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112-943: Initially it was supposed to be a mobile festival between Muslim regions in Russia and other States of the Muslim world, and the city of Kazan was chosen to be a start point, because it is the biggest Islamic city in the Northern Hemisphere. The Golden Minbar International Festival Of Muslim Cinema was initiated by the supervisory council of Muftis in Russia, the Islamic Culture Centre in Russia (ICCR), and Tatarstan's Ministry of Culture, and founded in Moscow in 2004 as an international forum for Muslim filmmakers. The inaugural Golden Minbar International Festival of Muslim Cinema took place in Kazan ,

224-528: A shura (council) advising the ruler. Muftis were additionally appointed to other public functions, such as market inspectors . While the office of the mufti was gradually subsumed into the state bureaucracy in much of the Sunni Muslim world, Shia religious establishment followed a different path in Iran starting from the early modern era. During Safavid rule, independent Islamic jurists ( mujtahids ) claimed

336-472: A gross revenue of ₹ 77.85 crore ( US$ 20.82 million) in India. Box Office India declared it a hit at the domestic box office. Its domestic net income was ₹ 56.04 crore, equivalent to ₹ 86.28 crore (US$ 10 million) adjusted for inflation. Overseas, it grossed US$ 7.56 million ( ₹ 49.92 crore), and was declared a blockbuster at the overseas box office. Its overseas gross included US$ 2.1 million in

448-467: A European film festival is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mufti A mufti ( / ˈ m ʌ f t i / ; Arabic : مفتي [muftiː] , listen ) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion ( fatwa ) on a point of Islamic law ( sharia ). The act of issuing fatwas is called iftāʾ . Muftis and their fatwas played an important role throughout Islamic history , taking on new roles in

560-502: A Hindu temple be built for her at the Agra fort . To her surprise, Jalaluddin agrees. After their marriage, Jodhaa acts reluctant with Jalaluddin and they do not consummate their marriage. He assures Jodhaa that they will let things fall into place. The emperor's foster brother Adham Khan , the son of Jalaluddin's nurse and nanny, Maham- Anga , murders Jalaluddin's prime minister Atgah Khan to prevent his own war crimes from being exposed. In

672-653: A court judgement that has already been passed, acting as an informal appeals process, but the extent of this practice and its mechanism varied across history. While in most of the Islamic world judges were not required to consult muftis by any political authority, in Muslim Spain this practice was mandatory, so that a judicial decision was considered invalid without prior approval by a legal specialist. Author-jurists collected fatwas by muftis of high scholarly reputation and abstracted them into concise formulations of legal norms for

784-448: A critics' rating of 69 on Metacritic based on 4 reviews. Anil Sinanan of The Times gave the film four out of five stars, stating, "Oscar-nominated Lagaan (2001) director Ashutosh Gowariker's sumptuous period epic has all the ingredients of a Cecil B. DeMille entertainer [...] The film ends with a passionate plea for tolerance of all religions in India, a resonant message for modern India." Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN also gave

896-437: A crowd this big." He credited his team for finishing the song as he believed it would have taken "a month" to film without their co-operation. The music video for "Azeem-O-Shaan Shahenshah" had a production cost of ₹25 million ( $ 575,000 ). It was the most expensive Bollywood music video at the time, matching " Dola Re Dola " from Devdas (2002). A total of 80 elephants, 100 horses and 55 camels were employed throughout

1008-402: A fatwa was disregarded, it was usually because another fatwa supporting a different position was judged to be more convincing. If a party in a dispute was not able to obtain a fatwa supporting their position, they would be unlikely to pursue their case in court, opting for informal mediation instead, or abandoning their claim altogether. Sometimes muftis could be petitioned for a fatwa relating to

1120-758: A fit of rage, Jalaluddin has Adham executed by throwing him down from the palace roof, unaware of Jodhaa watching. The scene has her torn between fearing Jalaluddin's violence and respecting his passionate love for justice. Maham Anga despises Jodhaa. She conspires to destroy Jalaluddin's marriage, humiliating Jodhaa in front of him. She finds the letter Jodhaa had written to Sujamal and has it sent, and when Sujamal comes to meet Jodhaa secretly, she insinuates to Jalaluddin that Jodhaa went to meet her lover. Jalaluddin sends his men to arrest Sujamal, who thinks Jodhaa has betrayed him, and flees. Jalaluddin sends Jodhaa back to Amber. Jodhaa does not give an explanation, indignant at her character being questioned. Later Jalaluddin finds out

1232-401: A hit film without preaching or lecturing. In the same way, I told him he could make a beautiful film by touching on such issues without preaching. Gowariker had already finished his script for Swades (2004) when Ali pitched the idea. As a result, he decided to start his work with Ali after completing it. In December 2001, Ali began research on the marriage of princess Jodhabai , daughter of

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1344-416: A means of preparing for his role. For casting Rai, Gowariker sent her an SMS asking "Will U B My Jodha?" to which Rai sent a reply stating "Yes, I will" followed by a smiley . Sonu Sood was chosen to play Jodhabai's cousin brother Rajkumar Sujamal . Sood had rejected offers to feature in other projects as he wanted to fully involve himself in the film. The role of Akbar's mother, Hamida Banu Begum ,

1456-408: A mufti was not supposed to inquire into the situation beyond the information included in the query, queries regarding contentious matters were often carefully constructed to elicit the desired response. A mufti's understanding of the query commonly depended on their grasp of local customs and colloquial expressions. In theory, if the query was unclear or not sufficiently detailed for a ruling, the mufti

1568-624: A national Islamic identity. Muftis in modern times have increasingly relied on the process of ijtihad , i.e. deriving legal rulings based on an independent analysis rather than conformity with the opinions of earlier legal authorities ( taqlid ). While in the past muftis were associated with a particular school of law ( madhhab ), in the 20th century many muftis began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional schools of jurisprudence. Modern media have facilitated cooperative forms to ifta . Networks of muftis are commonly engaged by fatwa websites, so that queries are distributed among

1680-503: A peace offering to Jalaluddin, proposing to strengthen relations by his daughter's marriage to the emperor himself. Jalaluddin agrees, but this breaks Bharmal's alliance with the other kings of Rajputana , including Rana Uday Singh . Jodhaa resents being reduced to a political pawn. She writes a letter to Sujamal, requesting him to rescue her, but doesn't send it. Jodhaa requests a meeting with Jalaluddin and demands that she be allowed to practice her religion even after her wedding, and that

1792-518: A place for meetings and an exchange of ideas among the filmmakers of Russia and from around the world. It is open not only to Muslims, but also to filmmakers of other faiths. Inaugural festival director Zaudi Mamirgov director said that selection guidelines included certain criteria for films to be included in the festival: "they should contain no violence [and] no mysticism ; the films should not incite hostility among people; they should stand for human values and help bring peoples closer together". One of

1904-524: A prequel to it; Gowariker agreed and decided to create a screenplay that would cover the early years of Akbar's life from 13 to 21 years of age. In an interview with Syed Firdaus Ashraf of Rediff.com , Ali said on his decision to work with Gowariker: Ashutosh is the only director who could do justice to a film of such a level. In Lagaan , he touched on the issue of casteism, the oppressed class, Hindu-Muslim unity, communal harmony, team spirit, management and nationalism. He weaved all this beautifully to make

2016-579: A question-and-answer format for communicating religious knowledge, and took on its definitive form with development of the classical theory of Islamic law . By the 8th century CE, muftis became recognized as legal experts who elaborated Islamic law and clarified its application to practical issues arising in the Islamic community. The legal theory of the ifta was formulated in the classical texts of usul al-fiqh (principles of jurisprudence), while more practical guidelines for muftis were found in manuals called adab al-mufti or adab al-fatwa (etiquette of

2128-479: A significant impact on the development of Islamic law. During the early centuries of Islam, the roles of mufti, author-jurist and judge were not mutually exclusive. A jurist could lead a teaching circle, conduct a fatwa session, and adjudicate court cases in a single day, devoting his night hours to writing a legal treatise. Those who were able to act in all four capacities were regarded as the most accomplished jurists. The basic prerequisite for issuing fatwas under

2240-608: A stand on doctrinal controversies, legitimized government policies or articulated grievances of the population. Traditionally, a mufti was seen as a scholar of upright character who possessed a thorough knowledge of the Quran , hadith and legal literature. Muftis acted as independent scholars in the classical legal system. Over the centuries, Sunni muftis were gradually incorporated into state bureaucracies, while Shia jurists in Iran progressively asserted an autonomous authority starting from

2352-528: A vision of Islam that is compatible with state law of their country. Although some early theorists argued that muftis should not respond to questions on certain subjects, such as theology, muftis have in practice handled queries relating to a wide range of subjects. This trend continued in modern times, and contemporary state-appointed muftis and institutions for ifta respond to government and private queries on varied issues, including political conflicts, Islamic finance, and medical ethics, contributing to shaping

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2464-555: Is a 2008 Indian Hindi -language epic historical romantic drama musical fiction film directed by Ashutosh Gowariker . It stars Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in the titular roles. Set in the 16th century, the film shows the fictional life and love between the Muslim Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire and a Hindu Princess Jodhaa Bai of Amber , and their political marriage . A. R. Rahman composed

2576-526: Is a new historical development, and it is found in such settings as boards of Islamic financial institutions and international fatwa councils. There exists no international Islamic authority to settle differences in interpretation of Islamic law. An International Islamic Fiqh Academy was created by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , but its legal opinions are not binding. In the modern era, public "fatwa wars" have reflected political controversies in

2688-498: Is betrothed to Prince Ratan Singh of Ajabgarh. Raja Bharmal announces that his son Bhagwant Das would be his heir and Sujamal, Jodhaa's cousin, whom she wants to be the king's heir instead of Bhagwant Das, will have to work under him. Sujamal, who is deprived of his rightful throne, angrily leaves the kingdom to join Sharifuddin Hussain, Jalaluddin's brother-in-law, who has his own ambition of becoming emperor. Raja Bharmal makes

2800-523: Is called a fatwa . The person who asks a mufti for a fatwa is known as mustafti . The act of issuing fatwas is called iftāʾ . The term futyā refers to soliciting and issuing fatwas. The origins of muftis and the fatwa can be traced back to the Quran . On a number of occasions, the Quranic text instructs the Islamic prophet Muhammad how to respond to questions from his followers regarding religious and social practices. Several of these verses begin with

2912-434: Is in the right place. The film talks about a love that transcends all barriers – gender, religion, culture – and dreams of an India where secularism and tolerance are the twin towers that should never ever crumble. And Akbar and Jodhaa are the alluring exponents of this dream." Kazmi also suggests that "if you are willing to shed off all the trappings of history, only then will Jodhaa Akbar work for you." While suggesting that

3024-461: Is not given significant importance, Jodhaa and Akbar have silently created history together. Following the success of Lagaan (2001), its director Ashutosh Gowariker was approached by actor and screenwriter Haidar Ali with the idea of making a film along the lines of K. Asif 's historical epic , Mughal-e-Azam (1960). When Gowariker contemplated on whether he should make a sequel to Mughal-e-Azam or remake it, Ali suggested that he can do

3136-682: The Akbarnama as influences. The scabbards used by the lead actors in the film weighed two kilograms. Filming commenced in early November 2006 at Jaipur with the climax sequence with Roshan and Dheer, and the Second Battle of Panipat . Palace scenes featuring Rai as Jodhabai before her marriage to Akbar were filmed at the Roopangarh Fort in Kishangarh . The sequence featuring the Battle of Panipat

3248-461: The 3rd Asian Film Awards . Jalaluddin , the underage emperor of the Mughal Empire is taught by Bairam Khan to rule mercilessly, killing defeated opponents after a battle . Years later, after another battle, an adult Jalaluddin defies Bairam Khan for the first time, deciding that mercy, respect, and diplomacy will be his way forward. Jodhaa , daughter of Raja Bharmal of the Amber State ,

3360-481: The BBC gave the film four out of five stars, noting that, "although the 16th-century love story upon which it's based might be long forgotten, this endearing treatment sears into the memory through sheer size and scale alone [...] Don't let the running time put you off watching this unashamedly epic tale." Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three stars, stating that, " Jodhaa Akbar works only because its heart

3472-712: The Iranian Parliament . Khomeini's most publicized fatwa was the proclamation condemning Salman Rushdie to death for his novel The Satanic Verses . Many militant and reform movements in modern times have disseminated fatwas issued by individuals who do not possess the qualifications traditionally required of a mufti. A famous example is the fatwa issued in 1998 by Osama bin Laden and four of his associates, proclaiming "jihad against Jews and Crusaders" and calling for killing of American civilians. In addition to denouncing its content, many Islamic jurists stressed that bin Laden

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3584-644: The Islamic scholar Moinuddin Chishti for a successful conquest of India was filmed at the Ajmer Sharif Dargah . After the completion of the first schedule of filming—which took in 60 days—by the end of December 2006, the second schedule began on 8 January 2007 at Desai's ND Studios based in Karjat . Desai took "lakhs of photographs" of Amer Fort and Agra fort. Using the photos as reference, he erected sets consisting of

3696-560: The Rajput ruler of Amer , Bharmal with the Mughal emperor Akbar , and prepared a basic story on the couple. One month after Swades was released, Ali met Gowariker and handed to him the story. Gowariker subsequently announced his next project, terming it "a romantic musical", titled Jodhaa Akbar . In March 2005, Gowariker started work on the screenplay with Ali while denying speculations that Firoz A. Nadiadwala and Subhash Ghai were producing

3808-845: The São Paulo International Film Festival and two awards at the Golden Minbar International Film Festival. At the 56th National Film Awards , it won two awards for Best Choreography ( Chinni Prakash and Rekha Prakash for "Azeem-o-Shaan Shahenshah") and Best Costume Design ( Neeta Lulla ). At the 54th Filmfare Awards , it received 11 nominations, including Best Actress (Rai Bachchan), Best Supporting Actor (Sood) and Best Music Director (Rahman), and won 5 awards, including Best Film , Best Director (Gowariker) and Best Actor (Roshan). It also won 10 International Indian Film Academy Awards and 7 Star Screen Awards , in addition to two nominations at

3920-442: The early modern era . With the spread of codified state laws and Western-style legal education in the modern Muslim world , muftis generally no longer play their traditional role of clarifying and elaborating the laws applied in courts. However, muftis have continued to advise the general public on other aspects of sharia , particularly questions regarding religious rituals and everyday life. Some modern muftis are appointed by

4032-523: The modern era . Tracing its origins to the Quran and early Islamic communities, the practice of ifta crystallized with the emergence of the traditional legal theory and schools of Islamic jurisprudence ( madhahib ). In the classical legal system, fatwas issued by muftis in response to private queries served to inform Muslim populations about Islam, advise courts on difficult points of Islamic law, and elaborate substantive law. In later times, muftis also issued public and political fatwas that took

4144-677: The 18th and 19th centuries in historical writings. In the Tuzk-e-Jahangiri (autobiography of Jahangir, c.1624), the author refers to her with no name, rather the epithet Mariam-uz-Zamani . According to Ruby Lal (2008), "The only document that names the mother of Jahangir is a later edict issued by Mariam-uz-Zamani. The seal on the edict reads 'Wali Nimat Begum, Walideh Nur al-Din Jahangir', thus clearly identifying Mariam-uz-Zamani with Wali Nimat Begum and unequivocally declaring her to be Jahangir's mother". According to historian Imtiaz Ahmad,

4256-732: The British tobacco monopoly was in effect, also achieved its goals. Some muftis in the modern era, like the mufti of the Lebanese republic in the mid-20th century and the Grand Mufti of the Sultanate of Oman, were important political leaders. In Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini used proclamations and fatwas to introduce and legitimize a number of institutions, including the Council of the Islamic Revolution and

4368-520: The Indian trade website Box Office India , with around 1,100,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fourteenth highest-selling. All Lyrics were written by Na. Muthukumar All lyrics are written by Rajashri Sudhakar The film emerged out as the biggest winner in many music awards. However, in the best music direction category, it lost many mainly to Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na , composed by Rahman himself. The fine background score won

4480-742: The Muslim world, from anti-colonial struggles to the Gulf War of the 1990s, when muftis in some countries issued fatwas supporting collaboration with the US-led coalition, while muftis from other countries endorsed the Iraqi call for jihad against the US and its collaborators. During the era of Western colonialism , some muftis issued fatwas seeking to mobilize popular resistance to foreign domination, while others were induced by colonial authorities to issue fatwas supporting accommodation with colonial rule. Muftis also intervened in

4592-565: The Rajput community as misleading, politically motivated historical revisionism that minimised Rajput history. The community's protests against the film in some states led to the film being banned in the states of Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttarakhand . However, the producer went to the Supreme Court to challenge it. Later, the Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on screening

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4704-619: The Rajputs and gold, brown and beige colours for the Mughals. Keeping in mind the grandeur of the Mughal Empire during Akbar's time, Lulla used the Zardozi and Kundan types of embroidery for Roshan's and Rai's dresses. The fabrics for designing the costumes as well as the shoes were bought from Delhi , Mumbai and Jaipur , while authentic embroidered Mojaris were used for footwear. Lulla designed clothes of dark brown, black and green colours for

4816-507: The United States. Soviet and Azerbaijani playwright and filmmaker Rustam Ibragimbekov was the head of the awards jury at the festival. The second Golden Minbar festival also was held in Kazan, using the motto " religious tolerance and political correctness ". A total of 175 pictures from 25 countries were submitted. At the third edition of the festival, held in 2007, the guest of honour

4928-459: The aims of the festival was to combat negative stereotypes of Muslims. The main goal of the festival is "to promote universal cultural and moral values, as well as to form an objective view of Muslims and Islam both in Russia and internationally". The festival awards cover many categories, and a statuette called the Golden Minbar was given in each in the early editions of the festival. This was in

5040-474: The armour and ammunitions. The cannons were made of carbon fibre with iron inserted on the inner portions to make sure the cannonballs were fired smoothly. The swords were initially made of both wood and fibre but were later made of lightweight carbon fibre due to the actors not being able to manoeuvre them easily. All of the stunt sequences were rehearsed every day from 3 am to 7 am before they were filmed. A team of 250 stuntmen and 5,000 extras were used for all

5152-648: The authority to represent the hidden imam . Under the usuli doctrine that prevailed among Twelver Shias in the 18th century and under the Qajar dynasty, the mujtahids further claimed to act collectively as deputies of the imam . According to this doctrine, all Muslims are supposed to follow a high-ranking living mujtahid bearing the title of marja' al-taqlid , whose fatwas are considered binding, unlike fatwas in Sunni Islam. Thus, in contrast to Sunni muftis, Shia mujtahids gradually achieved increasing independence from

5264-448: The battle scenes, which were filmed for 20–30 days at a stretch. Ashutosh wanted the climax to be perfect because of which the extras, who were people from nearby villages and were used for Akbar's and Hussain's armies, would often get tired standing in the same position for an entire day. Some of them would not be present the next day. As a result, Dewan placed the 250 stuntmen in the front rows of both armies so as not to show how exhausted

5376-440: The benefit of judges, giving a summary of jurisprudence for a particular madhhab (legal school). Author-jurists sought out fatwas that reflected the social conditions of their time and place, often opting for later legal opinions which were at variance with the doctrine of early authorities. Research by Wael Hallaq and Baber Johansen has shown that the rulings of muftis collected in these volumes could, and sometimes did, have

5488-554: The capital of the Russian republic of Tatarstan on 5–11 September 2005. Around 20 countries participated in this edition of the festival, which celebrated the 1000th anniversary of Kazan. It was billed as the first ever Muslim film festival, and screened over 70 films from 18 countries, which included the Arab world as well as Iran, Turkey, the Central Asian states, Russia, Europe, Canada, and

5600-564: The character of Sharifuddin Hussain after taking the characters' persona into consideration. The jewellery used for the costumes were purchased from the jewellery brand company Tanishq . Jodhaa Akbar marked the company's second venture into films after the fantasy film Paheli (2005). A team of 200 craftsmen worked for 600 days to fashion and mould jewels made of gold gemstones. Around 300 kilograms of jewels were used. Rai and Roshan wore thirteen and eight sets of jewels respectively throughout

5712-496: The chief mufti for administrative and military initiatives, including fatwas sanctioning jihad against Mamluk Egypt and Safavid Iran. Fatwas by the Ottoman chief mufti were also solicited by the rulers to legitimize new social and economic practices, such as financial and penal laws enacted outside of sharia, printing of nonreligious books (1727) and vaccination (1845). At other times muftis wielded their influence independently of

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5824-404: The classical legal theory was religious knowledge and piety. According to the adab al-mufti manuals, a mufti must be an adult, Muslim, trusted and reliable, of good character and sound mind, an alert and rigorous thinker, trained as a jurist, and not a sinner. On a practical level, the stature of muftis derived from their reputation for scholarly expertise and upright character. Issuing of fatwas

5936-580: The director of the Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library in Patna , the name "Jodhaa" was used for Akbar's wife for the first time by Lieutenant-Colonel James Tod , in his book Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan . According to Ahmad, Tod was not a professional historian. N. R. Farooqi claims that Jodhaa Bai was not the name of Akbar's Rajput queen; it was the name of Jahangir's Rajput wife. Ashutosh Gowarikar 's reaction was: While making

6048-434: The emperor of the attack. Akbar defeats Sharifuddin in hand-to-hand combat, and then spares his life for the sake of his half-sister Bakshi Banu Begum , but not before stripping him of his title of Viceroy of Ajmer and Nagaur . Eventually, Akbar proclaims that Hindustan will be a peaceful and prosperous land if people respect and honour each other's religions. The film ends with a voiceover saying that although their love

6160-562: The entire film. The battle scene featuring Roshan and Ulhas Barve, who plays the King of Mankeshwar, Chittorgarh district , was filmed in June 2007 at Jaipur. Shooting was completed in October–November 2007 at Karjat. Due to the amount of money spent on the costumes and sets, the budget of the film, which was initially ₹370 million, increased to ₹400 million. The score and soundtrack of

6272-420: The film I did my best to go by the book. I consulted the best historians and went through the most rigorous research. There are different names used for Akbar's wife, Jodhaa being one of them. In fact, there's a disclaimer about the Rajput queen's name at the beginning of the film. But to see that, the protesters have to see the film. The portrayal of ethnic Rajput people in the movie was criticised by members of

6384-450: The film four out of five stars, commenting: "I've never felt this way about any other film, but sitting there in my seat watching Jodhaa Akbar , I felt privileged as a moviegoer. Privileged that such a film had been made, and privileged that it had been made in our times so we can form our own opinions of the film rather than adopt the opinions of previous generations, which we invariably must when looking at older classics." Tajpal Rathore of

6496-618: The film in Uttar Pradesh and some towns of Uttarakhand and Haryana. The court scrapped the Uttar Pradesh government ban as well as similar orders by authorities in Dehradun , Uttarakhand and Ambala , Sonepat and Rewari , Haryana. Owing to the film’s success, the film was dubbed and released into Telugu and Tamil languages under the same title. As of June 2020 , the film holds a 75% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 6.83/10. The film received

6608-562: The film is "too long" and that it is "not a history lesson," Rachel Saltz of The New York Times also notes, "in choosing to tell the tale of this emperor and a Muslim-Hindu love story, Mr. Gowariker makes a clear point. As Akbar says, 'Respect for each other's religion will enrich Hindustan.'" The Tamil dubbed version also received mixed reviews. Reviewing the Tamil version, Behindwoods gave 4 out of 5 stars stating that "A visual feast and an intoxicating love story." Jodhaa Akbar collected

6720-459: The film several awards including Filmfare Best Background Score and IIFA Best Background Score . The soundtrack was also nominated in numerous categories. Many of the events portrayed in the movie are fictional. Certain Rajput groups claimed Jodhaa was married to Akbar's son, Jahangir , not Akbar. However that name of that wife of Jahangir is proposed as 'Jodh Bai' not 'Jodhaa Bai' . Several historians claim that Akbar's Rajput wife

6832-461: The film was composed by A. R. Rahman , making his third collaboration with Ashutosh Gowariker after Lagaan , and Swades . The official soundtrack contains five songs and two instrumentals. Rahman scored the prewritten lyrics by Javed Akhtar , except for the songs "Khwaja Mere Khwaja" which was written by Kashif. The music was released on 27 December 2007 and the CDs were out by 15 February. According to

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6944-671: The film's final version to reduce its duration. A. R. Rahman , Javed Akhtar , Nitin Chandrakant Desai and Ballu Saluja were signed up as the music composer, lyricist for the songs, art director and editor respectively, thereby collaborating with Gowariker for the third time after Lagaan and Swades . Visual Computing Labs (VCL), a division of Tata Elxsi , were in charge of the film's special effects. Kiran Deohans, known for his work in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988), Aks (2001) and Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001),

7056-642: The film. It was confirmed later in August 2006 that Gowariker would co-produce the film himself under his banner AGPPL productions with Ronnie Screwvala of UTV Motion Pictures , in addition to the latter distributing it. Ali and Gowariker completed the script in November 2005 and sought the help of Bhawani Singh , the Maharaja of Jaipur and his spouse, Maharani Padmini Devi to provide them with "creative inputs to make Jodhaa Akbar as realistic as possible." K. P. Saxena

7168-401: The film. The set, which Aishwarya wore in the scene where Jodhabai is wedded to Akbar weighed 3.5 kilograms. Rai later mentioned in subsequent interviews that the toughest part of playing her character was to wear the jewellery as she found them quite heavy to bedeck. The jewels were designed using miniature paintings from Mughal literature and Akbar's autobiography by Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak ,

7280-402: The fort's gardens. The entire set measured 1,600 feet long, 600 feet wide and 68 feet high, which according to Desai was equivalent to "seven floors of a high-rise ". Concrete , fibre and asbestos sheets were the materials used to create the interiors of the forts. The cost of the entire set at Karjat was estimated to be around ₹120 million. The song "Azeem-O-Shaan Shahenshah", which

7392-543: The general population. Following independence, most Muslim states established national organizations devoted to issuing fatwas. One example is the Egyptian Dar al-Ifta , founded in 1895, which has served to articulate a national vision of Islam through fatwas issued in response to government and private queries. National governments in Muslim-majority countries also instituted councils of senior religious scholars to advise

7504-530: The government on religious matters and issue fatwas. These councils generally form part of the ministry for religious affairs, rather than the justice department, which may have a more assertive attitude toward the executive branch. While chief muftis of earlier times oversaw a hierarchy of muftis and judges applying traditional jurisprudence, most modern states have adopted European-influenced legal codes and no longer employ traditional judicial procedures or traditionally trained judges. State muftis generally promote

7616-458: The importance of Islamic authenticity to many Muslims, little research has been done to determine to what extent the Muslim public continues to acknowledge the religious authority of muftis or heeds their advice. The word mufti comes from the Arabic root f-t-y , whose meanings include "youth, newness, clarification, explanation." A number of related terms derive from the same root. A mufti's response

7728-469: The influence of judges and secular functionaries. By articulating grievances and legal rights of the population, public fatwas often prompted an otherwise unresponsive court system to provide redress. Under European colonial rule, the institution of dar al-ifta was established in a number of madrasas (law colleges) as a centralized place for issuing of fatwas, and these organizations to a considerable extent replaced independent muftis as religious guides for

7840-506: The inner portions of both places in his studio. Filming could not take place entirely at the forts due to heavy traffic of tourists coming there every day. Consequentially, only the outer portions of both the forts were filmed on the spot during the first schedule while the scenes featuring the inner portions were filmed at Karjat. The inner portions that were erected by Desai included the Dīwān-e-Ām , Dīwān-e-Khās, Jodhaabai's inner chambers and

7952-462: The knowledge and legal skill to perform this activity. In addition, it was felt that the major question of jurisprudence had already been addressed by master jurists of earlier times, so that later muftis only had to follow the legal opinions established within their legal school ( taqlid ). At that point, the notions of mufti and mujtahid became distinguished, and legal theorists classified jurists into three or more levels of competence. Unlike

8064-741: The latter took over the event, and it was renamed the Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema from 2010. It was supported by the President of Tatarstan, the City of Kazan, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan, and the Grand Mufti of Tatarstan. In 2011, the festival was held from 6 to 11 September. The Golden Minbar International Festival of Muslim Cinema is held in Kazan, and provides

8176-413: The main prize. A Golden Minbar was awarded to Russian filmmaker Vladimir Khotinenko for his 1995 film A Moslem . and his contributions to religious tolerance and respect for all religions. In 2007, The Peace Tree , by Canadian filmmaker Mitra Sen, won the award for humanity in the art of film. In 2008, the Indian film Jodhaa Akbar won two awards at the festival. This article about

8288-523: The mufti/fatwa). A mufti's fatwa is issued in response to a query. Fatwas can range from a simple yes/no answer to a book-length treatise. A short fatwa may state a well-known point of law in response to a question from a lay person, while a "major" fatwa may give a judgment on an unprecedented case, detailing the legal reasoning behind the decision. Queries to muftis were supposed to address real and not hypothetical situations and be formulated in general terms, leaving out names of places and people. Since

8400-410: The muftis in the network, who still act as individual jurisconsults. In other cases, Islamic jurists of different nationalities, schools of law, and sometimes even denominations (Sunni and Shia), coordinate to issue a joint fatwa, which is expected to command greater authority with the public than individual fatwas. The collective fatwa (sometimes called ijtihād jamāʿī , "collective legal interpretation")

8512-498: The musical score which proved to be critically and commercially successful. The film marks the second collaboration between Roshan and Rai Bachchan after Dhoom 2 (2006). Jodhaa Akbar was released theatrically worldwide on 15 February 2008. Upon release, it was a critical and commercial success and became the fourth highest-grossing Hindi film of 2008 . Jodhaa Akbar won the Audience Award for Best Foreign Language Film at

8624-503: The petitioner. Early in the 20th century, the Salafi reformist Shafi'i jurist Rashid Rida responded to thousands of queries from around the Muslim world on a variety of social and political topics in the regular fatwa section of his Cairo-based journal Al-Manar . In the late 20th century, when the Grand Mufti of Egypt Sayyid Tantawy issued a fatwa allowing interest banking, the ruling

8736-573: The phrase "When they ask you concerning ..., say ..." In two cases (4:127, 4:176) this is expressed with verbal forms of the root f-t-y , which signify asking for or giving an authoritative answer. In the hadith literature, this three-way relationship between God, Muhammad, and believers, is typically replaced by a two-way consultation, in which Muhammad replies directly to queries from his Companions ( sahaba ). According to Islamic doctrine, with Muhammad's death in 632, God ceased to communicate with mankind through revelation and prophets. At that point,

8848-473: The political process on many other occasions during the colonial era. For example, in 1904 a fatwa by Moroccan ulema achieved the dismissal of European experts hired by the state, while in 1907 another Moroccan fatwa succeeded in deposing the sultan for failing to defend the state against French aggression. The 1891 tobacco protest fatwa by the Iranian mujtahid Mirza Shirazi , which prohibited smoking as long as

8960-400: The post of qadi , which is reserved for men in the classical sharia system, fatwas could be issued by qualified women as well as men. In practice, the vast majority of jurists who completed the lengthy curriculum in linguistic and religious sciences required to obtain the qualification to issue fatwas were men. Slaves and persons who were blind or mute were likewise theoretically barred from

9072-404: The post of a judge, but not that of mufti. The mufti and the judge play different roles in the classical sharia system, with corresponding differences between a fatwa and a qada (court decision): Before the 11th century CE, anyone who possessed scholarly recognition as an Islamic jurist could issue fatwas. Starting around that time, however, the public office of mufti began to appear alongside

9184-418: The practice of ifta as a collective obligation ( farḍ al-kifāya ), which must be discharged by some members of the community. Before the rise of modern schools, the study of law was a centerpiece of advanced education in the Islamic world. A relatively small class of legal scholars controlled the interpretation of sharia on a wide range of questions essential to the society, ranging from ritual to finance. It

9296-408: The private issuing of fatwas. In Khurasan , the rulers appointed a head of the local ulama, called shaykh al-Islam , who also functioned as the chief mufti. The Mamluks appointed four muftis, one for each of the four Sunni madhhabs, to the appeals courts of provincial capitals. The Ottomans organized muftis into a hierarchical bureaucracy with a chief mufti of the empire called shaykh al-islam at

9408-459: The private sphere, some muftis have begun to resemble social workers, giving advice on various personal issues encountered in everyday life. The vast amount of fatwas produced in the modern world attests to the importance of Islamic authenticity to many Muslims. However, there is little research available to indicate to what extent Muslims acknowledge the authority of muftis and heed their rulings in real life. Jodhaa Akbar Jodhaa Akbar

9520-410: The rapidly expanding Muslim community turned to Muhammad's Companions, as the most authoritative voices among them, for religious guidance, and some of them are reported to have issued pronouncements on a wide range of subjects. The generation of Companions was in turn replaced in that role by the generation of Successors ( tabi'un ). The institution of ifta thus developed in Islamic communities under

9632-413: The rebellious brother-in-law of Akbar, after impressing Gowariker during the auditions. Kulbhushan Kharbanda portrayed Raja Bharmal while Suhasini Mulay was cast as Jodhabai's mother, Rani Padmavati. Actress Abir Abrar, niece of actress Kumkum , was selected to play Bakshi Banu Begum , Akbar's sister and Hussain's wife. Indrajeet Sarkar was cast in the role of Birbal , but his scenes were cut from

9744-430: The requisite qualifications. Erroneous and sometimes bizarre fatwas issued by unqualified or eccentric individuals acting as muftis has at times given rise to complaints about a "chaos" in the modern practice of ifta . Advances in print media and the rise of the internet have changed the role played by muftis in modern society. In the pre-modern era, most fatwas issued in response to private queries were read only by

9856-584: The rise of new forms of contemporary ifta . Unlike the concise or technical pre-modern fatwas, fatwas delivered through modern mass media often seek to be more expansive and accessible to the wide public. As the influence of muftis in the courtroom has declined in modern times, there has been a relative increase in the proportion of fatwas dealing with rituals and further expansion in purely religious areas like Quranic exegesis, creed, and Sufism. Modern muftis issue fatwas on topics as diverse as insurance, sex-change operations, Moon exploration, and beer drinking. In

9968-600: The ruler, and several Ottoman and Moroccan sultans were deposed by a fatwa. This happened, for example, to the Ottoman sultan Murad V on the grounds of his insanity. Public fatwas were also used to dispute doctrinal matters, and in some case to proclaim that certain groups or individuals who professed to be Muslim were to be excluded from the Islamic community (a practice known as takfir ). In both political and scholarly sphere, doctrinal controversies between different states, denominations or centers of learning were accompanied by dueling fatwas. Muftis also acted to counteract

10080-544: The ruling elites began to establish institutions of higher religious learning known as madrasas in an effort to secure support and cooperation of the ulema (religious scholars). Madrasas, which were primarily devoted to the study of law, soon multiplied throughout the Islamic world, helping to spread Islamic learning beyond urban centers and to unite diverse Islamic communities in a shared cultural project. In some states, such as Muslim Spain, muftis were assigned to courts in advisory roles. In Muslim Spain jurists also sat on

10192-458: The shape of a reel of cine film , which includes the waves carrying an ark with a minbar , the pulpit from where an imam preaches in a mosque . Runners-up received a Silver Minbar, and those placed third a Bronze Minbar. There was also a President's Prize and a Prize from the Russian and Tatarstan Culture Ministries. At the inaugural festival in 2005, The Magician , a drama by Azerbaijani director Oqtay Mirqasımov  [ az ] , won

10304-422: The state to issue fatwas, while others serve on advisory religious councils. Still others issue fatwas in response to private queries on television or over the internet . Modern public fatwas have addressed and sometimes sparked controversies in the Muslim world and beyond. The legal methodology of modern ifta often diverges from pre-modern practice. While the proliferation of contemporary fatwas attests to

10416-455: The state. While most fatwas were delivered to an individual or a judge, some fatwas that were public or political in nature played an important role in religious legitimation, doctrinal disputes, political criticism, or political mobilization. As muftis were progressively incorporated into government bureaucracies in the course of Islamic history, they were often expected to support government policies. Ottoman sultans regularly sought fatwas from

10528-514: The student was ready to issue fatwas by giving him a certificate ( ijaza ). During the first centuries of Islam, it was assumed that a mufti was a mujtahid , i.e., a jurist who is capable of deriving legal rulings directly from the scriptural sources through independent reasoning ( ijtihad ), evaluating the reliability of hadith and applying or even developing the appropriate legal methodologies. Starting from around 1200 CE, legal theorists began to accept that muftis of their time may not possess

10640-519: The title of Akbar(the great one). During a celebration, an assassin sent by Sharifuddin Hussain shoots a poisoned arrow at Akbar. Jodhaa helps nurse Akbar back to health and the pair genuinely fall deeply in love. Sujamal, Sharifuddin Hussain, and his allies march to attack Amber. After Sujamal overhears Sharifuddin plotting an assassination attempt on the emperor, he quickly leaves to warn Akbar of this conspiracy. Sharifuddin's soldiers chase Sujamal and shoot him with arrows. Before dying, he manages to warn

10752-427: The top. The Ottoman shaykh al-Islam (Turkish: şeyhülislam ), was among the most powerful state officials. Scribes reviewed queries directed to Ottoman muftis and rewrote them to facilitate issuing of fatwas. In Mughal India and Safavid Iran the chief mufti had the title of sadr . For the first few centuries of Islam, muftis were educated in informal study circles, but beginning in the 11th and 12th centuries,

10864-642: The truth and goes to Amber, apologises to Jodhaa, and asks her to come back, but she refuses. Instead, Jodhaa tells him to investigate the working of his relations and empire. Jalaluddin returns and travels through the common folk in disguise to understand the problems of his people better. That is when he realizes that the citizens are not happy with the Mughal rule because of discriminatory pilgrimage tax on non Muslims. Jalaluddin abolishes it and announces that every religion has its rights in his empire.This impresses Jodhaa, who comes back to him. His citizens bestow him with

10976-469: The villagers were. Deohans employed six cameras to film the climax scene from different angles. He was influenced by films such as Gladiator (2000) and Troy (2004) as he found the "basic colour" of those films' locations similar to that of Rajasthan's arid surroundings. The lighting was used depending on the scenes filmed. Further shooting took place at Sambhar Lake Town , and the forts of Amber , Amer and Agra . The scene where Akbar prays to

11088-470: Was among the most demanding occupations in medieval Islam and muftis were among the best educated religious scholars of their time. According to legal theory, it was up to each mufti to decide when he was ready to practice. In practice, an aspiring jurist would normally study for several years with one or several recognized scholars, following a curriculum that included Arabic grammar , hadith , law and other religious sciences . The teacher would decide when

11200-414: Was choreographed by Prakash, featured about 12 assistant choreographers, 400 dancers and 2,000 extras acting as the citizens of Agra. Prakash used the dance steps featured in the songs of films such as Ganga Jamuna (1961) and Guide (1965) as reference. The song was planned to be finished within 10 days but took 15 days to complete as Prakash felt it was "difficult to stick to a deadline when you have

11312-608: Was chosen to handle the film's costume designing. Lulla found Jodhaa Akbar to be "one of the most challenging films" she had done. This was because she had to design costumes not only for the lead actress, but for every cast member involved in the film. Lulla did extensive research for a year and a half on the type of clothes people wore during the Mughal Empire. She went to Jaipur to procure information on what type of fabrics were worn during that period. She schematically designed clothes by providing yellow, orange and red colours for

11424-527: Was considered a requirement for qualified jurists to communicate their knowledge through teaching or issuing fatwas. The ideal mufti was conceived as an individual of scholarly accomplishments and exemplary morals, and muftis were generally approached with the respect and deference corresponding to these expectations. Judges generally sought an opinion from a mufti with higher scholarly authority than themselves for difficult cases or potentially controversial verdicts. Fatwas were routinely upheld in courts, and if

11536-479: Was first offered to Saira Banu , who declined citing family commitments as her reason. The role subsequently went to Poonam Sinha which marked a comeback for her to acting since her brief stint in the 1970s. Actress and singer Ila Arun had wanted to work with Gowariker and approached him for a role in the film; Gowariker cast her as Akbar's nurse, Maham Anga . Nikitin Dheer was selected to play Sharifuddin Hussain,

11648-547: Was forbidden. Until the 11th or 12th century, the vast majority of jurists held other jobs to support themselves. These were generally lower- and middle-class professions such as tanning, manuscript copying or small trade. The classical institution of ifta is similar to jus respondendi in Roman law and the responsa in Jewish law . Muftis have played three important roles in the classical legal system: Islamic doctrine regards

11760-426: Was hired to write the film's dialogues. Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai were the first choice of both Ali and Gowariker for portraying Akbar and Jodhabai respectively. Gowariker believed Roshan possessed the regal bearing and physique required to play the role of a king. According to Gowariker, Roshan immediately agreed after the former merely mentioned that he was doing a film on Akbar. Roshan learned Urdu as

11872-524: Was never known as "Jodhaa Bai" during the Mughal period, she was referred to with her title of Mariam-uz-Zamani. According to Professor Shirin Moosvi, a historian of Aligarh Muslim University , neither the Akbarnama (a biography of Akbar commissioned by Akbar himself) nor any historical text from the period refer to her as Jodhaa Bai. Moosvi notes that the name "Jodhaa Bai" was first used to refer to Akbar's wife in

11984-670: Was not qualified to either issue a fatwa or declare a jihad. The Amman Message was a statement, signed in 2005 in Jordan by nearly 200 prominent Islamic jurists, which served as a "counter-fatwa" against a widespread use of takfir (excommunication) by jihadist groups to justify jihad against rulers of Muslim-majority countries. The Amman Message recognized eight legitimate schools of Islamic law and prohibited declarations of apostasy against them. The statement also asserted that fatwas can be issued only by properly trained muftis, thereby seeking to delegitimize fatwas issued by militants who lack

12096-491: Was shot in the Dhula region located on the outskirts of Jaipur. To prepare for their fight sequences, Roshan and Rai learnt sword-fighting and horse-riding a month before filming began at Mehboob Studio and Mahalaxmi Racecourse respectively. Rai had learnt sword-fighting and horse-riding while filming The Last Legion (2007) because of which she had little difficulty in her preparations. Dewan worked with Desai in designing

12208-461: Was supposed to state these caveats in their response. Muftis often consulted another mufti on difficult cases, though this practice was not foreseen by legal theory, which saw futya as a transaction between one qualified jurist and one "unqualified" petitioner. In theory, a mufti was expected to issue fatwas free of charge. In practice, muftis commonly received support from the public treasury, public endowments or private donations. Taking of bribes

12320-499: Was the French actress Catherine Deneuve . By 2007, there were more than 40 countries taking part in the festival. In 2009, the fifth edition of the festival took place between 30 September and 4 October in Kazan, featuring 34 films (12 feature films , 14 documentary films , and 8 short films ). After disagreement between the festival directors based in Moscow and organisers based in Kazan,

12432-464: Was the film's cinematographer. Gowariker chose Ravi Dewan to be the stunt co-ordinator for Jodhaa Akbar based on the latter's experience in handling historical films, such as 1942: A Love Story (1994). Chinni Prakash and his wife Rekha, Raju Khan and Ash Kumar were the film's choreographers. Neeta Lulla , who had earlier worked with Rai in Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's Devdas (2002),

12544-538: Was vigorously debated in the Egyptian press by both religious scholars and lay intellectuals. In the internet age, a large number of websites have appeared offering fatwas to readers around the world. For example, IslamOnline publishes an archive of "live fatwa" sessions, whose number approached a thousand by 2007, along with biographies of the muftis. Together muftis who issue call-in fatwas during radio shows and satellite television programs, these sites have contributed to

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