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109-506: This article comprises a list of characters that play a role in Saint Seiya (also known as Knights of the Zodiac ) and its canonical continuation, Saint Seiya: Next Dimension , two manga series created, written and illustrated by Masami Kurumada . The plot of Saint Seiya begins in 1986, spanning until 1990, and follows a group of five mystical warriors called Saints as they battle in

218-481: A Saint Seiya Omega game for PSP was released in December 2012, and Saint Seiya: Brave Soldiers released in 2013 for PlayStation 3 and Saint Seiya: Soldiers' Soul released in 2015 for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 and PC. Recently, Ring ni Kakero has also been the theme for Pachinko game machines, as well as Saint Seiya , on which a recently released pachinko machine is based. Saint Seiya Myth Cloth

327-513: A negative quantity. A system with a truly negative temperature is not colder than absolute zero. Rather, a system with a negative temperature is hotter than any system with a positive temperature, in the sense that if a negative-temperature system and a positive-temperature system come in contact, heat flows from the negative to the positive-temperature system. Most familiar systems cannot achieve negative temperatures because adding energy always increases their entropy . However, some systems have

436-427: A War of the gods without the reincarnation of Athena. After the arrival of Athena Saori in the 18th century, Sasha fell into a deep sleep due to the great space time distortion caused by Saori's travel back in time; and she has since been nicknamed " The Sleeping Princess". She is marked for assassination by Pandora who sends Hades' Specters to fulfill that objective, among them the powerful Papillon Giuletta. Sasha's life

545-695: A baby, Gemini Saga attempts to kill her, but Sagittarius Aiolos saves her life and delivers her to Mitsumasa Kido, who raises her in secret in Japan. Thirteen years later, after Mitsumasa's death, Saori gathers the Bronze Saints that the Graude Foundation trained and battles to reclaim Sanctuary from Saga's control. During the Poseidon arc, she offers to be locked inside the main pillar in Poseidon's Undersea Temple while it fills with water that would have otherwise flooded

654-664: A canonical status in the universe of Saint Seiya , and it is also its legitimate continuation. He recently finished Ring ni Kakero 2 , in 2009, after a successful run of 9 years. A live-action series of Fūma no Kojirō was released on Japanese TV. He recently started working on a new manga series Raimei-ni Kike . He also has authorized two manga authors to write and draw sidestories for his manga Saint Seiya , specifically Saint Seiya Episode G , written and drawn by Megumu Okada, and Saint Seiya Lost Canvas , written and drawn by Shiori Teshirogi. Since these two works are not authored by Kurumada, but only authorized and supervised by him,

763-473: A great impact on him since his youth. In 2010, Masami Kurumada was contacted by Warner Brothers to collaborate in a project for Leterrier's mythologically themed motion picture Clash of the Titans , remake of the original 1981 film. Kurumada authored promotional illustrations depicting pivotal scenes from the film. Countless are the products of merchandise(action figures, T-shirts, toys, video games, ect) relative

872-531: A maximum amount of energy that they can hold, and as they approach that maximum energy their entropy actually begins to decrease. Because temperature is defined by the relationship between energy and entropy, such a system's temperature becomes negative, even though energy is being added. As a result, the Boltzmann factor for states of systems at negative temperature increases rather than decreases with increasing state energy. Therefore, no complete system, i.e. including

981-415: A more tender side of his character emerges on occasions, such as when he expresses his gratitude to Andromeda Shun for having saved his life and his undying devotion to his mentor Aquarius Camus. He first appears in the series as he receives an order from Sanctuary to eliminate his fellow Bronze Saints, but he quickly abandons this mission when he discovers the truth about Saori Kido's identity and joins her in

1090-444: A much lesser role, but several ones with key roles can also be found, such as Rei Kojinyama ( Sukeban Arashi ), Kiku Takane ( Ring ni Kakero ) and Saori Kido ( Saint Seiya ). Kurumada has stated in interviews that he obtains some creative influence from yesterday's authors considered masters of the manga medium today, such as Hiroshi Motomiya , Sanpei Shirato and Mitsuteru Yokoyama . He specially considers that Motomiya's works had

1199-464: A participation in the storyline to some extent, virtually all of them were later retconned from the continuity of the anime itself to keep it closer to the manga. They range from support to antagonistic characters. This article comprises a list of characters that do not exist in Masami Kurumada 's Saint Seiya manga and are found only in its anime adaptation, therefore they remain out of

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1308-458: A popular manga author, and lasted five years, and he considers it his favorite creation. A practicer of the martial arts in his younger days, the influence this has exerted on his various works is worthy of mention. Also, in the same manner as many manga artists today, Kurumada employs the revered Osamu Tezuka's Star System manga technique, which is essentially resorting to the use of a stable cast of characters in his various works (characters keep

1417-542: A professional manga artist, and that same year two of his older and best known works experienced a resurfacing. The original Ring ni Kakero was adapted to anime, 27 years after its manga debut, and as mentioned before, the Saint Seiya anime adaptation was resumed in 2003 and an attempt to start the Zeus Chapter was made with the release of the Saint Seiya Tenkai-Hen Josō ~Overture~ movie in 2004, which

1526-463: A very strong impact and influence on him. Kurumada also draws inspiration from universal knowledge and folklore, such as Greek mythology, Japanese and Chinese mythology, Buddhist and Hinduist doctrine, Trascendental philosophies, and classic works of literature, such as Dante Alighieri 's The Divine Comedy , and Outlaws of the Marsh , to name a few. His interest in boxing, wrestling and martial arts

1635-421: Is Seiya's incarnation in the 18th century and Alone's best friend. After he and Alone escape from Libra Dohko and Aries Shion, Tenma realizes that his friend has become Hades. He vows to protect Alone, but, when he tries to make him remember who he is, Pandora and some Skeleton soldiers intervene and Tenma has to be saved by Dohko and Shion. The trio is then beset by Griffon Vermeer and Suikyō, who reveals himself as

1744-459: Is a popular character, ranking second in the main character polls of the Bronze Saints. In the Next Dimension official sequel of the manga of Saint Seiya, Hyoga goes back in time with Shiryu, to the time of the previous Holy War against Hades in the eighteenth century, in order to help Saori / Athena save Seiya's life, who is cursed by the sword of the god of the underworld. Hyoga is proclaimed as

1853-445: Is a successful line of figures that started in 2003 and is still in production based on the many characters of the original Saint Seiya by Kurumada. Currently, Kurumada working on Saint Seiya Next Dimension (a prequel and continuation to his classic manga series in which Hades recalls his fight with the previous Pegasus Saint in the 18th century). It was revealed by Kurumada and Akita Shōten that Saint Seiya Next Dimension holds

1962-534: Is called the Fermi energy . The Fermi temperature is defined as this maximum energy divided by the Boltzmann constant, and is on the order of 80,000 K for typical electron densities found in metals. For temperatures significantly below the Fermi temperature, the electrons behave in almost the same way as at absolute zero. This explains the failure of the classical equipartition theorem for metals that eluded classical physicists in

2071-707: Is collected in 28 volumes to date, and has been resumed by Kurumada with Saint Seiya Next Dimension , the continuation to his original manga, ending the hiatus the work remained in since 1991, and to date adds thirteen more volumes to the original Saint Seiya manga, for a total or 41 volumes. The third longest is B't X , collected in 16. As stated before, Anime adaptations have been made for Saint Seiya , Fūma no Kojirō , B't X , and Ring ni Kakero , all closely follow his source manga works. Saint Seiya videogames have been released for old consoles such as Famicom/NES , Game Boy and more recently various video games for PlayStation 2 (2006-2008) and for PlayStation 3 (2011), and

2180-698: Is evident when comparing older works to more recent ones. His coloring style is almost exclusively realistic, unlike the vast majority of manga artists, who often resort to the use of non-natural colors for the hair or eyes of their characters, although with the publication of Saint Seiya Next Dimension volumes totally in color, the addition of new characters with non-natural hair colors occurs often. Certain graphics elements characteristic of his style can be found all over his works, mostly during fight sequences, having become widely known. Fans have created terms to refer to them such as Kurumada-ochi ( 車田落ち , Kurumada-ochi ) , meaning "Kurumada Fall", which designates

2289-417: Is in its ground state , the point of lowest internal energy . The laws of thermodynamics indicate that absolute zero cannot be reached using only thermodynamic means, because the temperature of the substance being cooled approaches the temperature of the cooling agent asymptotically . Even a system at absolute zero, if it could somehow be achieved, would still possess quantum mechanical zero-point energy,

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2398-407: Is not required; endothermic reactions can proceed spontaneously if the T Δ S term is large enough. Moreover, the slopes of the derivatives of Δ G and Δ H converge and are equal to zero at T  = 0. This ensures that Δ G and Δ H are nearly the same over a considerable range of temperatures and justifies the approximate empirical Principle of Thomsen and Berthelot, which states that

2507-460: Is protected by Pegasus Tenma who, after a fierce fight, defeats her and then faces the challenge of the mighty Wyvern Chagall. Sasha is later instrumental in the sealing of Hades' curse on Seiya in 1990 and joining Athena Saori in sending the Bronze Saints back to their era. Trained to be the Pegasus Saint by Crateris Suikyō, Pegasus Tenma ( 天馬星座 （ ペガサス ） の天馬 , Pegasasu no Tenma )

2616-454: Is roughly the radius of Earth. In 2021, University of Bremen physicists achieved a BEC with a temperature of only 38 picokelvin , the current coldest temperature record. Absolute, or thermodynamic , temperature is conventionally measured in kelvin ( Celsius -scaled increments) and in the Rankine scale ( Fahrenheit -scaled increments) with increasing rarity. Absolute temperature measurement

2725-486: Is set to continue doing so in the next instalments of that work in the japanese summer in 2013. Kurumada's works have had influence on manga authors and related media. Worthy of mention is Yudetamago 's Kinnikuman , Hiroshi Kawamoto 's Tenkū Senki Shurato , Clamp 's Magic Knight Rayearth , Kōichi Tokita 's Mobile Fighter G Gundam , Hajime Yatate and Ryuichi Hoshino 's Yoroiden Samurai Troopers , Yoshihiro Togashi 's YuYu Hakusho , videogames such as

2834-556: Is started to be created by Toei Animation and Netflix, is published worldwide on the same platform. The series is made in CGI. A live action film based on the original Saint Seiya by Masami Kurumada has been announced. However, the release date have not been revealed. Chinese Tencent has announced that it will produce live-action series TV of Saint Seiya by Masami Kurumada, the release date it has not been made known. June 2019 in Taiwan there

2943-435: Is that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches a constant value. An adiabat is a state with constant entropy, typically represented on a graph as a curve in a manner similar to isotherms and isobars. The Nernst postulate identifies the isotherm T = 0 as coincident with the adiabat S = 0, although other isotherms and adiabats are distinct. As no two adiabats intersect, no other adiabat can intersect

3052-455: Is the entropy . In such a circumstance, pure substances can (ideally) form perfect crystals with no structural imperfections as T → 0. Max Planck 's strong form of the third law of thermodynamics states the entropy of a perfect crystal vanishes at absolute zero. The original Nernst heat theorem makes the weaker and less controversial claim that the entropy change for any isothermal process approaches zero as T → 0: The implication

3161-681: Is the Bronze Saint of the Phoenix constellation and Shun's older brother. He trained at the hellish Death Queen Island under Guilty, which turned him into a loner, cold and harsh. Ikki first appears as an antagonist, as the leader of the Black Saints who is set on taking the Sagittarius Gold Cloth for himself and destroying the other Bronze Saints for revenge against the Graude Foundation. He later overcomes his hate and becomes an ally to Athena and

3270-636: Is the Bronze Saint protected by the constellation of Draco the Dragon , considered the calmest and most collected of the protagonists. As one of Mitsumada Kido's sons, he was sent at an early age to the Five Old Peaks of Rozan to train under the Libra Gold Saint and acquire the Dragon Cloth. This Cloth is known for possessing the strongest fist and shield. After he returns to Japan, Shiryu becomes involved in

3379-568: Is uniquely determined by a multiplicative constant which specifies the size of the degree , so the ratios of two absolute temperatures, T 2 / T 1 , are the same in all scales. The most transparent definition of this standard comes from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution . It can also be found in Fermi–Dirac statistics (for particles of half-integer spin ) and Bose–Einstein statistics (for particles of integer spin). All of these define

List of Saint Seiya characters - Misplaced Pages Continue

3488-506: Is well known, and he maintains close relations with renowned personalities of those circles. As he states in his website, he likes to drink with friends and to practice photography while jogging. Among his works that have been cancelled due to failing to attract fans: Otoko Zaka, Silent Knight Shō and Aoi Tori no Shinwa . His works that suffered popularity decrease: B't X (which he successfully concluded without facing cancellation), and Saint Seiya . In Saint Seiya ' s case, Kurumada

3597-526: The World Heroes series and The King of Fighters series, among others . References to his works by other authors can be found in the mentioned videogames and in popular manga, such as Kōsuke Fujishima 's Aa! Megami-sama , Kenjirō Hata 's Hayate no Gotoku , Chika Umino 's Honey & Clover , Tite Kubo 's BLEACH , and their respective anime adaptations, among others. French director Louis Leterrier has cited Kurumada and his manga Saint Seiya having

3706-473: The Debye model , the specific heat and entropy of a pure crystal are proportional to T , while the enthalpy and chemical potential are proportional to T (Guggenheim, p. 111). These quantities drop toward their T  = 0 limiting values and approach with zero slopes. For the specific heats at least, the limiting value itself is definitely zero, as borne out by experiments to below 10 K. Even

3815-554: The Saint Seiya manga, two commemorative exhibitions were held in Tokyo and Hong Kong in which numerous commemorative merchandising products related to Saint Seiya were also sold. For the 2017 season, Masami Kurumada has designed and collaborated on the Japanese baseball team shirt 広島東洋カープ "Hiroshima Toyo carp" In 2019, a new animated adaptation of Kurumada's original Saint Seiya manga,

3924-542: The coldest temperatures achieved on Earth at the time and his achievement earned him the Nobel Prize in 1913. Kamerlingh Onnes would continue to study the properties of materials at temperatures near absolute zero, describing superconductivity and superfluids for the first time. The average temperature of the universe today is approximately 2.73 K (−270.42 °C; −454.76 °F), based on measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation. Standard models of

4033-426: The future expansion of the universe predict that the average temperature of the universe is decreasing over time. This temperature is calculated as the mean density of energy in space; it should not be confused with the mean electron temperature (total energy divided by particle count) which has increased over time. Absolute zero cannot be achieved, although it is possible to reach temperatures close to it through

4142-512: The ideal gas law ; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as 0 kelvin ( International System of Units ), which is −273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale, and equals −459.67 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale ( United States customary units or imperial units ). The Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales set their zero points at absolute zero by definition. It is commonly thought of as

4251-400: The 18th century, to save Seiya from the curse of Hades's sword. There, he joins forces with the former Pegasus Saint, Tenma, to save the helpless goddess from Hades's Specters. Shun is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of Virgo successor to Virgo Shaka. In the anime adaptation, his master's name was changed to Albiore. Phoenix Ikki ( 鳳凰星座 （ フェニクス ） の一輝 , Fenikkusu no Ikki )

4360-399: The 18th century. The two main antagonists are the troops of the goddess Artemis, in the 20th century storyline, and the incarnation of Hades in the 18th century. Pegasus Seiya ( 天馬星座 （ ぺガサス ） の星矢 , Pegasasu no Seiya ) is the Bronze Saint of Pegasus in the 20th century and titular character of the series. An orphaned child later revealed to be one of Mitsumasa Kido's sons, he

4469-549: The 20th century. Based on the Greek goddess of the same name, she is the daughter of Zeus and sister of Artemis and Apollo. She usually carries a golden staff representing Nike , the Goddess of Victory, and a shield which can eliminate all evil and owns a powerful Divine Cloth. She is reborn approximately every 250 years to protect the Earth from evil with the help of her loyal Saints. While still

List of Saint Seiya characters - Misplaced Pages Continue

4578-616: The Best Success award with Saint Seiya and the Best Inspiration award with Ring ni Kakero . Kurumada's first work was Otoko Raku , which earned him an award in a manga contest for aspiring manga artist, and became assistant to professional manga artists. Some time later, he debuted as a professional manga artist in 1974 with his manga Sukeban Arashi , and achieved his first hit three years later when he started writing and drawing Ring ni Kakero , which brought him recognition as

4687-601: The Bronze Saints, often arriving at critical moments to save them from certain death. Born under the sign of Leo, Ikki dons the Leo Gold Cloth once, during the fight against the twin gods Hypnos and Thanatos in Elysion. In Saint Seiya: Next Dimension , the ongoing canonical sequel and prequel to Saint Seiya authored by Kurumada that deals with the aftermath of the war against Hades, after Athena visits Mount Olympus to meet her sister Artemis and ask for her help to cure Seiya from

4796-559: The CD is called Kurumada: The Complete Works . The following songs are included: After the CD was released Kurumada wrote the lyrics to the intro and ending song of the credits sequence of the 'Inferno' stage of the Hades arc of the Saint Seiya anime adaptation (Episodes 128 to 145). Also, he wrote the lyrics to the ending theme of the second season of the Ring ni Kakero 1 anime adaptation, in 2006: For

4905-473: The CD: Absolute zero Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy -induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating

5014-493: The Earth. After her Saints save her, she reseals Poseidon's soul. In the Hades arc, she infiltrates the Underworld and follows Hades to Elysion, where she also seals away the evil god. In Next Dimension , hoping to save Seiya's life from the curse cast on him by Hades's sword, Saori travels to Olympus to ask for Chronos's help. The God of Time sends her back to the 18th century war against Hades, as per her request, but she appears in

5123-668: The Garuda Specter. The Saints manage to escape after Pandora summons the Specters and drink water from the Crateris Cloth to revitalize themselves. There, Tenma sees his future: Seiya in a wheelchair. Returning to Sanctuary with Dohko and Shion, Tenma later encounters Andromeda Shun and the two begin to climb the Twelve Temples, joining forces to protect the infant time-traveling Athena. An alternate version of Tenma makes an appearance in

5232-515: The Libra Gold Cloth when confronting a particularly powerful opponent. In the Next Dimension official sequel of the manga of Saint Seiya, Shiryu and Chunli have adopted a baby whom they named Shoryu. Then, he goes back in time with Hyoga, to the time of the previous Holy War against Hades in the eighteenth century, in order to help Saori / Athena save Seiya's life, who is cursed by the sword of

5341-663: The Pope killed by Saga was Aries Shion, and the Pope Seiya knew was Saga himself. As with all the anime-only characters, he was retconned from the anime continuity with the adaptation of the Hades arc from Kurumada's manga. The Asgardian characters appear in the anime adaptation only. Odin has a cadre of servants known as God Warriors ( 神闘士 （ ゴッドウォーリアー ） , Goddo Wōriā ) . They wear armors known as God Robes ( 神闘衣 （ ゴッドローブ ） , Goddo Rōbu ) themed after mythological creatures from Norse mythology and named after

5450-524: The Sagittarius Gold Cloth before particularly challenging opponents. He defeats the gods Poseidon and Hades, although the latter curses him at the end of Saint Seiya to stop his cycle of rebirth. He is left in a comatose state which Athena seeks to revert in the canonic sequel Next Dimension . Seiya is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of the Sagittarius successor to Sagittarius Aiolos. Dragon Shiryu ( 龍星座 （ ドラゴン ） の紫龍 , Doragon no Shiryū )

5559-782: The Sanctuary arc of the manga introduced the Blue Warriors from the icy lands of Bluegrad. Afterwards, most antagonists were various deities from Greek mythology: Poseidon and Hades, in the original Saint Seiya , and the Olympians of the Heavenly Realm, in Saint Seiya: Next Dimension . The anime adaptation of the manga introduced several other antagonists, such as the Ghost Saints and Odin's God Warriors. Considered canonical within

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5668-455: The T ;= 0 isotherm. Consequently no adiabatic process initiated at nonzero temperature can lead to zero temperature (≈ Callen, pp. 189–190). A perfect crystal is one in which the internal lattice structure extends uninterrupted in all directions. The perfect order can be represented by translational symmetry along three (not usually orthogonal ) axes . Every lattice element of

5777-521: The battles against Poseidon and his Generals. In the final arc, it is revealed that the necklace he has carried since he was a baby was given to him by Pandora, to mark his body as Hades's future container. Ikki manages to free him after the god takes hold of his body and both follow Athena to Elysion, where Shun briefly dons the Virgo Gold Cloth and helps to finally defeat Hades. In Next Dimension (canonical sequel and prequel), Shun accompanies Athena to

5886-591: The battles against her enemies. While in Poseidon's Undersea Temple, he reencounters Kraken Isaac, a fellow apprentice of Camus. To repay an old debt to the Mariner, Hyoga sacrifices one of his eyes. He occasionally dons the Aquarius Gold Cloth. In the anime adaptation, he was given a different master: an original character referred to as the Crystal Saint, who was, in turn, Aquarius Camus's apprentice. In Japan, Hyoga

5995-601: The battles to recover the Gold Cloth from Ikki and the Black Saints, and eventually discovers that Saori Kido is the goddess Athena whom he swore to protect. In the ensuing battle against the Silver Saint Perseus Algol, Shiryu is forced to blind himself to achieve victory. He recovers his sight upon awakening his seventh sense during the fight against Cancer Deathmask, but later loses it a second time while facing Poseidon's General Chrysaor Krishna. More than once, he dons

6104-473: The canon of the fictional universe. Saint Seiya author Kurumada was not involved in their creation process, design or conceptualization and although these characters had a participation in the storyline to some extent, they have now been retconned from the continuity of the anime adaptation to keep it closer to Kurumada's manga. They range from support secondary characters to various ally or antagonistic factions. The previous Pope ( 先代教皇 , Sendai Kyōkō ) ,

6213-573: The cold of freezing water" was published by George Martine in 1740. This close approximation to the modern value of −273.15 °C for the zero of the air thermometer was further improved upon in 1779 by Johann Heinrich Lambert , who observed that −270 °C (−454.00 °F; 3.15 K) might be regarded as absolute cold. Values of this order for the absolute zero were not, however, universally accepted about this period. Pierre-Simon Laplace and Antoine Lavoisier , in their 1780 treatise on heat, arrived at values ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 below

6322-580: The constellations named Cloths. Although all Saints have sworn allegiance to the goddess, Kurumada first presented most of them in an antagonistic role. The first characters to appear in an antagonistic role are the Black Saints, servants of Phoenix Ikki on his quest to kill all the Bronze Saints. The second were most of the Silver and Gold Saints, deceived by the dark personality of the Gemini Gold Saint Saga. The short story dedicated to Hyōga that followed

6431-671: The current ones have been published by that company to date, excluding Saint Seiya Lost Canvas , published by Akita Shoten in the Weekly Shōnen Champion manga magazine, Saint Seiya Next Dimension , published in the Shōnen Ace manga magazine and Raimei-ni Kike , published by Akita Shoten in the Champion Red manga magazine. In 2012, Kurumada revealed the upcoming anime television series, Saint Seiya Omega . Described as an anime original story, separate from Kurumada's canon,

6540-459: The curse Hades inflicted on him, Andromeda Shun is attacked by Artemis's soldiers, the Satellites, and their commander Lascoumoune. Shun manages to defeat the Satellites, but not Lascoumoune, who nearly takes his life. Ikki then intervenes to protect his brother and defeats the commander of the Satellites. Afterwards, he follows Athena and Shun into the past, to the war against Hades that took place in

6649-869: The early 20th century. With a better theoretical understanding of absolute zero, scientists were eager to reach this temperature in the lab. By 1845, Michael Faraday had managed to liquefy most gases then known to exist, and reached a new record for lowest temperatures by reaching −130 °C (−202 °F; 143 K). Faraday believed that certain gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen , were permanent gases and could not be liquefied. Decades later, in 1873 Dutch theoretical scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals demonstrated that these gases could be liquefied, but only under conditions of very high pressure and very low temperatures. In 1877, Louis Paul Cailletet in France and Raoul Pictet in Switzerland succeeded in producing

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6758-623: The eighteenth century. Ikki is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of the Leo successor to Aiolia, from the Gold Saint of the eighteenth century Leo Kaiser Saori Kido ( 城戸 紗織 , Kido Saori ) , also known as Princess Sienna in some English versions of the series, is the reincarnation of the Greek goddess of war, wisdom, justice and heroic endeavor, and ever greek empress and greek and olympian princess , Athena ( 女神 （ アテナ ） , Atena ) , in

6867-426: The electromagnetic modes, can have negative temperatures, since there is no highest energy state, so that the sum of the probabilities of the states would diverge for negative temperatures. However, for quasi-equilibrium systems (e.g. spins out of equilibrium with the electromagnetic field) this argument does not apply, and negative effective temperatures are attainable. On 3 January 2013, physicists announced that for

6976-477: The energy of its ground state at absolute zero; the kinetic energy of the ground state cannot be removed. Scientists and technologists routinely achieve temperatures close to absolute zero, where matter exhibits quantum effects such as superconductivity , superfluidity , and Bose–Einstein condensation . At temperatures near 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F), nearly all molecular motion ceases and Δ S  = 0 for any adiabatic process , where S

7085-427: The entropy is thus, as T decreases, Δ G and Δ H approach each other (so long as Δ S is bounded). Experimentally, it is found that all spontaneous processes (including chemical reactions ) result in a decrease in G as they proceed toward equilibrium . If Δ S and/or T are small, the condition Δ G  < 0 may imply that Δ H  < 0, which would indicate an exothermic reaction. However, this

7194-511: The equilibrium state to which a system proceeds is the one that evolves the greatest amount of heat , i.e., an actual process is the most exothermic one (Callen, pp. 186–187). One model that estimates the properties of an electron gas at absolute zero in metals is the Fermi gas . The electrons, being fermions , must be in different quantum states, which leads the electrons to get very high typical velocities , even at absolute zero. The maximum energy that electrons can have at absolute zero

7303-487: The events depicted in them and the characters created for them are still considered non-canonical, unlike Next Dimension which holds an official canonical status. Kurumada had most of his works published by Shueisha , in the prestigious Shūkan Shōnen Jump manga magazine. He began publishing his works with Kadokawa Shoten , in their magazine Gekkan Shōnen Ace . In 1995 he resumed his relations with Shueisha and began publishing with them again, and his latest works and

7412-451: The film and played by Yūki Fujiwara in the musical); Sagitta Maya , predecessor of Sagitta Ptolemy (voiced by Michitaka Kobayashi and played by Yūki Matsuoka); Scutum Jan (voiced by Keiichi Nanba and played by Takeshi Hayashino); Lyra Orpheus , predecessor of Lyra Orphée (voiced by Yūji Mitsuya and played by Yasuka Saitoh ); and Orion Jäger (voiced by Yū Mizushima and played by Yutaka Matsuzaki). Kurumada contributed to designing

7521-583: The final episodes that completed the adaptation of the Hades arc of his Saint Seiya manga to anime, a new song for the credits roll was composed with Kurumada authoring the lyrics. The episodes aired in mid 2008. Also, Kurumada had a short role as a voice actor in the anime adaptation of his manga Ring ni Kakero . He appeared in the first episode, as himself and as the Jitsuroku! Shinwakai protagonist, who shares his name, and he provided his voice to both. Continuing his contributions as lyricist, Kurumada wrote

7630-513: The first droplets of liquid air at −195 °C (−319.0 °F; 78.1 K). This was followed in 1883 by the production of liquid oxygen −218 °C (−360.4 °F; 55.1 K) by the Polish professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski . Scottish chemist and physicist James Dewar and Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes took on the challenge to liquefy the remaining gases, hydrogen and helium . In 1898, after 20 years of effort, Dewar

7739-589: The first gaseous condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman at the University of Colorado at Boulder NIST - JILA lab, using a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvin ( 1.7 × 10  K ). In 2003, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) achieved a temperature of 450 ± 80 picokelvin ( 4.5 × 10  K ) in a BEC of sodium atoms. The associated black-body (peak emittance) wavelength of 6.4 megameters

7848-488: The first time they had created a quantum gas made up of potassium atoms with a negative temperature in motional degrees of freedom. One of the first to discuss the possibility of an absolute minimal temperature was Robert Boyle . His 1665 New Experiments and Observations touching Cold , articulated the dispute known as the primum frigidum . The concept was well known among naturalists of the time. Some contended an absolute minimum temperature occurred within earth (as one of

7957-403: The four classical elements ), others within water, others air, and some more recently within nitre . But all of them seemed to agree that, "There is some body or other that is of its own nature supremely cold and by participation of which all other bodies obtain that quality." The question of whether there is a limit to the degree of coldness possible, and, if so, where the zero must be placed,

8066-588: The freezing point of water, and thought that in any case it must be at least 600 below. John Dalton in his Chemical Philosophy gave ten calculations of this value, and finally adopted −3,000 °C as the natural zero of temperature. From 1787 to 1802, it was determined by Jacques Charles (unpublished), John Dalton , and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac that, at constant pressure, ideal gases expanded or contracted their volume linearly ( Charles's law ) by about 1/273 parts per degree Celsius of temperature's change up or down, between 0° and 100° C. This suggested that

8175-633: The future Gold Saint of Aquarius successor to Camus, from the Gold Saint of the eighteenth century Aquarius Mystoria Andromeda Shun ( アンドロメダ星座 （ アンドロメダ ） の瞬 , Andoromeda no Shun ) is the Bronze Saint of Andromeda and Phoenix Ikki's younger brother, although he shares the same father as the rest of the main Bronze Saints. He trained at Andromeda Island under the Silver Saint Cepheus Daidalos and returned to Japan after earning his Cloth, hoping to be reunited with Ikki. He helps Athena reclaim Sanctuary and later becomes involved in

8284-421: The god of the underworld. Shiryu is proclaimed as the future Gold Saint of Libra successor to Dohko, from the Gold Saint of the eighteenth century Libra Dohko(Young) Cygnus Hyoga ( 白鳥星座 （ キグナス ） の氷河 , Kigunasu no Hyōga ) , also known as Swan Hyoga in several international adaptations, is the Bronze Saint of Cygnus . He was born in the fictional village of Kohoutek, in eastern Siberia , which, at

8393-427: The late 19th century. A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero. Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state of the external potential, at which point quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale . This state of matter

8502-632: The legitimate and benevolent Pope, who awarded Seiya the Pegasus Cloth. He was killed by Gemini Saga to usurp his authority, who hid his corpse in Star Hill, where it remained for over 10 years. Said to be the younger brother of the Pope before him, Aries Shion. Although the events he takes part in are taken directly from Kurumada's manga, this character can't be reconciled with an equivalent in it due to plentiful conflicting storyline aspects, as in Kurumada's work,

8611-454: The less detailed Einstein model shows this curious drop in specific heats. In fact, all specific heats vanish at absolute zero, not just those of crystals. Likewise for the coefficient of thermal expansion . Maxwell's relations show that various other quantities also vanish. These phenomena were unanticipated. Since the relation between changes in Gibbs free energy ( G ), the enthalpy ( H ) and

8720-428: The long-time tradition of popular manga having an animated adaptation. His drawing style is very classic, reminiscent from the manga/anime aesthetics more predominant in the 1960s and 1970s, albeit a constant flaw in his art is an inconsistent trace and proportion unbalance. He often draws his characters as if seen from a low perspective. His drawings can sometimes seem rough, but the improvement in his artistic technique

8829-699: The looks of the God Warriors of Odin in 1988's Saint Seiya: The Heated Battle of the Gods , but had virtually no involvement in the conceptual development and design of Abel and his three Corona Saints in 1988's Saint Seiya: Legend of Crimson Youth or of Lucifer and the Fallen Angels in Saint Seiya: Warriors of the Final Holy Battle . On the other hand, the 2004 film Saint Seiya Heaven Chapter: Overture

8938-457: The lowest temperature possible, but it is not the lowest enthalpy state possible, because all real substances begin to depart from the ideal gas when cooled as they approach the change of state to liquid, and then to solid; and the sum of the enthalpy of vaporization (gas to liquid) and enthalpy of fusion (liquid to solid) exceeds the ideal gas's change in enthalpy to absolute zero. In the quantum-mechanical description, matter at absolute zero

9047-501: The lyrics to the ending theme of the first and second season of the Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas anime: Additionally, the release of a new CD containing the rest of songs with lyrics authored by Kurumada for the anime adaptations of his works Saint Seiya and Ring ni Kakero , is set for 2013. The compilation is titled "Kurumada: The Complete Works 2" and includes some previously released material. The songs included in

9156-479: The master Tezuka's technique include legendary authors Leiji Matsumoto , Monkey Punch and Shōtarō Ishinomori or Clamp . Clamp was heavily influenced by Kurumada's works, and they began their career as manga authors creating doujinshi based on Kurumada's characters. It is also known that anime adaptations aren't much to his liking, he prefers manga. He agreed that his works Fūma no Kojirō , Saint Seiya , Ring ni Kakero and B't X were adapted to anime, to follow

9265-458: The name of the goddess Athena against agents of evil who seek to rule the Earth. Their main enemy in the first arc of the story is the traitorous Gold Saint of Gemini, who has murdered the representative of Athena and taken his place as leader of the Saints. In the second arc, the Saints are confronted with the god of the sea, Poseidon, who kidnaps the mortal reincarnation of Athena and threatens to flood

9374-467: The past as a helpless baby at the mercy of her enemies. In the latest chapters of Next Dimension , author Kurumada introduces Sasha ( サーシャ , Sāsha ) , Athena's previous incarnation, who descended to Earth once again during the 18th century. Athena's reincarnation in the 18th century, an orphaned young girl living in the european city of Firanzo and a childhood friend of Alone and Tenma. Sanctuary awaited for her advent, as victory can't be achieved in

9483-442: The principles on which this scale was constructed that its zero was placed at −273 °C, at almost precisely the same point as the zero of the air thermometer, where the air volume would reach "nothing". This value was not immediately accepted; values ranging from −271.1 °C (−455.98 °F) to −274.5 °C (−462.10 °F), derived from laboratory measurements and observations of astronomical refraction , remained in use in

9592-591: The relative numbers of particles in a system as decreasing exponential functions of energy (at the particle level) over kT , with k representing the Boltzmann constant and T representing the temperature observed at the macroscopic level. Temperatures that are expressed as negative numbers on the familiar Celsius or Fahrenheit scales are simply colder than the zero points of those scales. Certain systems can achieve truly negative temperatures; that is, their thermodynamic temperature (expressed in kelvins) can be of

9701-667: The same appearance and personality, but sometimes the author gives them new names and different roles than in previous works). Because of this, the main characters of his works most of the time bear a resemblance to Takane Ryūji, the protagonist of Ring ni Kakero . The main characters of his subsequent works have almost the same appearance and personality of Ryūji, specifically Jingi Kikukawa ( Otoko Zaka ), Kojirō ( Fūma no Kojirō ), Seiya ( Saint Seiya ), Teppei Takamiya ( B't X ), Shō ( Silent Knight Shō ), Aoi Tendō ( Aoi Tori no Shinwa ), Rindō Kenzaki ( Ring ni Kakero 2 ), among others. Besides Kurumada, other renowned manga artists that resort to

9810-499: The series will take place 25 years after the events in Kurumada's Saint Seiya manga. The series began airing in April that year, and has been renewed for a second season that started in April 2013. In 2014 Masami Kurumada was the executive producer of a CGI remake of the Sanctuary chapter called Saint Seiya: Legend of Sanctuary . In 2016, marking 30 years since the original release of

9919-534: The spin-off Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas , where his name is spelled only in katakana . Athena's army is composed of warriors known as Saints, who for millennia have battled to protect the goddess and the ideals she stands for. They inhabit the Sanctuary and possess superhuman powers thanks to their Cosmo, the energy of the Big Bang that dwells inside every being. They are divided into three hierarchical ranks – Bronze, Silver and Gold – and wear armors that are linked to

10028-519: The spring of the air was reduced to nothing. He used a scale that marked the boiling point of water at +73 and the melting point of ice at + 51 + 1 ⁄ 2 , so that the zero was equivalent to about −240 on the Celsius scale. Amontons held that the absolute zero cannot be reached, so never attempted to compute it explicitly. The value of −240 °C, or "431 divisions [in Fahrenheit's thermometer] below

10137-437: The stars of Ursa Major . Masami Kurumada He is the founder of the manga studio Kurumada Productions or Kurumadapro for short. He achieved fame as the creator of popular manga, such as Ring ni Kakero , Fūma no Kojirō , Saint Seiya and B't X . The male characters in his works often display very masculine qualities and traits, and display courage through sacrifice, selflessness and true heroism. He has won

10246-577: The structure is in its proper place, whether it is a single atom or a molecular grouping. For substances that exist in two (or more) stable crystalline forms, such as diamond and graphite for carbon , there is a kind of chemical degeneracy . The question remains whether both can have zero entropy at T  = 0 even though each is perfectly ordered. Perfect crystals never occur in practice; imperfections, and even entire amorphous material inclusions, can and do get "frozen in" at low temperatures, so transitions to more stable states do not occur. Using

10355-569: The time when Kurumada wrote and drew his manga, was in the Soviet Union . His mastery over his Cosmo grants him the ability to create ice and snow at temperatures as low as absolute zero by stopping subatomic particles. Hyoga is often portrayed wearing a cross and rosary of the Northern Cross, another name for the Cygnus constellation. Calm by nature, he displays a seemingly emotionless exterior, but

10464-446: The typical head-first falling characters, and Kurumada-futtobi ( 車田吹っ飛び , Kurumada-futtobi ) , meaning "Kurumada Launch", which refers to characters that are projected high into the air by opponents, to name a few. Recurrent themes in his works are friendship, courage, redemption and sacrifice. Masculine virtue and qualities, honesty and honor are also traits often found in his characters. Female characters in his works mostly play

10573-490: The universe of Saint Seiya , as they were created by Masami Kurumada, these characters were not introduced in his manga, but instead in the first Saint Seiya film. They were also featured in the musical Saint Seiya: Super Musical of 2011, which is based on the same film. They are five former Silver Saints, collectively known as the Ghost Saints: Southern Cross Khristós (voiced by Ryūsei Nakao in

10682-529: The volume of a gas cooled at about −273 °C would reach zero. After James Prescott Joule had determined the mechanical equivalent of heat, Lord Kelvin approached the question from an entirely different point of view, and in 1848 devised a scale of absolute temperature that was independent of the properties of any particular substance and was based on Carnot 's theory of the Motive Power of Heat and data published by Henri Victor Regnault . It followed from

10791-434: The works of Kurumada, sold all over the worlds with great success. His fans are usually referred to as "Masamists". His manga works listed chronologically and their duration: Out of all of them, Saint Seiya is his most famous work in the western world but not in Japan, its popularity there is surpassed by that of Ring ni Kakero (1 and 2), which is the longest of Kurumada's works, at 51 collected volumes. Saint Seiya ,

10900-495: The world with incessant rain to cleanse it of the evils of mankind. Their final enemy, who appears in the third arc of the series, is the god of the Underworld, Hades, whom Athena has fought since the age of myth. Saint Seiya: Next Dimension acts both as a prequel and a sequel to the first series. It details the aftermath of the war against Hades and starts with Athena seeking help from the gods of Olympus and from Chronos to save Pegasus Seiya from Hades' curse by travelling back to

11009-416: Was an exhibition on the works of the master Masami Kurumada, with very many drawings drawn from his works and also various armor taken from his Saint Seiya manga, all reconstructed in natural scale on a 1: 1 scale. Masami Kurumada wrote the lyrics to many of the songs used in the anime adaptations of his manga series. A CD compiling the songs was released in December 2005 with an extra song to Otoko Zaka ,

11118-411: Was based on an original story by Kurumada. Since the discontinuation of the project, however, the characters and events of that film have since been replaced in the canonical continuity of the series by those found in Next Dimension . The anime adaptation of Saint Seiya features several original characters. Author Masami Kurumada was not involved in their creation process. Although these characters had

11227-454: Was first addressed by the French physicist Guillaume Amontons in 1703, in connection with his improvements in the air thermometer . His instrument indicated temperatures by the height at which a certain mass of air sustained a column of mercury—the pressure, or "spring" of the air varying with temperature. Amontons therefore argued that the zero of his thermometer would be that temperature at which

11336-509: Was first predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924–1925. Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta (now called photons ). Einstein was impressed, translated the paper from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik , which published it. Einstein then extended Bose's ideas to material particles (or matter) in two other papers. Seventy years later, in 1995,

11445-459: Was forced by Shueisha , his publisher, to finish the manga after the Hades Arc, in 1991. He put his manga in hiatus after he finished the mentioned arc, and resumed it in 2006 with Saint Seiya Next Dimension . The anime adaptation of Saint Seiya experienced a popularity decrease during the anime-only Asgard arc, while the popularity of the original manga was still strong; the anime back in 1989,

11554-481: Was in pre-production of the episodes that would adapt the Hades arc of the manga. Because of low popularity of the anime adaptation, the project was suspended and remained so until 2003, when it was resumed and the Hades arc of the manga finally was adapted to animation. The episodes that adapted the two final volumes of the manga were aired in between May and August 2008, finally leaving Kurumada's manga completely adapted to anime. In 2004, Kurumada celebrated 30 years as

11663-480: Was planned to continue the story with the subsequent release of OVAs, but due to discrepancies between Kurumada and Toei Animation, the project failed and was abandoned. Kurumada still plans to publish the "Zeus Chapter", written and drawn by him, in manga form in the near future, by 2012, a considerable amount of elements from it have already been revealed by Kurumada in Saint Seiya Next Dimension and he

11772-448: Was separated from his sister Seika and sent to Greece to become a Saint, a soldier of the goddess Athena. Initially motivated by the desire to rejoin his sister, he eventually discovers he has protected Athena for millennia, his soul returning every time she reincarnates to assist her in the battles against the evil agents that threaten the Earth. As a warrior of immense might, Seiya achieves victory in impossible battles, occasionally donning

11881-529: Was the first to liquefy hydrogen, reaching a new low-temperature record of −252 °C (−421.6 °F; 21.1 K). However, Kamerlingh Onnes, his rival, was the first to liquefy helium, in 1908, using several precooling stages and the Hampson–Linde cycle . He lowered the temperature to the boiling point of helium −269 °C (−452.20 °F; 4.15 K). By reducing the pressure of the liquid helium, he achieved an even lower temperature, near 1.5 K. These were

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