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75-593: The castle was the headquarters of the ducal lines of the house of Glücksburg and temporarily served as the primary residence of the Danish monarch. The building is in the town of Glücksburg , located in Northern Germany on the Flensburg Firth . The structure is a water castle . The ducal house of Glücksburg derived its name from the castle and its family members are related to almost all European dynasties. Nowadays,

150-424: A seigneur or "lord", 12th century), which gives rise to the expression "seigneurial system" to describe feudalism. Originally, vassalage did not imply the giving or receiving of landholdings (which were granted only as a reward for loyalty), but by the 8th century the giving of a landholding was becoming standard. The granting of a landholding to a vassal did not relinquish the lord's property rights, but only

225-610: A Seigneur or Dame that owns the fief. The Guernsey fiefs and seigneurs existed long before baronies, and are historically part of Normandy . While nobility has been outlawed in France and Germany, noble fiefs still exist by law in Guernsey. The owners of the fiefs actually convene each year at the Court of Chief Pleas under the supervision of His Majesty's Government. There are approximately 24 private fiefs in Guernsey that are registered directly with

300-527: A vassal , who held it in fealty or "in fee" in return for a form of feudal allegiance, services or payments. The fees were often lands, land revenue or revenue-producing real property like a watermill , held in feudal land tenure : these are typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms . However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including governmental office, rights of exploitation such as hunting, fishing or felling trees, monopolies in trade, money rents and tax farms . There never existed

375-469: A continuously inhabited noble family seat and less of a courtly residence. In the middle of the 17th century, the palace and its outbuildings housed a court of an average of 80 people. Descendants of John († 1622) who resided Glücksburg Castle after his death: With the death of the childless Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm in 1779, the older branch of the family went extinct and the Glücksburg fief went back to

450-437: A fish pond for food supply. As a result of the flooding, the former monastery grounds sank completely, the castle and the outer bailey were both completely surrounded by water after the complex was completed. Over the centuries, sediment created a permanent connection between the castle and the outer bailey. Gl%C3%BCcksburg Glücksburg ( German pronunciation: [ˈɡlʏksˌbʊʁk] ; Danish : Lyksborg )

525-485: A land grant in exchange for service continued to be called a beneficium (Latin). Later, the term feudum , or feodum , began to replace beneficium in the documents. The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one hundred years earlier. The origin of the feudum and why it replaced beneficium has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below. The most widely held theory

600-423: A large hall, with four rooms and the tower rooms adjoining each side. From the 18th century onwards, the floor contained a few guest rooms. The so-called Margrave's Room is a reminder of Margrave Frederick Ernest , who served as governor of Schleswig-Holstein and temporarily lodged at Glücksburg. From 1857 the living quarters of the princes and princesses were set up on the upper floor. The middle White Hall lacks

675-540: A standard feudal system, nor did there exist only one type of fief. Over the ages, depending on the region, there was a broad variety of customs using the same basic legal principles in many variations. In ancient Rome, a " benefice " (from the Latin noun beneficium , meaning "benefit") was a gift of land ( precaria ) for life as a reward for services rendered, originally, to the state. In medieval Latin European documents,

750-662: Is a small town northeast of Flensburg in the district Schleswig-Flensburg , in Schleswig-Holstein , Germany , and is the northernmost town in Germany. It is situated on the south side of the Flensborg Fjord , an inlet of the Baltic Sea , approx. 10 km northeast of Flensburg . The town was originally the home of the family Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (or simply Glücksburg ), members of which have reigned in

825-476: Is at Glücksburg Castle. In the non-profit foundation statutes, the task of the foundation is formulated as follows: The purpose of the foundation is to promote art and culture as well as monument protection. The purpose of the foundation is realized in particular through the endeavor to preserve Glücksburg Castle and the inventory belonging to the foundation's assets in accordance with their high cultural and historical status, to use them and make them accessible to

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900-437: Is first attested around 1250–1300 (Middle English); the word "fief" from around 1605–1615. In French, the term fief is found from the middle of the 13th century (Old French), derived from the 11th-century terms feu , fie . The odd appearance of the second f in the form fief may be due to influence from the verb fiever 'to grant in fee'. In French, one also finds seigneurie (land and rights possessed by

975-549: Is put forth by Marc Bloch that it is related to the Frankish term *fehu-ôd , in which *fehu means "cattle" and -ôd means "goods", implying "a moveable object of value". When land replaced currency as the primary store of value , the Germanic word *fehu-ôd replaced the Latin word beneficium . This Germanic origin theory was also shared by William Stubbs in the 19th century. A theory put forward by Archibald R. Lewis

1050-508: Is that the origin of 'fief' is not feudum (or feodum ), but rather foderum , the earliest attested use being in Astronomus 's Vita Hludovici (840). In that text is a passage about Louis the Pious which says "annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant" , which can be translated as "(Louis forbade that) military provender which they popularly call 'fodder' (be furnished)." In

1125-409: Is the largest and probably most well known structure of this form of Schleswig-Holstein architecture. The motto of the builder Johann III was G ott g ebe G lück m it F rieden (God Gives Luck With Peace). The letters G G G M F are therefore placed above the main entrance. The name of the castle is derived from this motto. Glück means luck, and Glücksburg thus means Luck Castle. The building

1200-401: Is unusual for the region, with a small portico in the center. The orangery is now used for art exhibitions and concerts. The garden area is open all year round and accessible to visitors free of charge. The Glücksburger Rosarium was set up in 1990 and 1991 right next to the palace garden, on the site of the former palace gardening facility. The former gardener's house forms the focal point. In

1275-456: The Empress Salon are reminiscent of Auguste Viktoria. Not much is known about the use of the second floor at the time of construction, but it is believed that it was originally mainly used as a storage room and granary. This function resulted from the fact that in the time of John III, a tax in kind was quite common. The floor plan follows the floor below: the middle house is also dominated by

1350-642: The Red Castle and was based on the model of the Malbork Castle . Glücksburg Castle remained the main residence of the ducal family until the 20th century. Only gradually did the family move to the mansions of the surrounding estates, such as Louisenlund or Grünholz. The structures of the Glücksburg Castle made it through the world wars without suffering any substantial damages. Only the castle's bells were seized and melted down during World War I . Towards

1425-522: The Sønderborg Castle and in 1582 began building Glücksburg castle, where the Ryd Abbey used to be. The castle was built to serve as a comfortable country castle for himself and his family. After John's death in 1622, the duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg was divided amongst his heirs. John's son Philipp received the castle and the lands of Glücksburg and thus founded the first, the elder line of

1500-405: The 10th and 11th centuries the Latin terms for 'fee' could be used either to describe dependent tenure held by a man from his lord, as the term is used now by historians, or it could mean simply "property" (the manor was, in effect, a small fief). It lacked a precise meaning until the middle of the 12th century, when it received formal definition from land lawyers. In English usage, the word "fee"

1575-478: The 19th century and was brought here from Gottorf Castle and Kiel Castle . It is one of the richest collections of this kind in Schleswig-Holstein. In the basement, which is about halfway below the water level, the kitchen and various storage rooms used to be located. The basement rooms have their own entrances so that staff or visitors to the palace chapel, which was later made public, did not have to enter

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1650-529: The Christian holiday of Pentecost . In 1922, the family brought the castle into a foundation to preserve Glücksburg and allow the public to participate in the cultural monument. As part of this, most of the castle was converted into a museum, with concerts and other cultural events having been held in the building and its orangery . One of the venues for the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival

1725-646: The Danish royal family. Until 1824 the wife of the last Duke, Anna Carolina used the castle as a widow's residence. in 1825, The Danish King Frederick VI handed over the fief and thus the castle and title to his brother-in-law Friedrich Wilhelm from the Holstein-Beck family . Friedrich Wilhelm assisted the Danish king during the Congress of Vienna and was accordingly rewarded with the Ducal title. Raised in Denmark and Prussia ,

1800-608: The Duburg fortress in Flensburg began to decline. The history of the castle itself begins in 1582. The Danish King Frederick II encumbered his brother John , known as Hans the Younger, with the lands of Sundewitt, the Reinfeld monastery and the old Ryd Abbey, amongst other things. John, who already had considerable possessions, acquired additional areas. The government of the duchy was largely in

1875-465: The Duchess Anna Carolina, the formal decoration of the garden was abandoned, and the green areas were redesigned, inspired by English gardens . The baroque structure was largely retained, so that the framing avenues and the path system of the old garden have been preserved to this day. The orangery was renewed and received its present form in 1827. It is a classicist building with five axes, which

1950-723: The EU and the other half by the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments, the German Foundation for Monument Protection , the Friends of Schloss Glücksburg e. V. and various smaller foundations. On December 21, 1582, a contract was signed with Nikolaus Karies for the construction of the castle. Johann III assigned Karies with the demolition of the monastery and lead the work on the new building. The Duke provided him with 6,000 Luebian marks for

2025-557: The Friedrichsgarde. Since then, the castle has remained in the possession of the Glücksburg family and was inhabited by the family and relatives at almost all times. The following resided here as descendants of Duke Karl († 1863): One of the most famous regular guests was Auguste Viktoria , the last German Empress, who came from the closely related house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg . Auguste Viktoria stayed at Glücksburg frequently, because her sister Caroline Mathilde

2100-501: The House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg . The castle remained the seat of the Dukes of Glücksburg for over 150 years, but the small titular duchy itself remained relatively insignificant. Apart from the fact that the members of the house were repeatedly married into other noble families, they played no role in the history of the country. During this time, the Glücksburg castle was more of

2175-516: The Renaissance, but these decorations were removed in the course of a classicist purification in the 19th century, resulting in the current, somewhat austere appearance of the castle. In 1768 the middle roof received the baroque ridge turret , the wall dormers removed in the 19th century were renewed from 1906 onwards. Aside from changes to the decorations, the exterior of the castle has remained largely unchanged for more than 400 years. The floors of

2250-423: The actual main building. For the farm yard, Johann III In 1585, gave the builder Karies another 1,600 Luebian marks. The yard was completed in 1587. Like the castle itself, the buildings of the farm yard are also typical of the rural architecture of the Schleswig-Holstein nobility at the time of the Renaissance. The outer bailey was partially destroyed in a fire in 1717, mainly the bakery and brewery that once bordered

2325-401: The actual main entrance to the castle area, the gatehouse was primarily used as a stable building and coach house . Today it houses the museum shop and ticket office. The twelve-axis cavalier's house from 1685, facing west, was raised by one floor in the 18th century, and the curved gables of the attic were not added until 1856. As on the castle, the decorations were later removed again. Today

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2400-629: The castle - the floor plan of the castle is similar to the central building of Chambord - but it is a typical building of its era and region. The architecture is typical for Schleswig-Holstein from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . "Sister buildings" can be found, for example, in the Nütschau Priory and above all in Ahrensburg Castle , which was built almost simultaneously. Glücksburg Castle

2475-459: The castle is also preceded by two bay-like stair towers, which form the only connection between the upper floors. In total, the castle includes two halls, the vestibule, the castle chapel and twelve middle rooms, twelve tower rooms and eleven corner rooms. The total living space of the building is around 3,000 m (32290 sq. ft.). The gable ends of the facades as well as the wall dormers were once curved and provided with decorative elements typical of

2550-603: The castle is one of the most famous sights in the German state of Schleswig Holstein . Within the castle is a museum which is open to the public. The history of today's castle grounds began in Schleswig in 1192, when the double monastery of St. Michael auf dem Berge was dissolved. The nuns then moved to the St. John's Monastery  [ de ] in Schleswig , which still exists today, while

2625-478: The castle passed into Prussian ownership. On September 16, 1868, the Prussian King Wilhelm I visited the castle during a visit to Flensburg to decide on its future fate and use. The Flensburger Nachrichten newspaper reported on September 22: "[...] Glücksburg had festively adorned itself for the arrival of the king; There were three gates of honor, one at Ruhethal, the second in front of the entrance to

2700-455: The castle were once assigned to different functions. The design of most of the rooms goes back to the Baroque era, only some of the paintings from the time of construction have survived. Most of the furnishings in the palace were auctioned off in 1824 after the death of Anna Carolina or transferred to Berlin after the events of 1864. The furniture that can be viewed today is stylistically mostly from

2775-491: The castle, and took numerous valuables, many of which were later returned. Furthermore, 32 caskets in the tomb had been opened. While the looting took place, British troops detained the ducal family at gunpoint. The return of the looted items followed an appeal to Queen Mary , mother of the British King George VI , who was a niece of Friedrich Ferdinand. The reopening of the castle and the museum occurred in 1948, on

2850-468: The cavalier's house is used for private purposes and is inhabited. Already during the time of the Rüdekloster, the monastery had a garden, which was lost after the grounds were laid down and the castle pond was dammed. With the exception of a kitchen garden from 1622, the palace was only given a larger park area in the 18th century. Under the gardener Jürgen Lorentzen, a small pleasure garden was laid out on

2925-403: The chapel was furnished in a baroque style around 1717, and in 1847 it received a Marcussen organ . During restoration work in 1973, frescos from the time the castle was built were uncovered. To the west of the chapel is the house crypt in which the last burial took place in 1811 and in which 38 members of the ducal family are buried. In the castle chapel is a smoke barrel from the 13th century,

3000-399: The construction work - which at that time was the equivalent of around 1200 cattle. Glücksburg Castle was built in the immediate vicinity of the former monastery. Some materials from the monastery were reused as building material for the new castle. The former monastery grounds were flooded and dammed up into a large castle pond. Occasionally French models are cited as the inspiration behind

3075-460: The cradle of Europe, and the new king was often referred to as Europe's father-in-law. From Christian's marriage to Princess Louise of Hesse , three daughters were married into the royal houses of England and Russia: Alexandra married the later Edward VII , Dagmar the later Tsar Alexander III and the youngest daughter Thyra the Duke of Cumberland . The second son became King George I of Greece and

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3150-417: The documents) for the life of the vassal, or, sometimes extending to the second or third generation. By the middle of the 10th century, fee had largely become hereditary. The eldest son of a deceased vassal would inherit, but first he had to do homage and fealty to the lord and pay a " relief " for the land (a monetary recognition of the lord's continuing proprietary rights over the property). Historically,

3225-406: The domiciliary rights. The foundation is responsible for the care and protection of the castle, which - like many water castles - has to struggle with constant moisture. As a last major measure - after a legal dispute with the state regarding the assumption of costs - the facades of Glücksburg were extensively renovated from 2005. Half of the financial resources of around 440,000 euros were provided by

3300-518: The end of World War II, under the Doenitz administration , Germany moved the seat of government to Mürwik in the city of Flensburg. During this period, Albert Speer resided inside the castle. Here he was arrested by the allied forces on May 23, 1945, and brought to Flensburg. Until the summer of 1945, the castle was used as a prison for 200 former members of the Wehrmacht . In May 1945, British troops looted

3375-452: The entire floor area of the central building. The ornamentation of the vault is one of the earliest stucco works in Schleswig-Holstein. The room served as a salon and living room as well as a ballroom of the castle. It also served as a hallway, as four rooms lead off from it on each side of the Hall. Behind the corner rooms of the outer houses are the salons of the tower rooms. The Empress Tower and

3450-541: The fees of the 11th and the 12th century derived from two separate sources. The first was land carved out of the estates of the upper nobility. The second source was allodial land transformed into dependent tenures. During the 10th century in northern France and the 11th century in France south of the Loire , local magnates either recruited or forced the owners of allodial holdings into dependent relationships and they were turned into fiefs. The process occurred later in Germany, and

3525-406: The floor is remarkable, with its footplates which are made of Öland stone and show imprints of fossils in many places. The rooms adjoining the vestibule were once used as a chancellery and later also as living rooms; today the castle administration is housed here. The most remarkable room in the basement is the palace chapel. The chapel hall is the only room in the castle that extends over two of

3600-466: The fourth side of the courtyard facing the castle. The brewery was not rebuilt and an avenue was planted in its place. The lanterns in the courtyard are noteworthy, they come from the royal Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen and were erected in 1859. The gatehouse once connected the island of the farm yard to the mainland via a drawbridge, this bridge was later exchanged for a fixed crossing. In addition to

3675-470: The grandson Carl became King of Norway . From this time forward, the House of Glücksburg is related to almost all major European dynasties. During the Second Schleswig War in 1864, the castle served as quarters for Charles von Prussia and was later even used as a hospital and barracks. With the war, the long personal union of the Danish royal family and the Schleswig-Holstein duchies ended, and

3750-449: The hands of John's brother. Although John was a partitioned-off duke , because the estates refused him homage , he tried to increase his fortune and his reputation in other ways. He worked successfully as an early mercantilist entrepreneur. As a typical duke of his time, he expressed his wealth with various buildings and founded, among other things, the castles in Reinfeld and Ahrensbök , which have since been demolished. He modernized

3825-503: The high-lying first floor and the now-gone drawbridge of the courtyard still remind of a past in which a noble residence also had to be fortified. The building stands on a 2.5-meter-high granite base and rises directly out of the water. The castle is made of white plastered brick, which was largely removed and reused from the demolished monastery. The base area is a square with an edge length of almost 30 meters, consisting of three individual houses, each with its own floor plan and roof. While

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3900-461: The last known artifact from the destroyed monastery church. The chapel also served as the official parish church of the city of Glücksburg until 1965. It is still used today for church services, weddings and baptisms. In the western tower room of the basement, civil weddings can be carried out in consultation with the castle administration. The first floor is the actual living area; the ducal family's bedrooms and salons have been located here since it

3975-409: The long houses. It takes up a good quarter of the east and middle houses. In addition, the floor level of the chapel extends down to the basement, making it the only room that takes up more than one floor. The church was originally furnished in the Renaissance style and still contains a pulpit altar and a baptism from the middle of the 17th century, both works by Claus Gabriel. Under Duke Philipp Ernst,

4050-421: The middle house accommodated the large halls and the vestibule , the two side houses were fitted with the living rooms. The palace chapel, with its east-facing altar wall, is the only room that was placed across the overall floor plan and is located in the east and middle house at the same time. In the four corners of Glücksburg Castle are four octagonal towers, each seven meters in diameter. The courtyard side of

4125-402: The monks left the place and went to Guldholm on Langsee . Between 1209 and 1210 the monks founded a new Cistercian monastery in Glücksburg. In the vicinity of the monastery was an older motte-and-bailey castle , parts of which have been preserved to this day. The so-called Ryd Abbey and the extensive estates were inhabited and managed by the monks in the following centuries. At the same time,

4200-526: The neighboring town Flensburg still had several castles, as well as the large, militarily important Duburg fortress, built in 1411. In the course of the Reformation , the Rüdekloster was secularized in 1538 and came into the possession of the Danish King Christian III in 1544. The monastery buildings served as the administrator's residence. In the beginning of the 16th century, the condition of

4275-422: The new duke was a direct descendant of the palace's builder, John III. Together with his wife, Louise Caroline , a daughter of the ducal governor Charles von Hessen-Kassel , he founded the younger line of the House of Glücksburg. Friedrich Wilhelm no longer lived in the castle himself; however, his wife resided here until the first Schleswig War . Among their ten children was the later Danish king Christian IX . –

4350-457: The past in Greece and several northern German states. Members of the family still reign in Denmark and Norway since 1863 and 1905 respectively. Glücksburg was home to a German Navy base. Among the facilities at the base was the transmitter, callsign DHJ58. DHJ58, situated at 54° 50'N and 9° 32' E, ceased its transmissions on longwave frequency 68.9 kHz in 2002 and in 2004 its longwave antenna

4425-458: The progenitor of today's Glücksburg line on the Danish throne. The Danish royal family often used their relatives' castle as a summer residence. From 1854, King Frederick VII occasionally resided at Glücksburg, until he died childless here in 1863. According to the London Protocol of 1852 , Christian IX. of the Glücksburg line became his successor. Under him, the castle gained a reputation as

4500-467: The public. ... The board of directors of the foundation is provided by the ducal family itself. The current managing director is Christoph zu Schleswig-Holstein, who has held this office since 1980. In addition to the family, the board of trustees also includes representatives of the state of Schleswig-Holstein and the district administrator of the Schleswig-Flensburg district . The family still has

4575-478: The right of high justice, etc.) in their lands, and some passed these rights to their own vassals. The privilege of minting official coins developed into the concept of seigniorage . In 13th-century Germany, Italy, England, France, and Spain the term "feodum" was used to describe a dependent tenure held from a lord by a vassal in return for a specified amount of knight service and occasional financial payments ( feudal incidents ). However, knight service in war

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4650-472: The rosarium over 500 historical, English, climbing and wild roses are cultivated on an area of just under one hectare. The rosarium is no longer part of the public castle grounds and is privately managed, so access is chargeable. The castle pond was artificially created in the 16th century by damming the water of the Schwennau and Munkbrarupau. It was supposed to protect the castle and at the same time served as

4725-547: The service of mercenaries . A list of several hundred such fees held in chief between 1198 and 1292, along with their holders' names and form of tenure, was published in three volumes between 1920 and 1931 and is known as The Book of Fees ; it was developed from the 1302 Testa de Nevill . The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a group of several of the Channel Islands that is a Crown Dependency . Guernsey still has feudal law and legal fiefs in existence today. Each fief has

4800-418: The site of the later rose garden from 1706 to 1709. Since Glücksburg is surrounded by water on three sides and the outer bailey is in front of the fourth side, the larger park was placed behind the outer bailey from 1733 without direct reference to the castle. This baroque garden essentially consisted of a large parterre, which was aligned with an orangery building erected in 1743. in the 19th century, under

4875-405: The town, the third at the driveway to the castle, and flags and floral decorations in abundance. The king arrived the 16th, at 3 p.m., at the second gate of honor, Pastor Vogel gave a brief address, which the monarch graciously returned. A few peasant girls had gathered at the castle to offer the father of the country butter, bread, cheese and fruit as well as fishing products. [...] The whole stay in

4950-413: The use of the lands and their income; the granting lord retained ultimate ownership of the fee and could, technically, recover the lands in case of disloyalty or death. In Francia , Charles Martel was the first to make large-scale and systematic use (the practice had remained sporadic until then) of the remuneration of vassals by the concession of the usufruct of lands (a beneficatium or " benefice " in

5025-424: The vaulted ceiling of its "red" counterpart, which makes it appear larger and deeper. The hall is now less elaborately furnished, the most important decoration is a collection of tapestries from 1740. The White Hall was often used as a dining room and is now used for concert performances. In front of the castle is a farm yard, which opens up as an outer bailey with a gatehouse, cavalier house and stables in front of

5100-451: The vestibule. The former prison is located under the entrance area on the first floor, but it was probably never used for this purpose. The basement contains the main entrance and is accessed via the castle bridge. The portal, framed by the stair towers, leads directly into the entrance hall, the vestibule known as the Green Hall . The green hall was always furnished in a very simple way, but

5175-495: The village and at the castle lasted only a small hour. " King Wilhelm I showed no further personal interest in the property and the War Ministry no longer needed it. In 1869, King Wilhelm I transferred the castle back to the ducal family by means of a "highest decree". Duke Karl , a brother of King Christian IX, used the palace again as a permanent residence from 1871. When he moved in, he and his wife Wilhelmine were welcomed by

5250-537: Was built in a stylistic transition period. While Johann's uncle Adolf I , for example, built more modern, three-winged buildings, with the Husum Castle or the Reinbek Castle, the nephew stuck to more traditional building forms of the region. And although it was planned and executed as a manorial residence, the location in the water, the embrasure like openings in the tower basements, the originally merlon towers and

5325-399: Was built. The eastern rooms were originally assigned to the duke, the western rooms to his wife. However, this division was not maintained permanently. In the center of the floor is the richly furnished Red Hall (including paintings by Antoine Pesne ). The room got its name from the red wallpaper it was once covered in. The 30 meter long, ten meter wide and four meter high hall extends over

5400-410: Was disassembled. Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Glücksburg"  . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Fief List of forms of government A fief ( / f iː f / ; Latin : feudum ) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law. It consisted of a form of property holding or other rights granted by an overlord to

5475-400: Was far less common than: A lord in late 12th-century England and France could also claim the right of: In northern France in the 12th and 13th centuries, military service for fiefs was limited for offensive campaigns to 40 days for a knight. By the 12th century, English and French kings and barons began to commute military service for cash payments ( scutages ), with which they could purchase

5550-576: Was married to Friedrich Ferdinand and Auguste Viktoria visited her often. A series of rooms on the first floor are named after the Empress. Even Wilhelm II was a frequent guest, but rarely spent the night, instead sleeping on his yacht during his stays. From 1907 to 1910, Wilhelm II had the Mürwik Naval School built in the neighboring Mürwik . The School, built for the Imperial Navy , was nicknamed

5625-473: Was still going on in the 13th century. In England, Henry II transformed them into important sources of royal income and patronage. The discontent of barons with royal claims to arbitrarily assessed "reliefs" and other feudal payments under Henry's son King John resulted in Magna Carta of 1215. Eventually, great feudal lords sought also to seize governmental and legal authority (the collection of taxes,

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