in

2750-715: Was annexed , along with most of Western North Macedonia, into the Italian -controlled Kingdom of Albania on 17 April 1941, following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during the Second World War . Albania was officially a protectorate of Italy and therefore public administration duties were passed to Albanian authorities. Albanian language schools, radio stations and newspapers were established in Debar. When Italy capitulated in September 1943, Debar passed into German hands. In 1944, after

2805-761: Was conquered by the Ottomans in 1395 and subsequently became the seat of the Sanjak of Dibra . In 1440 Skanderbeg was appointed as its sanjakbey . During the Ottoman-Albanian wars between 1443-1479 the Dibër region was the borderline between the Ottomans and the League of Lezhë led by Skanderbeg and became an area of continuous conflict. There were two major battles near Debar, on 29 June 1444 The Battle of Torvioll and on 27 September 1446 The Battle of Otonetë both ending with

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2860-456: Was given the title Second Homer in 1860 in Athens for his poem The Serdar . Based on a folk poem, it deals with the exploits and heroic death of Kuzman Kapidan , a famous hero and protector of Christian people in the Debar region in their struggle with bandits. Some of the oldest and richest Albanian epics still exist in the Debar regions and are part of the Albanian mythological heritage. Debar

2915-400: Was never a period of cultural or political unity in which Proto-South-Slavic could have existed during which Common South Slavic innovations could have occurred. Several South-Slavic-only lexical and morphological patterns which have been proposed have been postulated to represent common Slavic archaisms , or are shared with some Slovakian or Ukrainian dialects. The South Slavic dialects form

2970-478: Was one of the then famous three woodcarving schools in the region, the other two being Samokov and Bansko . Their work can be seen in many churches and cultural buildings throughout the Balkan Peninsula . The Mijak School of woodcarving became noted for its artistic excellence, and an amazing example that can be seen today by tourists is the iconostasis in the nearby Monastery of Saint Jovan Bigorski , near

3025-556: Was very rarely used in Golloborda according to the team's findings. The majority of the Slavs (particularly those of Muslim faith) are bilingual in their native tongue and Albanian, although the older generation have a very poor understanding of Albanian. The local Albanians are concentrated in the western and south-western extremes of Golloborda and are to be found in the villages of Okshtuni i Madh, Okshtuni i Vogël, Oreshnja, Tërbaçi, Zabzuni, Borova, Sebishti, and Llanga. However, due to

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