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91-670: Each dome is 20,000–25,000 square feet (1,900–2,300 m) in area, about 150–200 feet (46–61 m) in diameter, and about 35 feet (11 m) high and are said to dominate the MIU campus. The roofs of the domes are covered with spray polyurethane foam. The domes are mentioned in a number of travel guides and are considered "don't miss" landmarks for Fairfield tourists. The domes have been variously described by journalists as looking like: "a huge rotunda", "flying saucers", "extraterrestrial-looking", "gilded breasts", "Mallomar-cookie-shaped", "giant mushrooms", and "sprawling structures". In

182-574: A Catholic monk, said that TM "is what is called an open or receptive method" that can be described as giving up control and remaining open in an inner sense . In 1968, the Archbishop of Canterbury , Michael Ramsey , "came to the support of Maharishi's theory". William Jefferson wrote in 1976 that a Jewish Revivalist had called TM "an insidious form of worship" while Trappist monks in Spencer , Massachusetts, had found it useful. In 1984, Cardinal Jaime Sin ,

273-518: A United Church minister. Lay celebrities who have practised the technique include David Lynch , who was raised a Presbyterian, and Clint Eastwood who says he found "there were no religious aspects", comedian Andy Kaufman , political commentator and Roman Catholic Andrew Sullivan , Jerry Seinfeld , who has been practising the technique for 40 years, and Pulitzer Prize winning music critic Tim Page . Once asked if TM could substitute for religion, musician George Harrison replied that "It's not

364-477: A mental-physical exercise of hopping while cross-legged, is a central aspect of the TM-Sidhi program. With the introduction of the TM-Sidhi program in 1976, it was postulated that a group of people practising the TM-Sidhi program twice a day, together in one place, would increase "life-supporting trends" in the surroundings, with the threshold for the group size being the square root of 1% of the area's population. This

455-455: A much smaller group of highly committed followers." Phelan writes that TM is "being opposed by many religious groups who believe that it is a religious practice", and that "the TM objectives and methods are congruous with the criteria of revitalization movements [as] defined by Anthony F.C. Wallace ... whose goal is to create a better culture." Charles H. Lippy writes that earlier spiritual interest in

546-496: A picture of Maharishi's teacher, Guru Dev. The initiate observes passively as the teacher recites a text in Sanskrit . After the ceremony, the "meditators" are "invited to bow", receive their mantra and begin to meditate. On the day after the personal instruction session, the student begins a series of three 90-to-120-minute "teaching sessions", held on three consecutive days, called "three days of checking". Their stated purpose

637-464: A religious initiation ceremony". Metropolitan Maximos of Pittsburgh of the Greek Orthodox Church describes TM as "a new version of Hindu Yoga" based on "pagan pseudo-worship and deification of a common mortal, Guru Dev". In the book Cults and new religions , Cowan and Bromley write that TM is presented to the public as a meditation practice that has been validated by science, but is not

728-1020: A religious practice nor is it affiliated with a religious tradition. They say that "although there are some dedicated followers of TM who devote most or all of their time to furthering the practice of Transcendental Meditation in late modern society, the vast majority of those who practice do so on their own, often as part of what has been loosely described as the New Age Movement." They say that most scholars view TM as having elements of both therapy and religion, but that it "has no designated scripture, no set of doctrinal requirements, no ongoing worship activity, and no discernible community of believers." They also say that Maharishi did not claim to have special divine revelation or supernatural personal qualities. George D. Chryssides and Margaret Z. Wilkins write in A reader in new religious movements that TM and other new religious movements have been criticised for "surreptitiously smuggling in forms of Eastern religion under

819-403: A role in the history of mind–body medicine and encouraged neuroscience research focusing on the effects of meditation. Early studies examined the physiological parameters of meditation. Subsequent research included clinical applications, cognitive effects, mental health, medical costs, and rehabilitation. Beginning in the 1990s, research focused on cardiovascular disease. Research reviews of

910-558: A section of a training bulletin for TM teachers called "Explanations of the Invocation" draws a "connection to Brahma, the Lord of Creation". A 1993 article in the Ottawa Citizen reported a partial translation of the puja as "Whosoever remembers the lotus-eyed Lord gains inner and outer purity. To Lord Naryan , to Lotus-born Brahman the creator, to Vaishistha , to Shakti , to Shankaracharya

1001-621: A sequence of predetermined steps. A 2007 research study reported that details of the training and knowledge imparted to teachers are kept private. In 1976, Janis Johnson wrote in The Christian Century that TM teachers sign a "loyalty-oath employment contract", saying "It is my fortune, Guru Dev, that I have been accepted to serve the Holy Tradition and spread the Light of God to all those who need it." Author William Bainbridge writes that

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1092-568: A short puja ceremony performed by the teacher. The stated purpose of the ceremony is to show honour and gratitude to the lineage of TM "masters", or "Holy Tradition" that is listed in the Maharishi's translation and commentary of the Bhagavad-Gita. It is regarded as putting students in the right frame of mind to receive the mantra. The ceremony is conducted in a private room with a "little" white altar containing incense, camphor, rice, flowers and

1183-446: A substitute for religion. It is a religion." According to John Lennon , "You can make it with meditation if you're a Christian, a Mohammedan or a Jew. You just add meditation to whatever religion you've got." The technique has been variously described by sociologists and religious scholars as religious and non-religious. Its adherents says it is a non-religious, "scientific strategy", yet it appears to have "spiritual elements" such as

1274-636: A thousand campuses in the United States with similar growth occurring in Germany, Canada and Britain. The Maharishi International University was established in 1973 in the United States and began offering accredited degree programs. In 1977 courses in Transcendental Meditation and the Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI) were banned from New Jersey public high schools on religious grounds by virtue of

1365-453: A university professor in 1997. Surrounding areas and berms were also flattened and auspicious fencing was added around each dome in 1999. Later some aspects of the building were deemed inauspicious and western entrances were replaced with east facing entrances for one of the domes in 2001. An expanded vestibule on the east side includes a large room for coats and shoes and the performance of Yoga positions or asanas . The eastern end of one dome

1456-467: Is 30 minutes, once per week for one month, and once per month thereafter. The purpose of the follow-up, or "checking sessions", is to verify the practice, give an opportunity for one-on-one contact with a TM teacher, and to address any problems or questions. Course graduates may access a lifetime follow-up program which includes consultations, "refresher courses", advanced lectures and group meditations. Advanced courses include weekend Residence Courses and

1547-584: Is a repackaged form of Eastern religious philosophy" and opposed its use in public schools while a member of the Pacific Justice Institute says practising Transcendental Meditation in public schools with private funding is constitutional. Transcendental Meditation has been utilised in corporations, both in the United States and in India, under the auspices of the International Foundation for

1638-463: Is compatible with "most drug treatment approaches" and could be incorporated into an overall treatment program. TM was first employed by the military in 1985, when the US Armed Forces conducted "a small pilot study" on Vietnam veterans. The Transcendental Meditation technique was taught to military personnel with post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) as part of two research studies conducted at

1729-488: Is improving and that when suitable assessment criteria are applied, scientific evidence supports the therapeutic value of meditation. Reviewers Canter and Ernst assert that some studies have the potential for bias due to the connection of researchers to the TM organisation while TM researchers point to their collaboration with independent researchers and universities as signs of objectivity. Transcendental Meditation in education (also known as Consciousness-Based Education)

1820-442: Is not prescribed, and "the aim is a unified and open attentional stance". Other authors describe the technique as an easy, natural technique or process, and a "wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state". Practice of the technique includes a process called "unstressing" which combines "effortless relaxation with spontaneous imagery and emotion". TM teachers caution their students not to be alarmed by random thoughts and to "attend" to

1911-400: Is taught in a standardised seven-step course over six days by a certified TM teacher. Except for a requirement to refrain from using non-prescription drugs for 15 days before learning TM, all who want to learn are taught provided they can pay the course fee which as of 2023 , ranges from $ 420 for students to $ 980 for members of households with incomes of $ 200,000 or more. The technique

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2002-428: Is taught via private and group instruction by a TM teacher trained to instruct students and provide follow up. Instruction is given on separate days, beginning with a one-hour "introductory lecture" intended to prepare the student for subsequent steps. The lecture discusses mind potential, social relationships, health, and "promoting inner and outer peace". The second step is a 45-minute "preparatory lecture", whose topic

2093-457: Is that associated with Transcendental Meditation , developed by the Indian spiritual figure Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . It uses a private mantra and is practised for 20 minutes twice per day while sitting comfortably with closed eyes. TM instruction encourages students to be not alarmed by random thoughts which arise and to easily return to the mantra once aware of them. Advocates of TM claim that

2184-506: Is the application of the Transcendental Meditation technique in an educational setting or institution. These educational programs and institutions have been founded in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, India, Africa and Japan. The Transcendental Meditation technique became popular with students in the 1960s and by the early 1970s centers for the Students International Meditation Society were established at

2275-533: Is the collection of Cochrane Reviews , a database of systematic reviews and meta-analyses that summarize and interpret the results of medical research. The Cochrane Library aims to make the results of well-conducted clinical trials readily available and is a key resource in evidence-based medicine . The Cochrane Library is a subscription-based database, published initially by Update Software and now published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. as part of Wiley Online Library. In many countries, including parts of Canada,

2366-473: Is the theory of the practice, its origins and its relationship to other types of meditation. This is followed by the third step: a private, ten-minute, personal interview, allowing the TM teacher to get acquainted with the student and answer questions. According to the TM web site, the personal instruction session takes 1–2 hours, and students are required to bring a clean handkerchief, some flowers and fruit, and their course fee. The initiation begins with

2457-404: Is to "verify the correctness of the practice" and to receive further instruction. The first day's checking meeting takes place in a group on the day following personal instruction, and gives information about correct practice based on each student's own experience. The second day of checking uses the same group format, and gives more details of the mechanics of the practice and potential results of

2548-587: The Archbishop of Manila , wrote a pastoral statement after Ferdinand Marcos , then president of the Philippines, invited more than 1,000 members of the TM movement to Manila , saying that neither the doctrine nor the practice of TM is acceptable to Christians. In 2003, the Roman Curia published a warning against mixing eastern meditations, such as TM, with Christian prayer , though a 2013 statement suggests that eastern meditations can be useful. Clergy who practice

2639-693: The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . This "dismantled" the TM program's use of government funding in US public schools but "did not constitute a negative evaluation of the program itself". Since 1979, schools that incorporate the Transcendental Meditation technique using private, non-governmental funding have been reported in the United States, South America, Southeast Asia, Northern Ireland, South Africa and Israel. A number of educational institutions have been founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi ,

2730-647: The Tantric , rather than Vedic tradition, and that bija mantras are "traditionally associated with particular deities and used as a form of worship". According to Needleman, many mantras come from the Vedas or Vedic hymns, which are "the root for all later Hindu scripture", while the 1977 court case Malnak vs. Yogi accepted the TM mantras as meaningless sounds. Likewise, philosophy of science scholar and former Maharishi International University professor Jonathan Shear writes in his book The Experience of Meditation: Experts Introduce

2821-954: The Transcendental Meditation movement and its supporters. These institutions include several schools offering public and private secondary education in the United States ( Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment ), England ( Maharishi School ), Australia (Maharishi School), South Africa (Maharishi Invincibility School of Management), and India ( Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools ). Likewise, Maharishi colleges and universities have been established including Maharishi European Research University (Netherlands), Maharishi Institute of Management (India), Maharishi University of Management and Technology (India), Maharishi Institute (South Africa) and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University (India). According to an article in Newsweek , "critics believe that TM

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2912-680: The University of Colorado and Georgetown University in 2010. In 2012, the Department of Veterans Affairs announced that it was "studying the use of transcendental meditation to help returning veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars" and the Department of Defense funded a $ 2.4 million grant to Maharishi University of Management Research Institute and the San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center to further investigate

3003-482: The " euphonics " of mantras are important. Sociologist Stephen J. Hunt and others say that the mantra used in the Transcendental Meditation technique "has no meaning", but that "the sound itself" is sacred. In Kerala , India, in 1955, the Maharishi spoke of mantras in terms of personal deities, and according to religious studies scholar Cynthia Ann Humes , similar references can be found in his later works. According to authors Peter Russell and Norman Rosenthal ,

3094-517: The 22nd Judicial Circuit of St Louis , Missouri , began ordering convicted felons to attend a TM course as one of their conditions for parole. The program was administered by the non-profit Enlightened Sentencing Project and received endorsements from federal judge Henry Autrey and other members of the Missouri district, federal, and supreme courts. In 2010, the Doe Fund of New York City began offering

3185-637: The Cochrane Library provided temporary unrestricted access to everyone in every country in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . The Cochrane Library consists of the following databases after significant changes in 2018: The Cochrane Library now also features results from Special Collections and Editorials as well as an option to link out to other reviews compiled by Epistemonikos . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Protocols, and CENTRAL are produced by Cochrane . The Cochrane reviews take

3276-456: The German term for these organisations variously translated as "psychogroups" and "psychotheraphy groups". These organisations, including TM, filed lawsuits trying to block the reports. The courts ruled that the booklets must only include factual information and exclude speculation, rumours, and matters that are unclear, and the booklets were re-released primarily containing quotations from materials of

3367-503: The Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and commenced research on the technique (and two other meditation systems) in 2012. According to Patrick Gresham Williams, "the government will pay" for any U.S. veteran to learn TM if it is prescribed by a Veterans Administration medical doctor. Cochrane review The Cochrane Library (named after Archie Cochrane ) is a collection of databases in medicine and other healthcare specialties provided by Cochrane and other organizations. At its core

3458-435: The Maharishi his technique requires no preparation, is simple to do, and can be learned by anyone. The technique is described as effortless and without contemplation or concentration Author Peter Russell says trying to control the mind is like trying to go to sleep at night, it won't work. He says instead, the TM technique utilises the tendency of the mind to move toward greater satisfaction. According to TM advocates,

3549-460: The Maharishi's TM-Sidhi program (capacity 3,000). Construction began in the fall of 1979 and the first dome was inaugurated in December by the Maharishi. Ravi Shankar (later known as "Sri Sri Ravi Shankar") and two other Indian pandits chanted Vedic hymns during the inaugural ceremony. The second Dome, completed in 1981, was reportedly built on the site of the campus baseball field. Each dome's usage

3640-484: The Maharishi's motives. The TM-Sidhi program is a form of meditation introduced by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1975. It is based on, and described as a natural extension of the Transcendental Meditation technique. The goal of the TM-Sidhi program is to accelerate personal growth and improve mind–body coordination by training the mind to think from what the Maharishi has described as a fourth major state of consciousness called Transcendental Consciousness. Yogic Flying ,

3731-424: The Maharishi, "bubbles of thought are produced in a stream one after the other", and the Transcendental Meditation technique consists of experiencing a "proper thought" in its more subtle states "until its subtlest state is experienced and transcended". Because it is mantra based, the technique "ostensibly meets the working definition of a concentration practice". The TM organisation explains that "focused attention"

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3822-666: The Major Traditions that the mantras used in the TM technique are independent of meaning associated with any language , and are used for their mental sound value alone. Fred Travis of the Maharishi University of Management writes in a 2009 article published in the International Journal of Psychophysiology that "unlike most mantra meditations, any possible meaning of the mantra is not part of Transcendental Meditation practice". The Transcendental Meditation technique

3913-672: The Science of Creative Intelligence and the Maharishi Development Corporation. As of 2001, US companies such as General Motors and IBM were subsidising the TM course fee for their employees. A number of Indian companies provide the TM technique to their managers. These companies include AirTel , Siemens , American Express , SRF Limited , Wipro , Hero Honda , Ranbaxy , Hewlett Packard , BHEL , BPL Group , ESPN Star Sports , Tisco , Eveready , Maruti , Godrej Group and Marico . The Sunday Times Herald reports that there are more than 100 Japanese companies where TM

4004-701: The TM teacher training course in more modern times consists of six months in-residence, and includes courses in Maharishi Vedic Science, extended meditation practice and becoming the "custodian" for an "ancient Vedic tradition". Additionally, TM teachers are trained to speak on the Transcendental Meditation program, teach it to others, provide "personal checking" of their students' meditation, create lectures on related topics, organise and lead advanced TM courses and programs. The Maharishi trained his teachers to "make logical presentations in language suitable to their audiences", and teachers lead their students through

4095-459: The TM technique and find it compatible with their religious beliefs include: Catholic priest Len Dubi; Orthodox rabbi Abe Shainberg; Irish Jesuit William Johnston; Donald Craig Drummond, a Presbyterian minister; Raphael Levine , the emeritus rabbi of Temple De Hirsh Sinai; Placide Gaboury, a Jesuit priest who teaches at the University of Sudbury ; Kevin Joyce, a Catholic priest; and Keith Wollard,

4186-639: The TM technique as a "Hindu meditation practice ["stripped"] of its religious baggage" offered "as a systematic, stress-reducing, creativity-building technique". Martin Gardner , a mathematician, has referred to TM as "the Hindu cult". According to author R.S. Bajpai, the Maharishi "secularized the TM [ sic ] by purging it of all the religious rites and rituals and spiritual mysticism". Some religious leaders and clergy find TM to be compatible with their religious teachings and beliefs, while others do not. Wayne Teasdale ,

4277-750: The TM technique to its residents, and homeless men were given instruction in the TM technique through an organisation called Ready, Willing and Able . In 2010, the Superintendent of Prisons announced that the TM technique was being offered to inmates at the Dominica State Prison. In 2011, the technique was taught to about 65 individuals at the Children of the Night shelter for teen prostitutes in Los Angeles. Psychiatry professor Norman E. Rosenthal says that TM

4368-506: The TM-Sidhi program. According to the TM organisation, TM course fees cover "initial training and the lifetime follow-up" program, while helping to "build and maintain TM centers" and schools in India and around the world. The fees also reportedly provide TM scholarships for special-needs groups, as well as grants and scholarships through TM's Maharishi Foundation, a government-approved 501(c)(3) non-profit, educational organisation. The fees may "vary from country to country", depending on

4459-461: The Transcendental Meditation technique as worthy of research and has awarded more than $ 25 million in funding from different branches of the National Institutes of Health for scientific analysis of the effects of TM on high blood pressure. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs sees it as a potential tool for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans of

4550-734: The United Kingdom, Ireland, the Scandinavian countries, New Zealand, Australia, India, South Africa, and Poland, it has been made available free to all residents by "national provision" (typically a government or Department of Health pays for the license). There are also arrangements for free access in much of Latin America and in "low-income countries", typically via HINARI . All countries have free access to two-page abstracts of all Cochrane Reviews and short plain-language summaries of selected articles. Cochrane Reviews appear to be relatively underused in

4641-532: The United Nations U Thant . In the 1970s, courses in the TM technique were conducted at 47 military installations around the world (including eight in the U.S.), with 150 enrolling in the course at the West Point military academy. The TM technique was also taught at five U.S. federal prisons, and three in Germany and Canada. During this period, ten U.S. senators and more than 100 Congressional staff members learned

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4732-483: The United States for two reasons: 1) Public access to the Cochrane Library in the United States is limited (the state of Wyoming is an exception, having paid for a license to enable free access to Cochrane Reviews for all residents of Wyoming). 2) The government-funded U.S. National Library of Medicine maintains an alternative database MEDLINE , which is free of charge to everyone and has significantly more extensive coverage than Cochrane. From 26 March to 26 May 2020,

4823-575: The cost of living, and have changed periodically during the 50-year period that the course has been taught. The Maharishi has drawn criticism from yogis and "stricter Hindus" who have accused him of selling "commercial mantras". At the same time, the Maharishi's "promises of better health, stress relief and spiritual enlightenment" have drawn "devotees from all over the world", despite the fees. According to The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions , by Brandon Toropov and Father Luke Buckles, insistence on fees for TM instruction has caused criticism of

4914-507: The decade 2003 to 2013 have been reported to be practitioners. The TM technique consists of silently repeating a mantra with "gentle effortlessness" while sitting comfortably with eyes closed and without assuming any special yoga position. The mantra is said to be a vehicle that allows the individual's attention to travel naturally to a less active, quieter style of mental functioning. TM meditators are instructed to keep their mantra secret to ensure maximum results, to avoid confusion in

5005-418: The early 1960s, and by 1978, there were 7,000 TM teachers in the United States. In 1985, there were an estimated 10,000 TM teachers worldwide, and by 2003, there were 20,000 teachers, and a reported 40,000 teachers in 2008. Notable individuals trained to teach the Transcendental Meditation technique include Prudence Farrow , John Gray , Mitch Kapor , and Mike Love . The first teacher training course

5096-402: The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique have yielded results ranging from inconclusive to clinically significant. More research is needed to determine the therapeutic effects of meditation practices and sources vary regarding their assessment of the quality of research. Some cite design limitations and a lack of methodological rigour , while others assert that the quality

5187-553: The efficacy of a particular medical intervention. Finished reviews are available as a full report with diagrams, in condensed form or as a plain language summary, in order to provide for every reader of the review. According to Journal Citation Reports , The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews has a 2021 impact factor of 11.874, ranking 20th of 172 journals in the Medicine, General and Internal category, down from 11th in 2020 (167 journals). Reviews are abstracted and indexed in

5278-413: The emancipator, hailed as Krishna , to the Lord I bow down and down again. At whose door the whole galaxy of gods pray for perfection day and night". Scientists have been conducting research on meditation, including TM, since the late 1960s and hundreds of studies have been published. Transcendental Meditation has become one of the most widely researched meditation techniques. TM research has played

5369-443: The features traditionally associated with religion". Liebler and Moss write that "unlike some forms of meditation, the TM technique does not require adherence to any belief system". Religious studies scholars Michael Phelan, James R. Lewis and Tamar Gablinger say that TM participants "may meditate for relaxation, but otherwise have no contact with TM", and that TM "attracts a large number of people with low levels of commitment around

5460-468: The following bibliographic databases : Science Citation Index Expanded , Scopus , CINAHL , EMBASE , MEDLINE . The Cochrane Library Feedback tool allows users to provide comments on and feedback of Cochrane Reviews and Protocols in The Cochrane Library. If accepted, the feedback will be published in a scrolling list of comments in reverse chronological order, with the most recent submission at

5551-573: The format of full-length methodological studies. Cochrane researchers will perform searches of medical and health databases including MEDLINE / PubMed , EMBASE , PsycINFO , CINAHL , etc.; a continually updated database of trials called the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); hand searching, where researchers look through entire libraries of scientific journals by hand and; reference checking of obtained articles in order to identify additional studies that are relevant to

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5642-501: The guise of some seemingly innocuous technique of self improvement or health promotion". Chryssides went on to say in Exploring new religions that although one can identify the yogi's Hindu background, Hindu lineage, mantras and initiation ceremony, TM is unlike religion in its "key elements": "there is no public worship, no code of ethics, no scriptures to be studied, and no rites of passage that are observed, such as dietary laws, giving to

5733-407: The mantra for their student. In his 1963 book The Science of Being and Art of Living , the Maharishi writes that words create waves of vibrations, and the quality of vibration of a mantra should correspond to the vibrational quality of the individual. Likewise, religious studies scholar Thomas Forsthoefel writes, "the theory of mantras is the theory of sound". Author William Jefferson writes that

5824-452: The mantra. Scottish chess grandmaster Jonathan Rowson has said that his TM practice gives "a feeling of serenity, energy and balance", but does not provide "any powerful insight into your own mind". Laura Tenant, a reporter for The Independent , said that her TM experience includes going "to a place which was neither wakefulness, sleeping or dreaming", and becoming "detached from my physical self". Worldwide, four to six million people over

5915-486: The meditator and suit his/her "nature and way of life". Author George D. Chryssides writes that according to the Maharishi, "using just any mantra can be dangerous"; the mantras for "householders" and for recluses differ. According to Chryssides, many mantras – such as "Om" – commonly found in books are mantras for recluses and "can cause a person to withdraw from life". Former TM teacher and author Lola Williamson reports that she told her TM students that their mantra

6006-487: The mind of the meditators, and as a "protection against inaccurate teaching". The Maharishi is reported to have standardised and "mechanized" the mantra selection process by using a specific set of mantras and making the selection process "foolproof". Professor of psychiatry Norman E. Rosenthal writes that during the training given by a certified TM teacher, "each student is assigned a specific mantra or sound, with instructions on its proper use". The Maharishi said that

6097-596: The organisations themselves. In 1996 a commission appointed by the German government concluded that new religious movements and "psychotherapy groups" did not present any danger to the state or to society. In 1987, an Israeli government report defined TM as a "cult group ... targeted by anti-cult activists". The 1995 report of the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France included Transcendental Meditation in its list of cults. The U.S. government has characterised

6188-416: The poor, or pilgrimages." Psychiatry professor Norman E. Rosenthal , author of Transcendence: Healing and Transformation Through Transcendental Meditation , wrote that "Maharishi extracted the TM technique from its religious context and distilled it to its essence, which he believed could be of value to people of all creeds." In 1968, the Maharishi conducted a one-hour meeting with Secretary General of

6279-439: The potential effect of the TM technique on PTSD. Other initiatives to teach the TM technique to war veterans at risk for PTSD, were underway as of 2010. The technique has been taught to students at Norwich University , a private military academy, as "part of a long-term study" on meditation and military performance. Characterizations of the TM technique vary amongst scholars, clergy, practitioners and governments. According to

6370-448: The practice, based on student experiences. The third day of checking focuses on subjective growth and the potential development of higher stages of human consciousness , and outlines the follow-up programs available as part of the course. New meditators later return for private follow-up sessions to confirm that they are practising the technique properly, a process called "personal checking". The preferred schedule for follow-up classes

6461-401: The puja ceremony performed during the TM instruction. Religious studies scholar Eugene V. Gallagher writes that, "practitioners describe TM as a science rather than a religious discipline", but its "principles were clearly derived from Hindu practice". In the book Cults and New Religious Movements , author Roy Wallis characterises TM as a "world affirming new religion" that "lacks most of

6552-422: The question they are attempting to answer. The quality of each study is carefully assessed using predefined criteria and evidence of weak methodology or the possibility that a study may have been affected by bias is reported in the review. Cochrane researchers then apply statistical analysis to compare the data of the trials. This creates a review of studies, or systematic review , giving a comprehensive view of

6643-411: The selection of a proper thought or mantra "becomes increasingly important when we consider that the power of thought increases when the thought is appreciated in its infant stages of development". He said that mantras chosen for initiates should "resonate to the pulse of his thought and as it resonates, create an increasingly soothing influence", and that the chosen mantra's vibrations "harmonize" with

6734-488: The sounds used in the technique are taken from the ancient Vedic tradition, have "no specific meaning", and are selected for their suitability for the individual. Nevertheless, the Maharishi mentions that sometimes it is beneficial for the Mantra to be associated with a specific meaning in order to suit one's own private psychological background. Author Lola Williamson writes that the bija, or seed mantras, used in TM come from

6825-505: The summer of 1979, during a "World Peace Assembly" in Amherst, Massachusetts, the Maharishi invited TM and TM-Sidhi practitioners to come together for group meditation in Fairfield and ordered the construction of two domes for this purpose. University president, Bevan Morris , oversaw the effort and according to MIU, the domes were the first structures built for the purpose of group practice of

6916-466: The technique being "in use" in some American prisons, mental institutions and drug rehabilitation centers. In 1975, the Maharishi met with Pierre Trudeau to discuss "the possibility of structuring an ideal society" through TM. In 1977 a U.S. district court in New Jersey held that a curriculum comprising the Science of Creative Intelligence and TM was religious in nature ( Malnak v Yogi ). The decision

7007-440: The technique faded in the 1970s, and "it became a practical technique ... that anyone could employ without abandoning their religious identification." On the other hand, Bainbridge finds TM to be a "... highly simplified form of Hinduism, adapted for Westerners who did not possess the cultural background to accept the full panoply of Hindu beliefs, symbols, and practices", and describes the TM puja ceremony as "... in essence,

7098-473: The technique is "purely a mechanical, physiological process", the "two-minute ceremony" invokes no deities, the mantras are "sounds without meaning" and the technique "pre-dates Hinduism by 5,000 years". Anthony Campbell , author of the book Seven States of Consciousness , writes that TM requires no "special circumstances or preparations" and does "not depend upon belief". A 2011 article in Details characterises

7189-480: The technique promotes a state of relaxed awareness, stress-relief, creativity, and efficiency, as well as physiological benefits such as reducing the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure . The technique is purported to allow practitioners to experience higher states of consciousness . Advanced courses supplement the TM technique with the TM-Sidhi program . The methodological quality of scientific research on

7280-575: The technique. In 1972, the Maharishi met with the Governor of Illinois ( Daniel Walker ) and received a standing ovation when he addressed the Illinois state legislature before they passed a resolution characterising Maharishi's Science of Creative Intelligence as useful for Illinois public schools. In 1974, TM was cited in two Congressional records regarding the SCI course being offered at 30 American universities and

7371-518: The therapeutic benefits of meditation in general is poor, because of the varying theoretical approaches and frequent confirmation bias in individual studies. A 2012 meta-analysis published in Psychological Bulletin , which reviewed 163 individual studies, found that Transcendental Meditation performed no better overall than other meditation techniques in improving psychological variables. A 2014 Cochrane review of four trials found that it

7462-628: The top of the page. The Collaboration has a procedure for the event of serious error, an event which has only occurred once in its history. Annual colloquia have been conducted by Cochrane since 1993. From 1994 onwards, Cochrane has maintained a database of posters and presentations of past colloquia. From 2009 onwards, Cochrane published the abstracts of those colloquia as supplements to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . From 2010 to 2016, an annual newsletter related to Cochrane methodology called Cochrane Methods ( ISSN   2044-4702 ),

7553-609: The wardens at 31 prisons signed a proclamation recommending that TM be offered throughout the entire system. More recently, the TM technique has been introduced to prisoners in the Oregon Correctional System and a research study is underway to record the effects of the program. Since the late 1980s the TM technique has been offered as part of the programs at Fundacion Hogares Claret sanctuary for homeless and orphaned children in Medellin , Colombia. In 1996, several judges of

7644-439: Was appealed and in 1979 the 3rd Circuit opinion affirmed the decision and held that although SCI/TM is not a theistic religion, it deals with issues of ultimate concern, truth, and other ideas analogous to those of well-recognized religions and it therefore violated the Establishment Clause . Beginning in 1979 the German government released a number of booklets about problems arising for seven new religious movements in Germany, with

7735-585: Was called the "Extended Maharishi Effect", referring to the "Maharishi effect" with a threshold of 1% of the population. These effects have been examined in 14 published studies, including a gathering of over 4,000 people in Washington DC in the summer of 1993. While empirical studies have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals this research remains controversial and has been characterised as pseudoscience by sceptics James Randi , Carl Sagan , and others. The Maharishi began training TM teachers in

7826-484: Was chosen for them based on their personal interview, while sociologist Roy Wallis and religious scholar J. Gordon Melton write that the mantras are assigned by age and gender. In 1984, 16 mantras were published in Omni magazine based on information from "disaffected TM teachers". According to Chryssides, TM teachers say that the promised results are dependent on a trained Transcendental Meditation teacher choosing

7917-479: Was declared gender specific to avoid distraction by the presence of the opposite sex. According to the university's yearbook, the Maharishi named the domes, "The Maharishi Patanjali dome and the Bagambhrini Golden Dome of Pure Knowledge" in 1983. Each dome is topped with a kalasha . These rooftop sculptures are 7.5 ft (2.9 m) tall and 5 ft (1.5 m) wide and were cast in acrylic resin by

8008-549: Was held in India with 30 participants in 1967 and 200 participants in 1970. A four-month teacher training course was also held in the United States that year. The first part was four weeks long and was offered in both Poland, Maine and Humboldt, California with the final three months being held in Estes Park, Colorado . About 300 people completed the training. In 1973, the TM teacher training course consisted of three months in-residence. A 2007 TM web page and 2009 book, report that

8099-402: Was impossible to draw any conclusions about whether TM is effective in preventing cardiovascular disease , as the scientific literature on TM was limited and at "serious risk of bias". A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 studies found that TM may effectively reduce blood pressure compared to control groups . The technique is recommended for 20 minutes twice per day. According to

8190-591: Was introduced at induction. The TM technique has been incorporated in US social programs for criminals, the homeless and war veterans. In 1979, it was offered to inmates at Folsom prison , San Quentin and the Deuel Vocational Institute . According to a TM representative, meditation has been included at "over 25 prisons and correctional institutions" in the United States. In Senegal , more than 11,000 prisoners and 900 correctional officers in 34 prisons received instruction in TM between 1985 and 1987, and

8281-671: Was squared-off, to align it with the philosophy of Maharishi Sthapatya Veda (MSV) architecture. The entry to the second dome was moved in 2005 and bathrooms were added, replacing a temporary trailer which had been used for the purpose. In accordance with the MSV architectural philosophy the domes were topped by cupolas called kalashes . In 2008 the roof of the Maharishi Patanjali dome was resurfaced and repainted. Unsigned Guidebooks Graduation Flags Transcendental Meditation technique The Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique

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